第一部份：開發固相萃取及高效液相層析的方法以定量生物樣品中的 aripiprazole及其代謝物dehydroaripiprazole 第二部份：以毛細管電泳及超高壓液相層析儀建立大黃的指紋圖譜

Part I: Analysis of anthraquinones and bianthrones in rhubarb by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography Microemulsion eletrokinetic chromatograpy (MEEKC) is a separation technique which is similar in principle to micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), but with more parameters to be adjusted so as to obtain better separation results. The separation of nine anthraquinones and bianthrones in the present study was investigated for the key-operating variables such as the concentration and the type of surfactant, the type of oil phase, and the addition of organic solvent. The optimal condition was found to be 0.5% (w/w) di-n-butyl-L-tartrate, 1.2% (w/w) 1-butanol, 0.6% (w/w) SDS, 97.7% (w/w) 10 mM Na2B4O7 (pH 9.2) and ACN 30% (v/v), under which these nine compounds could be baseline separated within 20 minuntes. Owing to the complexity of rhubarb constituents, we used solid- phase extraction (SPE) for sample pretreatment. By utilizing suitable proportion of weak acid, weak base, and organic solvent for sample loading, washing, and eluting steps on an Oasis HLB sorbet, most of interference in the crude extracts of rhubarb could be cleaned off. The partially purified extracts with finely tuned concentrations could be injected into capillary electrophoresis. Thus, seven analytes were accurately quantitated. Part II: Analysis of sennoside A and sennoside B in commercial senna tablets by capillary zone electrophoresis Qualitative and quantitative analyses of sennoside A and sennoside B, the major cathartic constituents, in commercial senna tablets was performed in the present study by capillary zone electrophoresis. During the process of method development, we investigated the influence of possible parameters on resolution, including the type, concentration, and pH value of the buffer solution, the temperature, the applied voltage and the addition of organic solvent. The optimal condition was found to be 100 mM CAPS (pH 10.4) at 25 kV and 30

Comparison of UPLC and HPLC methods for determination of vitamin C

Introduction: Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) method enables analyst to establish an analysis at higher pressure than High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method towards liquid chromatographic methods. UPLC method provides the opportunity to study a higher pressure compared to HPLC, and therefore smaller column in terms of particle size and internal diameter are generally used in drug analysis. The UPLC method has attracted gradually due to its advantages such as short analysis time, the small amount of waste reagents and the significant savings in the cost of their destruction process. In this review, the recent selected studies related to the UPLC method and its method validation are summarized. The drug analyses and the results of the studies which were investigated by UPLC method, with certain parameters from literature are presented. Background: Quantitative determination of drug active substances by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) from Liquid Chromatography (LC) methods has been carried out since the 1970's with the use of standard analytical LC methods. In today's conditions, rapid and very fast even ultra-fast, flow rates are achieved compared to conventional HPLC due to shortening analysis times, increasing method efficiency and resolution, reducing sample volume (and hence injection volume), reducing waste mobile phase. Using smaller particles, the speed and peak capacity are expanding to new limit and this technology is named as Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. In recent years, as a general trend in liquid chromatography, ultra-performance liquid chromatography has taken the place of HPLC methods. The time of analysis was for several minutes, now with a total analysis time of around 1-2 minutes. The benefits of transferring HPLC to UPLC are much better understood when considering the thousands of analyzes performed for each active substance, in order to reduce the cost of analytical laboratories where relevant analysis of drug active substances are performed without lowering the cost of research and development activities. Methods: The German Chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, proposed the use of reactive impregnated filter paper for the identification of dyestuffs in 1855 and at that time the first chromatographic method in which a liquid mobile phase was used, was reviewed. Christian Friedrich Chönbein, who reported that the substances were dragged at different speeds in the filter paper due to capillary effect, was followed by the Russian botanist Mikhail S. Tswet, who planted studies on color pigment in 1906. Tswet observes the color separations of many plant pigments, such as chlorophyll and xanthophyll when he passes the plant pigment extract isolated from plant through the powder CaCO3 that he filled in the glass column. This method based on color separation gives the name of "chromatographie" chromatography by using the words "chroma" meaning "Latin" and "graphein" meaning writing. Results and Conclusion: Because the UPLC method can be run smoothly at higher pressures than the HPLC method, it offers the possibility of analyzing using much smaller column sizes and column diameters. Moreover, UPLC method has advantages, such as short analysis time, the small amount of waste reagents and the significant savings in the cost of their destruction process. The use of the UPLC method especially analyses in biological samples such as human plasma, brain sample, rat plasma, etc. increasingly time-consuming due to the fact that the analysis time is very short compared to the HPLC, because of the small amount of waste analytes and the considerable savings in their cost.

