Abstract
Palynology (Gr.palynos, dust) is the study of spores and pollen grains. Spores and pollen grains have a number of morphological and ultrastructural features. These palyno-logical features have provided a wealth of characters that have been important in inferring phylogenetic relationships of plants. In addition, the features of spores and pollen grains can often be used to identify a particular plant taxon. For this reason, palynological studies are used extensively to examine the fossil record, a field called paleo-palynology. The identity, density, and frequency of pollen grains at a particular stratigraphic level can give information as to the plant species present at that time and place. Paleo-palynolgical studies are thus used to determine plant community structure and to gauge, by extrapolation over time, shifts in climate.
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