Abstract
The origin of space means of studying the Earth's surface in the 50- 70-s of the twentieth century is inextricably linked with the main stages of the development of space technology. The improvement of methods and technical means for the study of the Earth and near-Earth space took place in the conditions of acute political confrontation between the USSR and the United States. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying the key points that influenced the formation of the “Vostok” satellite program at the design stage from 1957 to 1960, as well as assessing the contribution of engineering and design solutions to the development of the space industry of the Soviet Union. (Materials and methods) The research is based on the materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation, the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Economics, the Archive of the S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation “Energiya”, the Archive of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, as well as publications of historians, memoirs of witnesses and participants of events, and the results of previous research on this topic. (Results and discussion) The article presents the history of the creation of the program of the Soviet spacecraft- satellites of the “Vostok” series. The greatest difficulty of the project was the development of scientific equipment for scientific research and the transmission of the received data from the satellite to the Earth. The terms of reference for conducting research and developing a control system that ensures the launch of the satellite into orbit were developed; the terms of reference and work plans providing for the research and development of systems and means for getting the results of scientific observations from orbit. (Conclusions) The first flight of the satellite spacecraft showed the correctness of the main theoretical provisions and engineering and design decisions taken when creating an orientable spacecraft.
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