Антропоніми Поділля XVII ст. на -аш, -ашко / Anthroponyms of Podillia in the XVII century in -аш, -ашко

Introduction. This study is devoted to the research of Ukrainian anthroponyms of the 17th century, which are attested in the little-known Turkish historical source “Defter Mufassal 1681” Proper names of people within the range P – Peturus have been studied. Purpose. The aim of the study is to analyze proper names attested in “Defter Mufassal 1681”. To achieve this aim, a number of tasks have been set: 1) to identify Ukrainian anthroponyms of the 17th century from the “Defter Mufassal 1681”; 2) to analyze personal names and compare them with the modern Ukrainian anthroponymicon; 3) identify suffixes used to form derivative names/nicknames/surnames; 4) identify onyms that are still in use today as personal names and surnames; 5) identify partially preserved proper names; 6) to establish onyms that have not been identified at the present stage; 7) to analyze a fragment of the anthroponymy of the “Defter Mufassal 1681” and attempt to draw partial conclusions about the all-Ukrainian system of proper names. Research methods. The article uses descriptive methods and methods of analysis, systematization, and comparison. We can say that out of more than 150 names beginning with P – Peturus, the following have been identified: those that are still common today as first names and surnames; those that have been partially preserved, with some variants still in use today; and those that have not been found at the present stage. Research results. The practical value of the article lies in the fact that the identified and analyzed personal names have enriched the common Slavic anthroponymicon. The research revealed the peculiarities of anthroponymy identified in the Turkish monument “Defter Mufassal 1681”. In particular, this historical source attests to the use of surnames in Ukraine at the end of the 17th century. The list of anthroponyms represented within the range P – Peturus confirms that in the 17th century there was an extensive register of borrowed proper names that were adapted to the Ukrainian language; A wide range of suffixes (-ак, -ан, -ар, -ас, -аш, -енк(о), -ець, -ик, -ил(о), -ин, -ич, -иш, -ій, -к(о), -ук , -ун, -ур, -ус, уш, -ух(а) та інші), which were used to form derivative names/nicknames/surnames; The analyzed fragment of anthroponymy from the “Deftera Mufassala 1681” indicates that the system of Ukrainian proper names is historically and territorially unified.

This study is a continuation of a series of the author’s research. The article is devoted to the study of seventeenth-century Ukrainian anthroponyms attested in a little-known Turkish historical source “Defter Mufassal of 1681”. The aim of the study is to analyse the structure and derivational bases of proper names attested in this document. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks have been identified: 1) to isolate seventeenth-century Ukrainian anthroponyms from the “Defter Mufassal of 1681″; 2) to analyse proper names of people and compare them with the modern Ukrainian anthroponymicon; 3) to identify those onymes that are not currently recorded. The research uses the descriptive method and methods of analysis and systematisation. The proper names of people within Meleç – Musiyko were studied. The anthroponyms represented in the “Defter” testify to their archaic nature and the adaptation of borrowed names on the Ukrainian-language soil. Out of 147 studied names, the following are attested: common today at the level of proper names and surnames; have differences with modern counterparts at the phonetic level; not found at the present stage, we find them in derivative names. As a result of the research, the peculiarities of anthroponymy were identified, which was extracted from the Turkish monument “Defter Mufassal of 1681″, in particular, this historical source confirms the functioning of surnames in Ukraine at the end of the seventeenth century, the presented list of anthroponyms within Meleç – Musiyko confirms that in the seventeenth century there was an extensive register of borrowed proper names that were adapted to the Ukrainian linguistic soil; the author has established a wide range of different suffixes (-ак, -ан, -ас, -аш, -ей, -енк(о), -ець, -ик, -ій, -к(о), -о, -ош, -евич, -ук, -ун, -ур(а), -ус, -ута, -ух, and others), which were used to create derivative names/nicknames/surnames. Such studies have prospects, because the material of the article can be used to compile a dictionary that will represent Ukrainian proper names of people of the seventeenth century, which will make it possible to fill in the gaps in the historical pan-Slavic anthroponymicon.

