Вплив пандемії COVID-19 на складові зовнішньоекономічної діяльності Німеччини

The subject of the study is methodical and analytical support for the development of international business. The research methodology is based on the use of complex analytical tools for the development of international business. When conducting an analysis of the global economy, rating tools are often used to determine the position of countries in certain ratings. To carry out analytical research at the level of the international economy, countries conduct a statistical analysis of the import and export of goods and services by country. When conducting analytical studies at the level of the international economy, instruments for regulating international trade in goods and services are often analyzed. The analysis of the enterprise's export activity is carried out on the basis of a comparison of prices for its products on the domestic market and on foreign markets. The purpose of the study is to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of information and analytical support for strategic management of international business. Research conclusion. During the research, analytical tools were distinguished according to the levels of development of international business: global economy; international economy; analytical support when companies enter international markets; analytical support for conducting export and import operations. As part of analytical support at the level of the global economy, methods of comparison, structuring and rating tools are defined. As part of the analytical support at the level of the international economy, the instruments of regulation of international trade in goods and services, as well as the methods of analysis of international economic relations, are defined. It is proposed to include methods of comparing the conditions of doing business in different international markets, as well as methods of analyzing the risks of doing international business, to analytical support when companies enter international markets. It is proposed to include methods of comparing the export of goods to different countries and methods of determining the efficiency of import operations to the analytical support of conducting export and import operations. Strategic management of the company's foreign economic activity should provide for a certain justification and implementation of strategic changes. Strategic management of the company's foreign economic activity should involve conducting business with the influence of several governments of different countries, several currencies, changes in political, legal, economic and cultural systems. Methodological support for the formation of the strategy of the company's foreign economic activity has been developed. The key stages of evaluation and analytical support of the strategy of the company's foreign economic activity are analyzed. The sequence of the main stages of the export strategy of the company entering foreign markets is systematized. The main stages of the company's export operations are proposed. The stages of organization of the company's exit to foreign markets are given. A strategy for the development of the enterprise's foreign economic activity has been formed. The strategies of foreign economic activity have been systematized. The main stages of the formation of the strategy for the development of the company's foreign economic activity are analyzed. The development of a strategy for the development of the company's foreign economic activity, first of all, may depend on the optimally planned and organized activity of the company in relation to its entry into foreign markets. At the same time, an important point is the issue of ensuring the competitiveness of the company's products or services.

International trade in goods is one of the most important tools for the development of the world economy. International trade meets the needs of the countries of the world in various goods, the production of which is absent in this country or does not fully satisfy domestic demand. Almost all countries in the world are interested in the development of international trade in goods. On the one hand, countries provide domestic needs through international trade. On the other hand, commodity supplies to international markets contribute to the infl ow of foreign exchange earnings into the country, the establishment of international economic relations and, in general, can ensure the economic growth of the country. The main tool for the development of international trade is the foreign economic activity of organizations from around the world. Organizations engaged in foreign economic activity provide world markets with the necessary goods and services. At the same time, the exchange of goods and services at the international level is impossible without foreign exchange transactions. In international trade, most foreign exchange transactions are carried out through bank transfers through the international SWIFT system. In 2022, the main banks of Russia were disconnected from the SWIFT system as a result of the imposition of sanctions, which became a serious obstacle for Russian organizations engaged in foreign economic activity. The article analyzes the problems of currency transactions in the implementation of foreign economic activity, based on which specific proposals have been developed that will contribute to the development of foreign economic activity of Russian organizations. The problems of foreign exchange transactions caused by the imposition of sanctions against the Russian banking sector can be resolved by switching to the currencies of “friendly” countries when concluding international sales transactions, taking into account the trade balance indicators with the country of the foreign counterparty. If a Russian organization is both an exporter and an importer of goods or services, then it is recommended that foreign exchange transactions be carried out under sanctions by off setting counterclaims.

The study examined globalization and poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria. Primary data from a sample of 372 respondents was used for the study. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Inferential was used to estimate the model of the study. The probability value of the estimates were used to test the hypotheses of the study. Findings from the study indicates that International trade in services (INTS) has a positive effect on poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria and the effect is not statistically significant (p>0.05) but in line with a priori expectation. This implies that a unit increase in international trade in services (INTS) will result to a corresponding increase in the poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria by a margin of 0.8%. Result of the specific objectives of the study indicates that International trade in goods (INTG) has a positive effect on poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria and the effect is statistically significant (p<0.05) and in line with a priori expectation. This implies that when international trade in goods (INTG) is increased by a unit, it will result to a corresponding increase in poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria by a margin of 63.8%. Findings for objective three shows that global value chains (GVLC) has a negative effect on poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria and the effect is not statistically significant (p>0.05) and not in line with a priori expectation. This implies that a unit increase in Global value chains (GVLC) will result to a corresponding decrease in the poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria by a margin of 13.2%. It was concluded that international trade in goods has a positive and significant effect on poverty reduction in North Central Nigeria. it was recommended among others that since the international trade in goods was shown to have a positive and significant effect on poverty reduction in the study area, the governments of these State must ensure that they leverage on the opportunities provided by globalization to help reduce the poverty in their region by engaging trading in foreign goods which they do not have comparative advantage in producing.