BackgroundThe hypertension and cardiovascular ailments are the leading cause of deaths worldwide. The combination therapy was found to be effective on the cardiovascular illness by reducing the blood pressure. The indapamide and perindopril combination therapy showed excellent results on reducing high blood pressure. With this in mind, the stability indicating reverse phase UPLC method was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of indapamide and perindopril from human plasma. In this work, we developed a new solid phase extraction method for the extraction of indapamide and perindopril in human plasma. It is a simple, accurate, and selective method for the extraction of these two drugs from human plasma with elution time of 2 min. The extracted drugs were identified and quantified by using stability indicating UPLC method. The method showed high recovery rate as well as low detection and quantification limits of two drugs.ResultsA novel, simple, highly accurate, and precise stability indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for the identification and quantification of perindopril (PP) (brand name Coversyl) and indapamide (IP) (brand name Lorvas) from human plasma. In this UPLC method, HSS C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) and mobile phase acetonitrile (ACN), 10 mM KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH 3.0) mixture was used in the ratio of 65:35. Colum temperature of 30 °C, flow rate of 1.0 mL per minute and UV wave length of 254 nm were used. PP and IP were eluted below 2 min runtime with high resolution. Solid phase extraction (SPE) method was used for the extraction of PP and IP from human plasma. Different solvents were used to extract the analyte from SPE such as ACN, methanol, acetone, tertiary butyl diethyl ether (TBDE), chloroform (CHCl3), and ethanol (EtOH). Among these, ACN gave good recovery percentages (94.56 to 101.58%). From the linearity graph, good correlation coefficient values of 0.9996 for PP and 0.9997 for IP were achieved. The coefficient variance values for intra and inter day precision is in between 1.08 and 12.5%. The LOD and LOQ values were determined by the signal to noise ratio method. LOD and LOQ values for IP and PP were found to be 8.6 and 33.5 ng/mL and 28.33 and 110.5 ng/mL respectively. The developed method was statistically validated as per ICH guidelines.ConclusionIn summary, a novel stability indicating UPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the simultaneous identification and quantification of perindopril and indapamide drugs in human plasma and tested the stability as per ICH guidelines. It is a simple, accurate, and specific method for the extraction of these two drugs from human plasma and eluted within 2 min runtime. The method showed high recovery rate as well as low detection and quantification limits of two drugs. The developed method is suitable for routine analysis as well as in bioanalytical and clinical studies.Graphical abstract

The overall control of the quality of botanical drugs starts from the botanical raw material, continues through preparation of the botanical drug substance and culminates with the botanical drug product. Chromatographic and spectroscopic fingerprinting has been widely used as a tool for the quality control of herbal/botanical medicines. However, discussions are still on-going on whether a single technique provides adequate information to control the quality of botanical drugs. In this study, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) were used to generate fingerprints of different plant parts of Panax notoginseng. The power of these chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to evaluate the identity of botanical raw materials were further compared and investigated in light of the capability to distinguishing different parts of Panax notoginseng. Principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering results showed that samples were classified better when UPLC- and HPLC-based fingerprints were employed, which suggested that UPLC- and HPLC-based fingerprinting are superior to CE- and NIR-based fingerprinting. The UPLC- and HPLC- based fingerprinting with PCA were able to correctly distinguish between samples sourced from rhizomes and main root. Using chemometrics and its ability to distinguish between different plant parts could be a powerful tool to help assure the identity and quality of the botanical raw materials and to support the safety and efficacy of the botanical drug products.

Separation methods for pharmacologically active xanthones

Hydrochlorothiazide is chemically 6-chloro-1, 1-dioxo-3, 4-dihydro-2 H -1, 2, 4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide. Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic drug used for treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and accumulation of fluid (edema). It works by blocking salt and fluid reabsorption from the urine in the kidneys, causing increased urine output (dieresis). Hydrochlorothiazide is used to treat excessive fluid accumulation and swelling (edema) of the body caused by heart failure, cirrhosis, chronic kidney failure, corticosteroid medications, and nephrotic syndrome. It can be used alone or in conjunction with other blood pressure lowering medications to treat high blood pressure. This review focuses on the recent developments in analytical techniques for estimation of Hydrochlorothiazide alone or in combinations with other drugs in various biological media like human plasma and urine. This review will critically examine the (a) sample pretreatment method such as solid phase extraction (SPE), (b) separation methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), (c) other methods such as spectrophotometry, diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical methods.

