Abstract
2011년 전북 군산과 익산 지역의 관행농, 무농약, 유기농 농가를 대상으로 영농방법별로 쌀 생산 과정 중 투입 배출되는 물질 목록을 면접조사하여 전과정평가를 수행하고 쌀 생산체계에 대한 영농방법별 환경영향을 평가하고 탄소배출량을 비교 분석하였다. 전과정 목록분석 결과 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출은 화학비료 생산과 벼 재배단계에서 가장 많았고, <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX>과 <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> 배출은 대부분 벼 재배 중에 발생되었다. 쌀 (조곡) 1 kg 생산을 기준으로 하는 탄소성적은 관행농이 1.01E+00 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq. <TEX>$kg^{-1}$</TEX>로 가장 높았고, 무농약이 5.37E-01 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq. <TEX>$kg^{-1}$</TEX>, 유기농법이 6.58E-01 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq. <TEX>$kg^{-1}$</TEX>였다. 농자재 투입량이 가장 적었던 무농약 쌀 생산에서 탄소성적이 가장 낮았고, 생산량은 가장 적었지만 복비투입이 없었던 유기농이 관행농보다 탄소성적이 낮았다. 관행농과 무농약 쌀 생산체계에서 온실가스 배출 주요 요인은 복비생산과 벼 재배 중 <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> 발생이었고, 유기농에서는 벼 재배 중 농기계 연료사용과 논토양 <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> 발생이었다. 그러므로 온실가스 감축을 위한 영농방법 활용으로 복합비료 적정량 사용을 위한 맞춤형 비료의 권장 및 벼논 물관리에 의한 메탄발생 저감방법 등을 제안하며, 더불어 유기농법에서는 수확량 향상을 위한 생산 효율성 증대와, 벼 재배 단계에서 농기계 연료 효율성 증대 활용에 관한 연구가 요구되었다. This study was performed a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) among three rice production systems in order to analyze the difference of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and environment impacts. Its life cycle inventory (LCI) database (DB) was established using data obtained from interview with conventional, without agricultural chemical and organic farming at Gunsan and Iksan, Jeonbuk province in 2011. According to the result of LCI analysis, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> was mostly emitted from fertilizer production process and rice cropping phase. <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> and <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> were almost emitted from rice cultivation phase. The value of carbon footprint to produce 1 kg rice (unhulled) on conventional rice production system was 1.01E+00 kg <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq. <TEX>$kg^{-1}$</TEX> and it was the highest value among three rice production systems. The value of carbon footprints on without agricultural chemical and organic rice production systems were 5.37E-01 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq. <TEX>$kg^{-1}$</TEX> and 6.58E-01 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq. <TEX>$kg^{-1}$</TEX>, respectively. Without agricultural chemical rice production system whose input amount was the smallest had the lowest value of carbon footprint. Although the yield of rice from organic farming was the lowest, its value of carbon footprint less than that of conventional farming. Because there is no compound fertilizer inputs in organic farming. Compound fertilizer production and methane emission during rice cultivation were the main factor to GHGs emission in conventional and without agricultural chemical rice production systems. In organic rice production system, the main factors to GHGs emission were using fossil fuel on machine operation and methane emission from rice paddy field.
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