НЕВРОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ МОВЛЕННЄВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Abstract

The article discloses the main results of the study of topical issues of studying the mechanisms of neurological support of speech activity. It was noted that the understanding of the mechanisms of neurological support of speech activity is based: first, on knowledge of the morpho-functional organization of the organs of the peripheral speech apparatus, departments and structural formations of the brain that provide the motor level of the speech-motor mechanism of speech; secondly, the ability to carry out differential diagnosis, to determine the symptoms and mechanisms of speech and motor disorders in organic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS); thirdly, the ability to determine the peculiarities of disturbances in the formation of the phonetic component of the speech system due to organic pathologies of the central nervous system in various forms of dysarthria; fourthly, knowledge of the principles of the functioning of the higher nervous activity of a person and the peculiarities of the course of pathological processes in organic lesions of the cerebral cortex, which lead to speech disorders; fifth, awareness of the organization scheme of the central nervous system, its role in ensuring the speech act; sixth, on knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis, structure of speech defect in various forms of dysarthria, aphasia, characteristics of differential diagnosis of pathologies, signs of paresis and paralysis, main symptoms of movement disorders; seventh, possessing methods of diagnosing the formation of the speech-motor function, appropriate methods of examination of the sound-speech aspect of speech in people with pathologies and interpretation of the identified symptoms, etc. It has been established that higher mental functions are based on the coordinated work of complex functional systems, and not on separate «centers». It is emphasized that the basis of speech is conditioned reflex activity. It is indicated that the nature of brain maturation as a multi-level hierarchical organized system is manifested in the fact that evolutionarily older structures mature earlier. Thanks to two types of feedback - auditory and kinesthetic, the cerebral cortex participates in ensuring the memorization of the correct pronunciation of certain syllables. The speech process is carried out thanks to the complex coordinated interaction of different levels of the nervous system, respiratory organs, phonation and articulation. It is substantiated that the study of the neurophysiological basis of the functioning of speech systems contributes to the formation of an idea about the mechanisms of generation and perception of speech-language expressions by a person and the pathogenesis of speech disorders in local organic lesions of the cerebral cortex and other pathologies. Keywords: speech activity, neurology, higher nervous activity, speech apparatus, pathology, education, science.