Capillary electrophoresis is an electric field‐mediated microseparation technique that utilises narrow‐bore fused‐silica capillaries (10–100 μm) and high applied electric fields (100–1000 V/cm) enabling short analysis times with high separation efficiency and excellent resolution, whereas the narrow bore capillary readily dissipates the generated Joule heat. The main separation modes of capillary electrophoresis are capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). As a truly orthogonal method to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis is recently gaining high importance in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and biomedical industries, especially for the analysis of protein therapeutics. Key Concepts: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a truly orthogonal separation method to chromatography‐based techniques. CE is a fully automated approach to electrophoresis. The narrow bore capillaries used in CE enable application of high separation voltages without significant heat generation. Electroendoosmotic flow (EOF) generates a bulk fluid flow within the narrow bore capillary and therefore one of the driving forces of CE analysis. The main separation modes of CE are: Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation is based on free solution mobility; micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) utilises partitioning of hydrophobic analytes within charged micelles; capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) applies sieving polymers for size separation of macromolecules; and capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) separates amphoteric analytes based on their charge states; and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) based on the interplay between electric field and chromatography‐mediated separations. CE is one of the emerging separation techniques in the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Microfluidics devices integrate the concept of CE with fluidics sample manipulation such as on chip sample preparation.

Screening for the presence of drugs in serum and urine using different separation modes of capillary electrophoresis

In the last few years capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become established alongside high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a complementary, powerful separation technique for peptides and proteins. Along with the high speed, low sample requirement and overall lower running costs, a major advantage of CE is its flexibility. On one hand, typical HPLC separation modes, like reversed phase HPLC using differences in the hydrophobicity of components or ion-exchange chromatography using differences in the net charge of components can also be performed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) or capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), respectively. On the other hand, typical slab gel electrophoresis separation modes like SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate)—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or isoelectric focusing (IEF) can also be carried out by CE as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) or capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF).

A novel comparative force degradation ultra-performance liquid chromatographic assay method was developed and validated for Telmisartan and its degradation products. Telmisartan was subjected to acid (0.1M HCl), neutral (water) and alkaline (0.1M NaOH) hydrolytic conditions at 80°C, as well as to oxidative decomposition (H2O2) at room temperature. Photolytic studies were carried out by exposing this drug into sunlight (60,000-70,000 lux) for 2 days. Additionally, the solid drug was subjected to 50°C for 60 days in a hot air oven for thermal degradation. The UPLC chromatographic separation was performed on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1mm×150mm) using isocratic mode (ACN:water, 70:30v/v) at flow rate of 0.2 ml min-1 and HPLC chromatographic separation was achieved on phenomenex C18 using isocratic mode (ACN:10mM ammonium acetate, Ph 4.5, 85:15v/v) at flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1. Telmisartan was found to degrade significantly in acid, base and oxidation, the drug was found to be stable in neutral, thermal and photolytic stress conditions. The ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) area %RSD were calculated to be 0.0039 and 0.0015 respectively. The UPLC and HPLC linearity of the proposed method were investigated in the range of 10-50 μg mL-1 and 30-150 μg mL-1 . The r2 value of UPLC and HPLC were found to be 0.9987 and 0.9989 respectively. Method detection limit (MDL) and Method quantification limit (MQL) were found to be 0.250 μg mL-1 and 1.20 μg mL-1 for UPLC and 0.600 μg/ml and 1.900 μg mL-1 respectively for HPLC. The %R.S.D. values for intra-day and inter-day precision were <1.0%, confirming that the method was sufficiently precise. The validation studies were carried out fulfilling ICH requirements. The developed method was simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence could be applied for routine quality control analysis of Telmisartan in solid dosage forms.