Proper and common names: A double dissociation

The article is devoted to the structural-semantic study of proper personal names with the basе а zhyd-, noted in various Slavic names. The author described anthroponyms with the basе а zhyd-, which are associated with the ethnonym zhyd ʽjewʼ, common in all Slavic languages. Part of proper personal names with this stem has a different meaning. It is connected with the verb root zhyd- ‹ zydaty ‘to waitʼ or the infinitive adjective zhyd ‹ psl. *židъ(jь) ‘liquidʼ. The criteria for distinguishing anthroponyms with the basе а zhyd-, which are derived from an ethnonym, and homonymous proper personal names with a different motivation of the creative basis were defined. The article differentiates such homonymous anthroponyms on the basis of a systematic linguistic analysis of all components of Slavic proper names with this basis. Different semantic types of Slavic anthroponyms with the basе а zhyd- are distinguished: 1) motivated by the ethnonym zhyd; 2) connected with the verb zydaty ‹ zdaty or with the adjective zyd(yj) ‹ psl. *židъjь ‛liquidʼ; 3) motivated by semes of a domestic and zoomorphic nature (proper nicknames). From these facts, one may conclude that it is inappropriate to unambiguously interpret Slavic anthroponyms with the base а zhyd- as derivatives of ethnonyms. It should be stressed that at least part of such names undoubtedly arose on local Slavic soil and have a different motivation. Linguistic analysis of Slavic anthroponyms with the basе а zhyd- at the diachronic level confirmed: 1) in the Slavic language space, such proper personal names, according to written sources, were noted already in the 12th century; 2) the structural-semantic and etymological characteristics of the corresponding anthroponyms gave the possibility to qualify them within semantic groups: a) names with with the basе zhyd- ‹ zydaty ‘to waitʼ; b) names with the ethnonymic motivation of the base zhyd ‘jewʼ; c) names, the base of which goes back to the indeterminate adjective zhyd ‹ psl. *židъ(jь) ‘liquidʼ; 3) some local surnames developed on the basis of nicknames may have a different pre-onym semantics; 4) anthroponyms with the basе а zhyd-, regardless of the motivation of their internal form, are widespread in various Slavic languages already in the early historical period and constitute a significant share of local proper names.

Abstract
 Background. The problem dealt with in this article is a relevant one as the role of a name have never stopped being great, the name define functions, appearance, meaning of a character in most books. Oles Honchar has decorated his novels with a number of names with obvious semantics and philosophical background. Oles Honchar’s novels are well-known in many countries and have been translated into numerous languages. The relevance of this article, thus, is preconditioned by the necessity to create the theoretical basis for the analysis of the novel content and to set the task of improving its translations into English and other languages. 
 Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyze the system of proper names in «Cathedral» and their mutual linguistic relations. To achieve this aim it is necessary to fulfil the following tasks: to accumulate the names used in the whole novel; to classify the main types of onyms in the novel; to describe their functions and mutual relations.
 Methods. The aim of the paper and its tasks define the choice of methods: descriptive which makes it possible to characterize the whole set of the onyms; classifying due to which it is possible to differentiate various types of onyms.
 Results and discussions. The choice of proper names is an important aspect of the analysis of any literary work. In addition to helping understand the character in question, proper names also help to convey important thematic aspects in various literary works. The selection of proper names is one of the features of the style used by authors to convey their thoughts, ideas, beliefs, etc. in literary works. The onyms of the novel were systematized. In total, the text of Oles Honchar’s novel «Cathedral» contains 367 proper names. Among them, about 48% are anthroponyms (177 proper names), 27% – toponyms (98 proper names), 6% – pragmatonyms (23 proper names), 5% – ergonyms (17 proper names), 5% – ideonyms names), 5% – mythonyms (17 proper names), 2% – anthropotoponyms (9 proper names), less than 2% – occasional use of common names in the sense of proper (7 proper names), less than 1% – zoonyms (1 zoonym). The two most numerous species are anthroponyms, i.e. all names of people, and toponyms, i.e. all names of places. 
 Conclusions. Having analysed the classification of proper names in Oles Honchar’s novel «Cathedral», we can say that the vast majority of onyms in the novel belong to the categories of anthroponyms and toponyms, and the rest can be divided into anthroponomic toponyms, ergonomics, zoonyms. The absolute predominance of anthroponyms and toponyms in the onomastic space of the novel, as well as the relatively high percentage of ideonyms, is explained by the involvement of world cultural experience, as well as specifically Ukrainian history and culture in its text. In addition, some anthroponyms and toponyms, as well as most pragmatonyms, create a certain coloring of the book. The prospects of the research are connected with the investigation of proper names translation.