Comparative analysis of trends and structure of world trade and trade of Ukraine in the international market, as well as the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the volume of trade in Ukraine and the world is carried out. It is established that world trade is characterized by more pronounced nature of the growing and declining dynamics in comparison with Ukraine's international trade, which is characterized by relative stability in the volume of export-import operations. It is argued that the main globalizing factors determining the trends in Ukraine's international trade today and in recent years are covid-19 pandemic, free trade zone with the EU and Russia's war against Ukraine. Peculiarities of Ukraine's cooperation with the EU in international trade in goods and services are analyzed. It is established that in the pandemic 2020 there was strengthening of Asian and American trends in the geographical structure of exports from Ukraine and European and American trends in the geographical structure of export services. The foreign trade in goods and services of the regions of Ukraine with the EU is analyzed. It has been established that Lviv oblast is the most integrated into the EU according to the European Integration Economic Progress Index, the share of exports of services to the EU and the share of exports in commodity trade among all regions of Ukraine, despite the covid-19 pandemic. The possible consequences of Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine for the export activities of the state and its regions are analyzed. It is noted that Ukraine lost half of its export capacity in just one month of the war. This is due to the destruction of warehouses, production, freezing of production, as well as blocking the main export routes – the ports of Nikolaev, Odessa and Mariupol. It is established that in the future the following factors can reduce the export of agricultural products from Ukraine: reduction of the total area of crops, sown areas of export-oriented crops (including sunflower and corn) in favor of food crops (peas, barley, oats) for domestic consumption in wartime and the destruction of domestic granaries and elevators by the aggressor. It has been argued that Russia's military aggression against Ukraine as a factor in reducing export activity will not only lead to significant budget losses due to reduced export revenues, but will also threaten global food security. In view of this, the search for new alternative logistical ways to export goods to the world market is becoming one of the priorities in the implementation of Ukraine's export strategy in the near future.

The article seeks to explore the drastic changes in the modern economic realia in Ukraine which are characterized by intensification of globalization, elimination of barriers that hinder the development of economic relationships with other actors in the world economy. This opens up new opportunities for domestic enterprises to use external factors of development, attract international financial and technological resources, implement production and management best practices, and expand the existing markets. The purpose of this article is to provide insights on the trends of international trade in goods in Ukraine, identify the key vectors to address the international trade challenges in Ukraine and to specify the prospects for further development of international trade in goods. To attain the research objectives, the general research methods have been employed, in particular, the logical approach and generalization, and the methods of statistical and financial analysis – to assess the indicators of export and import of goods in Ukraine. Special emphasis is put on the significant effect from the drop in Ukraine's external turnover with the CIS countries (from 15.2% in 2015 up to 10.8% in 2019). Among the major reasons for the decline in foreign markets trading are geopolitical issues, complete or partial exclusion of Ukrainian enterprises from their direct participation in foreign economic activities, currency instability and volatility of the national economy, etc. According to the results of the study, it is argued that the lag in creating favorable environment to enhance production and international trading along with expanding the state budget revenues (behind imbalanced structure of exchange trade and its low efficiency) will reinforce the structural and investment crisis and extend the period of economic stagnation. All this reduces the opportunities to boost the national economy competitiveness and expand international trading. Thus, there is a need to reconsider the current approaches and actions to gain a competitive edge, in particular this refers to tackling the crisis challenges and facilitate post-crisis economic recovery. The study pinpoints a significant role of exports in shaping Ukraine's economy. Thus exports must become a driver in structural transformation of Ukraine’s economy, both in the short-run and in the medium term perspective. In this context, it is proposed that to continue to foster economic partnerships with the EU and other countries globally, Ukraine needs to accomplish the reforms within the country, in particular, improve the business climate, eliminate corruption and strengthen self-government. The Ukraine's international trade efforts should be aimed at increasing and accelerating exports of Ukrainian goods, implementing import substitution policies to improve Ukraine's trade balance; promoting the optimization of import structure; generating government to support Ukrainian exports, etc. Hence, further development of Ukraine's international trade and its implications for the national economy should rely on a balanced government policy to enhance domestic manufacturing, mitigate crisis effects, overcome unemployment, and strengthen the national currency.

