Abstract
Since 1953, when James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated the three-dimensional double-helical structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, nucleic acids became one of the most researched fields of life sciences. Nowadays, the affinity of single-stranded DNA for complementary strands as well as their interactions with different biomolecules and chemical compounds are exploited for the development of portable analytical devices. DNA-based electrochemical biosensors allow the rapid detection of specific sequences of DNA with high selectivity and sensitivity at low costs. In this chapter, the main elements of electrochemical DNA biosensors and the most important issues in their configuration (different metallic and semiconducting oxides used as biosensing materials, DNA immobilization and hybridization techniques) are described along with the DNA biosensors applications in biomedicine (for small molecules, proteins and whole cells detection) and metal sensing. Furthermore, the present challenges and future perspectives of using metal oxides in DNA-based electrochemical biosensing are highlighted.
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