Introduction. The article analyzes the genre-specific features of onymic writing in postmodernism. Monodrama, as a form of theatrical art, focuses on a single character, allowing for a deeper exploration of the psychological and existential aspects of the protagonist, as well as addressing important themes of self-identification in a technologically advanced society. In metamodernism, proper names may not only designate specific objects or individuals but also acquire a symbolic meaning, revealing deep senses. Purpose. The aim of the study is to highlight the features of onymic writing in metamodernist literary works as a new paradigm of contemporary literary practices, using the analysis of the genre onomasticon of Oleksandr Irvanets' antiutopian monodrama “Recording” as an example. The object of study is the onomasticon of Oleksandr Irvanets' antiutopian monodrama “Recording” in the context of metamodernism. Research methods. The study employs the method of critical analysis, as well as systematic, structural, and formal methods, alongside with the methods of systematization and generalization, which provide a scientific foundation for the understanding of the distinctive features of onymic practices within the paradigm of metamodernism and their new aesthetics. Through the descriptive method, the specific use of onyms in the system of proper names in metamodernist literature is characterized. Research results. The study highlights the unique interaction of onymic and non-onymic nominations in literary texts as means of creating the metamodern world. It demonstrates the role of the onymic-nominative sphere surrounding the monodrama's protagonist in revealing the author's intent. An analysis of Oleksandr Irvants' onymic work was carried out in the context of the aesthetics of metamodernism, which involves a semantic game when familiar things can acquire new meanings. In onymic practice, it is accomplished through processes of onymization and transonymization. It is noted that the onymic writing of metamodernism possesses a significant suggestive potential. The study shows that through onymic practices, the monodrama “Recording” reflects the issues of the modern information society, where alienation and isolation become challenges for the individual. Conclusions. In the monodrama, proper names serve as a tool for revealing the protagonist's inner world, identity, memory, and social reflections. Since there is only one character in the monodrama, proper names help to disclose the protagonist's psychological state, as well as his attitude towards society and the world. In the context of metamodernism, proper names combine modernist seriousness with postmodern irony. They can become objects of playful reinterpretation, emphasizing their multi-layered and complex nature, and serve as symbols of social, political, or ideological processes.