Chiral analysis has been an important research field in modern separation science because the enantiomers of a racemic compound often show different or even opposite bioactivities. A variety of analytical techniques have been adopted for chiral analysis over the past few decades. In comparison with conventional chromatographic methods (e. g., high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC)), capillary electrophoresis (CE) has multiple advantages such as high separation efficiency, low cost, and diverse separation modes, which have made it one of the most promising analytical techniques for enantioseparation in recent years. The simplest process for CE chiral separation is the addition of a chiral selector (e. g., cyclodextrins and their derivatives, polysaccharides, antibiotics, proteins, crown ethers, chiral exchangers, chiral ionic liquids) in a running buffer to create a chiral separation environment. However, with the ever-increasing number of chiral products in the modern industrial society, satisfactory enantioseparation cannot always be achieved with conventional CE methods. Hence, scientists are endeavoring to improve CE chiral methods. The availability of various fundamental operational modes such as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis (LECE), non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has enabled researchers to realize flexible design of high-performance CE chiral separation systems by altering the CE operations, especially by the modification of various advanced materials. For example, ionic liquids (ILs) are a group of organic salts whose melting points are below 100℃, or more often, close to room temperature. ILs have been demonstrated to be effective modifiers in chiral CE because of their unique physical and chemical properties such as high conductivity, exceptional chemical and thermal stabilities, as well as excellent solubility in both organic and inorganic solvents. Besides, it is feasible to design and synthesize various task-specific ILs by altering their anion-cation combinations. ILs have been employed for CE enantioseparation through various modes such as achiral IL-modified conventional enantioseparation systems, chiral IL synergistic separation systems, chiral IL LECE systems, and IL-based MEKC, or by the development of novel IL chiral selectors. Nanoparticles are another class of materials that have received considerable interest for use in chiral CE. Nanoparticles have many advantages such as unique size effect, good chemical stability, significant mechanical strength, as well as ease of modification. Several studies have demonstrated that the combination of chiral selectors with nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and mesoporous silica nanomaterials is a promising approach to establish an EKC system or a CEC system. In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of novel CE chiral separation systems, including enantioseparation systems based on achiral or chiral ILs, nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and deep eutectic solvents, as well as chiral plug-plug partial filling CE. Another important topic of research in chiral CE is the exploration of enantiorecognition mechanisms. Modern mechanistic studies focus on the applications of advanced analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or molecular simulations with computer technology, instead of the conventional chromatography- or CE-based thermodynamic methods. For example, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) have attracted attention because they provide critical information about the spatial proximity of the functional groups of chiral selectors and enantiomers. Molecular simulations have also become popular because of their powerful ability to evaluate the selector-selectand interactions, in addition to enabling visualization of the complex structures. The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the art of CE techniques in the field of chiral analysis, especially during the period 2015-2019. Existing problems with these techniques and future perspectives are also presented.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method with photodiode array detector for the measurement of vancomycin in human serum samples for therapeutic drug monitoring or other applications. The method included the extraction of vancomycin in serum by deproteinization with acetonitrile. The analyses were carried out using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C(18) column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) using acetonitrile and 0.005 M KH(2)PO(4) buffer (pH 2.5) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, with photodiode array detection at 230 nm. The method was validated for extraction recovery, inter- and intraday precision (relative standard deviation, RSD%), and accuracy and stability of vancomycin in serum. Both the established UPLC method and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) were used to measure the prepared quality control (QC) samples (1.0, 7.0, 35.0, 75.0 mg/L) to validate the accuracy of UPLC. Furthermore, both methods were subsequently used to assay the vancomycin concentration in 172 clinical serum samples collected from patients receiving vancomycin in the hospitals localized in Shanghai (China) and 32 control samples from United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service (UK NEQAS). The retention time of vancomycin was 2.6 minutes. The calibration curve for UPLC was linear over the range 1.0-100.0 mg/L (R(2) > 0.999). The method was fully validated in terms of recovery, selectivity, accuracy, precision, and various conditions. The absolute difference% and RSD% of the prepared QC samples assayed by UPLC were all better than the results by FPIA. A paired t test of the results of the prepared QC samples indicated that the results of all the QC samples had significant difference (P < 0.05), except for the 7.0 mg/L QC samples, which suggested that UPLC was more accurate for the samples containing low or high concentration of vancomycin. A correlation with the Deming model provided a good linear relation between the results of the 2 methods applied to 172 samples, with equation of UPLC = 0.99 × FPIA - 0.19 (R(2)= 0.923), and the agreement of the 2 methods was illustrated using Bland-Altman plot with a mean difference (UPLC - FPIA) of -0.428 mg/L and 95% confidence interval of -8.33 to 7.47 mg/L, respectively. A Student t test comparing results obtained by the UPLC method and group mean results of control samples from UK NEQAS were not significant (P = 0.057). A short analysis time, small amount of serum needed, high specificity, and accuracy make the UPLC method developed in this study appropriate and practical for vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring and could be applied to other nonserum applications or where requiring superior validation parameters such as for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies.