The international trade in goods showed remarkable resilience and set a new record in Q3 2021 despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using primary data from California, this study focuses on the perceived effectiveness of a critical driving force, the government assistance programs, including traditional export assistance programs (EAPs) and COVID-19 economic assistance programs (CEAPs), by the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engaged in international trade before and during the pandemic. Results from the SMEs survey and data gathered from semi-structured interviews with EAP representatives and community bankers indicate that certain traditional EAPs were perceived less effective during the pandemic, while SMEs more actively sought specific CEAPs, especially the Paycheck Protection Program and Economic Injury Disaster Loan. Furthermore, community banks played a vital role as a bridging agent in government assistance programs which could be extended and enhanced in the post-pandemic era.

The article is aimed at analyzing the main indicators of foreign economic activity of the Kherson region. Considering that in the context of globalization the development of the economy of any country is firmly related to the development of its foreign economic activity, the article contains an analysis of the main indicators of international trade in goods and services of the Kherson region. Based on the carried out analysis, it is found that in 2020, in the total structure of Ukraine’s exports and imports, the share of the Kherson region amounted to 0.6%. Active participants in foreign trade in goods and services were more than 300 enterprises of the region, and the partners - 120 countries over the world. The analysis of the dynamics of indicators (exports, imports, balances) showed that in trade in goods there are positive tendencies to increase export volumes in recent years, as well as an increase in the number of participants and the expansion of the geography of foreign trade. The article analyzes the commodity and geographical structure, as a result it is identified that the main importers of products of the Kherson region are the Netherlands, Turkey and Poland. Export of services in the Kherson region was implemented by 123 enterprises into 75 world countries. The largest partners remain Turkey, Belize, as well as Germany, Poland, Switzerland. It is identified that in the structure of exports of commodity products, the largest share in 2020 was made up of the following commodity groups: cereals, seeds and fruits of oilseeds, fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin, residues and wastes of the food industry, wood and wood products, vessels, etc. The analysis of sales volumes of certain types of products in natural and cost-based indicators is carried out. The indicators of the region’s imports are analyzed according to the same method. The article contains findings of the analysis of the export and import indicators in the regional districts structure.

During the last decade, the volume of international trade has increased significantly as international economic integration has deepened, especially in emerging countries, and national industrial structures have become increasingly aligned with international trade in intermediate goods. The OECD STAN Bilateral Trade Database by Industry and End-use Category (BTDIxE) presents international trade in goods flows broken down both by industry sectors and by end-use categories, allowing insights into the patterns of trade in intermediate goods between countries to track global production networks and supply chains as well as helping to address other trade-related policy issues such as trade in value added and tasks.

The identification of goods in international trade is the basis for assigning a product code according to the Commodity Nomenclature for Foreign Economic Activity of the EAEU (CN FEA EAEU). The code provides the application of customs measures of tariff regulation, prohibitions, and restrictions, as well as measures to protect the internal market of the county. Double combined knitted fabrics and quilted textile materials are widely demanded in the international market, but the classification of these products often leads to litigation between customs authorities and participants of foreign economic activity. The identification research of such textile goods is carried out based on a visual study of the structure of these materials, the location of the threads that form the outer surfaces of the web, and the threads that hold the surfaces (layers) of the web together. The analysis of the technology for the production of these materials is applied and includes the sequence and number of the necessary basic operations, the classification of knitting machines on which the fabrics are made, the number of needle cases (fontur) - single-fontured, double-fontured, multi-fontured on these textile machines. The one-thread and two-thread structures of the sewing stitches in quilted materials are investigated. The threads connecting the surfaces or layers of these materials are also investigated, and the direction of twisting of these threads is determined - left S twist or right Z twist. These identification signs made it possible to unambiguously differentiate such textile goods to assign the code number following the CN FEA EAEU and minimize the risks of their unverified classification.KeywordsInternational tradeIdentificationDouble combined knitted fabricsQuilted textile materialsClassificationCN FEAJEL CodesB17L67L81

The aim of the article is to study and analyze the current state of foreign economic activity of enterprises and determine the impact of the ongoing full-scale aggression on trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. Analysis, systematization and generalization of statistical data and the work of many scientists are carried out; the changes that have befallen the foreign economic structure of exports and imports of goods between Ukraine and the countries of the European Union are considered. The impact of military hostilities on the volume of production of goods and services is analyzed and described. An important component of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union is the economic component. With the countries of Eastern Europe, which are part of the European Union, our country shares common borders, history, habits, etc. It is borders that are an important component of trade activity and its complete reformatting during aggression by another State. Therefore, the countries of the European Union have now become the main trading partners of Ukraine. The article compares the volumes of imports and exports of goods and services in 2021, before the full-scale war, and the indicators of 2022 and 2023. A drop in exports of goods by 12.7% and an increase in imports by 12.2% are detected. The influence of military factors on foreign economic activity in the sectors of trade in goods and services is also studied. These factors have a direct and immediate impact on the economy of Ukraine, so they directly affect Ukrainian foreign economic activity. Such factors include: the geography of hostilities, migration of the population, the occupation of part of the territories, war crimes, namely, strikes on electricity generating capacities, and more. These factors have completely changed the structural component of Ukraine’s economic activity and its cooperation with the countries of the European Union. The conclusions of this study can be used in the future to analyze and develop strategies for the post-war development of economic activity aimed at the European integration of Ukraine.