Proper names, including ethnonyms (folk, tribal and other ethnic community names), is an<br />essential component of any language lexis, which particularly brightly reveals a variety ofextralinguistic processes.<br />The aim of the paper is to analyze the conformity of ethnonym transonymization (the change of proper name class) and deonymization (the change of proper name into<br />appellative) in the culture of Latgale, and linguistic techniques and extralinguistic factors.<br />Linguo-culturological approach has been used in the research, and the link between cultural-<br />historical and social processes in the research of linguistic processes has been taken into<br />account. Determining the origin of ancient ethnonyms, the researchers of the Baltic languages<br />acknowledge a transonymization model typical to the Balts: hydronym → name of region<br />→ ethnonym (Zinkevičius 2005, 186–187). This paper attempts to reveal various ethnonym<br />(denoting mostly foreigners) transonymization models in the system of proper names of<br />Latgale, nominating motivation, and the types of word-formation.<br />It seems that the ethnonyms that denote the neighbouring nations (Estonians,<br />Lithuanians, Russians) most frequently turn into other proper names. Transonymization<br />models have been identifi ed as follows:<br />1) ethnonym → anthroponym → oikonym (or ethnonym → oikonym → anthroponym),<br />for example, l ī t a u n ī k i ‘the Lithuanians’ → L ī t a u n ī k s ‘a surname’ →<br />L ī t a u n ī k i ‘a village in Preiļi county’;<br />2) ethnonym → microtoponym, for example, ž y d i ‘the Jews’ → Ž y d a p ū r s<br />‘a marsh in Vārkava county’;<br />3) ethnonym → anthroponym, for example, č y g u o n i ‘the Roma people’ →<br />Č y g u o n s ‘a nickname for a dark-haired man’;<br />4) ethnonym (→ oikonym) → ergonym, for example, l a t g a ļ i ‘The Baltic tribe’ →<br />“L a t g a ļ i” ‘a farm in Mērdzene rural municipality of Kārsava county’.<br />Transonymization of ethnonyms in the culture of Latgale is motivated by historical<br />and social processes. Transonymization processes present the evidence of Latgalians’ stereotypical perception of foreigners, compact settlement of different ethnic groups in<br />Latgale, and historical events.<br />Various types of word-formation are used in the transonymization process:<br />1) semantic, i.e., only the meaning changes, the morphemic system of lexeme is notchanged, for example, ethnonym p o ļ a k i → oikonym P o ļ a k i (→ surname P o ļ a k s<br />(the male singular form of the ethnonym));<br />2) morphological, typically suffixes are added to ethnonyms (sometimes phonetic<br />changes in the root occur), for example, i g a u n i ‘the Estonians’ → surnames I k a u n ī k s<br />(ikaun-+-nīk-s); I g o v e n s (igov-+ - en-s);<br />3) syntactical, forming compound words, for example, the ethnonym k r ī v i<br />‘the Russians’ has motivated the oikonym K r ī v a s o l a <Krīva sola ‘Russian Village’,<br />K r ī v m a i z e s <Krīvu maizes ‘Russian bread’;<br />4) formation of analytical forms, where one of the components has ethnonymic<br />semantics and the second component is a nomenclature word (hill, meadow, marsh, lake,<br />etc.), for example, Ž y d a p ū r s ‘Jew’s marsh’, an attributive adjective, for example, a<br />village M a z i e L ī t a u n ī k i ‘small Lithuanians’, a substantive of other semantics, for<br />example, a meadow Č i g o n e i c a s j ū s t a ‘Gypsy’s belt’.<br />Proper names of foreign origin motivated by ethnonyms have taken their stable<br />place in the system of proper names of Latgale, for example, L a t i š i, a village in Pušmucova<br />rural municipality of Cibla civil-parish (in Russian латыши ‘the Latvians’).<br />Proper names of ethnonymic semantics, used to name various phenomena and<br />realities, are often included in the lexicon of various dialects of Latvian and even other<br />languages. If to assume the fact that ethnonyms are proper names, then it can be concluded<br />that the appellatives mentioned above have appeared in deonymization process: ethnonym<br />→ appellative. Moreover, the material of Latgalian dialects confirms the existence of deethnonymic<br />proper names, for example, a lot of different realities are associated with the<br />ethnonyms denoting Roma people: č y g u o n i ‘participants of masquerade parade’;<br />č y g o n k a 1) a sort of winter apples, the apple of this sort (dark green and red); 2) the railroad;<br />3) achimenes (flower, Achimenes); 4) mushrooms: wild champignon (Rozites caperata) or<br />ugly milkcap (Lactarius necator); č y g u o n a s a u l e ‘the moon’. Appellativeness of<br />ethnonyms has an associative character. The names are reflecting the Latgalians’ stereotypical<br />perception of appearance, occupation, character traits, and traditions of foreigners as alien<br />and different, however, acceptable and assimilable phenomena.

