Abstract

Sustainability in concrete construction necessitates exploration of waste product materials as primary examples of renewable resources for use as fine powders in concrete construction. In addition, deterioration, long-term poor performance, and inadequate resistance to the hostile environment, coupled with greater demands for more sophisticated architectural form, led to development of new materials and composites. The present state of the art in concrete research has demonstrated the benefits of silica fume (SF) and nanosilica (NS) as cementitious partial replacements. Their use has not only become an increasingly accepted practice in such structures but also has contributed to energy conservation and provided a major solution to the disposal of industrial by-products.

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