The peculiarities of international economic relations between Ukraine and the EU have been analyzed. Changes in foreign trade after the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU have been investigated, problems in trade between Ukraine and the EU have been identified, ways to overcome existing imbalances in trade in goods between Ukraine and the EU have been elaborated. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are the fundamental positions of modern economic theory, scientific works of scientists, normative and legislative acts of Ukraine on foreign economic activity. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: economic and statistical (in the study of the state of international economic relations between Ukraine and the EU); graphic (for visual presentation of research results); analytical and structural-logical (in determining the directions of intensification of export of domestic enterprises, optimization of its structure within the framework of the current Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union). The paper uses a comprehensive approach to substantiate the prospects for Ukraine's integration into a single European market. The results of the study are aimed at solving the problem of overcoming the negative balance of international trade in goods with EU countries.

Сфера туризма сталкивается с беспрецедентной проблемой коронавирусной болезни 2019 года (Covid-19), вызванной тяжелым острым респираторным синдромом коронавируса 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Целью данной статьи является анализ влияние пандемии Covid-2019 на состояние и развитие сферы туризма. Было проанализировано влияние пандемий на развитие туризма, рассмотрено влияние пандемии Covid-2019 на состояние и развитие сферы туризма – турпотока, поступления от международного туризма. Был проанализировано видение развития туризма и сопряженных с ними отраслей, цепочки создания добавленной стоимости в условиях пандемии в некоторых странах на начало мая 2020 года. Выявлены основные подходы к ограничительным мерам. Представлены возможные прогнозы развития сферы туризма после пандемии Covid-2019. Проанализированы государственные меры по поддержанию экономики в целом и в частности сферы туризма.

The impact of COVID-19 on diet quality, food security and nutrition in low and middle income countries: A systematic review of the evidence

Small and medium-sized enterprises are an important component of the economic system of most countries, providing employment and income to a significant proportion of the population, economic and social transformation. At the same time, they are not so dependent on foreign markets, currency fluctuations, flexibly adapt to changing market conditions. Small and medium-sized businesses also play an important role in the domestic economy. They form a significant part of local budget revenues, ensuring the creation of new jobs; solving the problem of overcoming unemployment; provide support and development of the middle class in society; rapid adaptation to market changes, new circumstances. The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed down businesses of various sizes and types in various ways. Small and medium-sized enterprises operating in various sectors of the economy suffered the most. This study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the functioning of small and medium-sized enterprises and the change in regional structure in terms of their activities' indicators. We applied a research methodology with a critical review of the available publications for this sector of the economy. To solve the identified problem, we used the k-means clustering method, which is an iterative procedure for finding groupings of objects in the initial indicators’' space. As a result of the calculations, the regions of Ukraine were distributed among four clusters. We described each cluster. Studies have shown that in 2020 there were no significant changes in the cluster structure of regions. This leads to the conclusion that the impact of the pandemic is equally evident in all regions. We also analyzed the measures of the government of the country, aimed at supporting the activities of small and medium enterprises, reducing losses and risks of closure from restrictive measures.

The problem of using cross-border data flows, which are becoming an important factor of production for the sustainable development of modern international trade in goods and services has been analysed. In international exchange, the importance of digital services continues to grow steadily, and as this rises, global data flows are increasing too. The latter, while serving the interests of global digital platforms, can nevertheless contribute to the diversification of developing countries’ exports and increase their participation in global value chains. The increase in digitalization of companies due to the rapid introduction of new technologies (data analysis, cloud computing) has raised their importance as a factor in commercial transactions, affecting both new and traditional industries. Despite the advantages for companies, consumers and national economies arising from the ability of organizations to easily exchange data across borders, many countries at all stages of development have established barriers to cross-border data transfer. The most common concept of such restrictions has become data localization, the implementation of which is a significant burden on the growth of the Gross National Product. The digital mercantilism of countries considered in this article is a response to the challenge of increasing the country’s participation in the international division of labour in the digital economy. However, barriers for cross-border data transfer also delay and increase the cost of developing new and innovative products, undermine the ability of local multinational companies to use global platforms to facilitate collaboration between firms, universities and other research organizations and promote their own innovations. International practice has not yet developed a single, dominant approach in the context of regulating cross-border data flows, but addressing this issue requires a new format of multilateral regulation that has not been used for international trade in traditional goods and services.