Name of the character, which is given a special role in the implementation of the writer’s creative idea, acts as an integral part of the literary text. Therefore, the study of functional and stylistic features of the proper names of the literary heroes in the works of contemporary writers is one of the important problems in onomastics. The purpose of our article is to study the characteristic potential of the proper names of the literary heroes in the novel “Maftei. A book, written by a dry feather”, which was written by Transcarpathian writer, the winner of the Shevchenko Prize – Myroslav Dochynets. Proper names of the literary heroes are means of creating of an image, which realizes its diverse potencies in accordance with the genre features of the work, author's plans and preferences of the reader; our task is to describe the proper names of the literary heroes, to reveal their information charge. The actuality of the study is due to the attention to the problems of literary anthroponymy, since the analysis of the proper names of the heroes in the novels by Dochynets makes it possible to identify the individual-stylistic peculiarities of their creation and outline the integral and differential tendencies of their development under the influence of aesthetic and other extra-lingual factors. It is found out in the article that for Dochynets texts it is typical that the author names novels by the names of the main characters. Name of the character also becomes a sign of author's selection in a new novel “Maftei. A book, written by a dry feather”. The information charge of the name of Maftei is disclosed, and other names of the hero are also researched: Vidun, Proskurnyk. Most of the heroes of the novel are given the usual Christian names (Ivan, Klym, Maria, Mokryna, Yulyna). They can be treated in various spoken variants (Grynj, Mytro, Annytsia, Marjka), and can be under the influence of neighboring systems of the proper names (Dyula, Tonchi, Tsylo). The writer selects proper names of the literary heroes, which correspond to the realities of that time and are interesting in their form and internal content. It is proved that the proper names of the literary heroes of the novel “Maftei” are very diverse and rich. They point to gender, ethnicity, age, social status, interpersonal relationships. Names of the heroes in the work perform a stylistic function and help to create images. As a result of the analysis of the proper names in the novel “Maftei” it is deepened the scientific understanding of the role of the proper names of the literary heroes in the development of the plot, creation of images, which will provide additional material for the study of the anthroponimicon of the Ukrainian literary language, will deepen the knowledge about the proper names, and the understanding of artistic image. Keywords: anthroponym, system of the proper names, appellative, information charge, proper name of the literary hero, nickname, characteristic potential.

Giving Things Their Proper Names: Carl Linnaeus and W. H. Auden

Spatial distribution of proper names – similarly to that of common nouns – is a natural consequence of language change; as a result, the geography of personal (especially family) names has recently become an important field of study in international and Hungarian Onomastics. The paper first outlines the history of previous Hungarian name geographical research, focusing on terminological questions. The author then discusses the relationship between Geolinguistics and name geographical research, using examples from ‘Történeti magyar családnévatlasz’ (Atlas of Hungarian Historical Family Names). Relations between the frequency of Christian names and that of family names are illustrated in the paper by the 15th–18th-century geography of the family name Benkő: the outstanding historical or contemporary frequency of family names derived from the same Christian name in an area is determined by the previous frequency of the base Christian name in the territory. Christian names can also be used to demonstrate the ethnic composition of the Carpathian Basin: the 18th century expansion of the southern Slavic and German ethnic groups is illustrated by the appearance of the names Jován and Fridericus (and their variants), respectively.

The article analyzes modern Ukrainian onomastic lexicography, in particular etymological, reference and translation dictionaries of onyms. The main attention is paid to two main types of onymic dictionaries – etymological and normative. Modern etymological dictionaries of oikonyms, hydronyms and anthroponyms (primarily proper personal names and surnames) are characterized. It is specially noted: 1) priority is given to historical and etymological dictionaries of oikonyms. They provide, first of all, the historical forms of a certain settlement name; a structural-semantic and etymological analysis is offered on the basis of the analysis and establishment of the historically primary name; 2) it is important to prepare and compile the «Etymological dictionary of surnames of residents of Ukraine». The author describes the features of normative dictionaries of onims that satisfy users’ requests for writing, creation, declension of a wide variety of proper names, reproduction of foreign onims in Ukrainian. These are orthographic, grammatical, word-formation dictionaries, dictionaries of the transfer of foreign onyms in the Ukrainian language. Emphasis is placed on the importance of orthographic dictionaries of anthroponyms (primarily surnames) and toponyms (primarily oikonyms) for modern speech practice, as well as derivational dictionaries of names of inhabitants of settlements and toponymic adjectives. There are many deviations from the norm in this area of functioning of proper names and derivative formations. The prospects of compiling a dictionary-handbook of the renamed names of settlements, which is important for modern Ukrainian society, are outlined. Keywords: proper names, dictionaries of onyms, etymological dictionaries of onyms, normative dictionaries of onyms, katoikonyms, ononymous adjectives, codification of onyms.

Resumen

Theoreticians of Literature and Proper Names (Introductory Remarks) The article expands and modifies the contexts in which literary onomastics currently operates. This strictly interdisciplinary field of research, primarily originating from linguistics, has sought out the contexts that triggered non-obvious meanings of names readable in the artistic work from the outset. The references were varied – stylistics, textology, philosophy, structural poetics. All of them significantly enriched onomastic nalyses, leaving some fundamental sense of insufficiency at the same time. That is the reason why we propose the project of the connection between literary onomastics and — now extremely extensive — theoretical thought. The article is not the end of this discussion, but rather an exploratory study and the beginning of scientific research. Consequently, there is no one ordering and chronological concept with a clear conclusion, but the main aim is to show the analysis of the claims relevant for further research. Therefore, several concepts of theoreticians interested in proper names in literature were discussed (far from a common phenomenon in this case). From the research projects analyzed, including among others: U. Eco, J.F. Lyo tard, P. de Man, there emerges a clear conviction of the need to end the search for a referential, texted name. In this place it refers, on the one hand, to itself, establishing its own unreal meaning (image-forming, phonic, intertextual); on the other, it concerns the author’s system of naming (and beyond), which is also an epistemological concept. The starting point of these diagnoses was the thoroughly interpreted self-analysis of artistic works made by Marcel Proust; for further analysis, the thesis of Walter Benn Michaels was also employed, which brings interest in proper names from literature to the domain of artistic experiences. The conducted analysis (designing future literary onomastic research) leads to the final conclusion that the proper name indicates the essence itself, the arche of our existence.

Introduction. Literary onomastics is one of the areas of linguistics that responds most sensitively to changes in society’s worldview orientations. A proper name in a literary text is not only a means of nomination but also an indicator of the author’s conceptual vision allowing us to understand how the writer interprets space, time, and the human being. In the prose of Max Kidruk, one of the most prominent Ukrainian authors in the science-fiction genre, onomastics carries a worldview-oriented character. Research aim. To identify the structure, semantics, origin, and functions of proper names in Max Kidruk’s novel New Dark Ages: Colony. Research object. The onomastics of the literary text of the novel. Research methods. This analysis of the novel’s onomastics employs descriptive, structural-semantic, and contextual-interpretative methods, along with elements of linguistic-stylistic statistical analysis. Research results. The article analyzes the onomasticon of Max Kidruk’s novel “New Dark Ages: Colony” as a complex linguistic and artistic system reflecting the philosophy of a technocratic future. The study focuses on the functioning of anthroponyms, toponyms, technonyms, and cultonyms, determining their origin, semantic structure, and stylistic function. It is established that proper names in the novel perform not only nominative but also characterological, ideological, symbolic, and aesthetic roles, forming a unified semantic field of a post-human world. Special attention is paid to anthroponyms reflecting the national identity of the characters and toponyms structuring the space of Earth and Mars. The study highlights the coexistence of global (English, German, Scandinavian) and Ukrainian proper names that preserve the ethno-cultural dimension. Through this system of names, Kidruk rethinks the boundary between humanity and technology, empathy and control, the real and the virtual. Conclusion. The onomasticon of Max Kidruk’s novel New Dark Ages: Colony represents a systematically organized set of more than 230 proper names that reflect the following: the globalization of twenty-second-century culture; the loss of national identity; the technocratic worldview of the future; and the attempt to preserve humanity through names that remember their roots (the Ukrainian diaspora). Anthroponyms form the psychological portrait of humankind, toponyms outline the geography of catastrophe, technonyms define the system of technological power, and cultonyms embody the philosophy of the post-human era.

Literature on Personal Names in English, 1954