Nine xanthones from a Chinese traditional medicine, Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk, were separated by different capillary electrophoresis (CE) modes, including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEEKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The comparison of separation selectivity and efficiency for xanthones by using these CE methods indicated that different CE modes greatly varied in the separation selectivity and efficiency for xanthones; their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Moreover, compared with traditional chromatographic methods, e.g., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), CE shows higher separation ability and analytical speed for these xanthones.

Part I Fundamentals and Methodologies Introduction to Capillary Electrophoresis, J.P. Landers Protein Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis, J.M. Hempe Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, S. Terabe Capillary Electrophoresis for Pharmaceutical Analysis, E. McEvoy, A. Marsh, K. Altria, S. Donegan, and Joe Power Principles and Practice of Capillary Electrochromatography, M.T. Koesdjojo, C.F. Gonzalez, and V.T. Remcho Capillary Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids, E. Szantai and A. Guttman Analysis of Carbohydrates by Capillary Electrophoresis, J. Khandurina The Coupling of Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics, H.J. Issaq and T.D. Veenstra Light-Based Detection Methods for Capillary Electrophoresis, C. Scanlan, T. Lapainis, and J.V. Sweedler Microfluidic Devices for Electrophoretic Separations: Fabrication and Use, L. A. Legendre, J. P. Ferrance, and J.P. Landers Part IIA Capillary-Based Systems: Core Methods and Technologies Kinetic Capillary Electrophoresis, M.V. Berezovski and S.N. Krylov DNA Sequencing and Genotyping by Free-Solution Conjugate Electrophoresis, J.A. Coyne, J.S. Lin, and A. E. Barron Online Sample Preconcentration for Capillary Electrophoresis, D.S. Burgi and B.C. Giordano Capillary Electrophoresis for the Analysis of Single Cells: Sampling, Detection, and Applications, I. G. Arcibal, M.F. Santillo, and A.G. Ewing Ultrafast Electrophoretic Separations, M.G. Roper, C. Guillo, and B. J. Venton DNA Sequencing by Capillary Electrophoresis, D.L. Yang, R. Sauvageot, and S.L. Pentoney, Jr. Dynamic Computer Simulation Software for Capillary Electrophoresis, M.C. Breadmore and W. Thormann Heat Production and Dissipation in Capillary Electrophoresis, C.J. Evenhuis, R.M. Guijt, M. Macka, P.J. Marriott, and P.R. Haddad Isoelectric Focusing in Capillary Systems, J.W. T. Huang, and J. Pawliszyn Part IIB Capillary-Based Systems: Specialized Methods and Technologies Subcellular Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis, B.G. Poe and E.A. Arriaga Chemical Cytometry: Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis at the Level of the Single Cell, C.Whitmore, K. Sobhani, R. Bonn, D. Mao, E. Turner, J. Kraly, D. Michels, M. Palcic, O. Hindsgaul, and N.J. Dovichi Glycoprotein Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis, M. Girard, I. Lacunza, J.C. Diez-Masa, and M. de Frutos Capillary Electrophoresis of Post-Translationally Modified Proteins and Peptides, B. Sarg and H.H. Lindner Extreme Resolution in Capillary Electrophoresis: UHVCE, FCCE, and SCCE, W. H. Henley and J.W. Jorgenson Separation of DNA for Forensic Applications Using Capillary Electrophoresis, L.I. Moreno and B. McCord Clinical Application of CE, Z.K. Shihabi Solid-Phase Microextraction and Solid-Phase Extraction with Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Techniques, S. G. Weber CE-SELEX: Isolating Aptamers Using Capillary Electrophoresis, R.K. Mosing and M.T. Bowser Microfluidic Technology as a Platform to Investigate the Microcirculation, D.M. Spence Capillary Electrophoresis Applications for Food Analysis, B.Vallejo-Cordoba and M. G. Vargas Martinez Separation Strategies for Environmental Analysis, F. G. Tonin and M.F.M. Tavares Part IIIA Microchip-Based: Core Methods and Technologies Cell Manipulation at the Micron Scale, T. M. Keenan and D. J. Beebe Multidimensional Microfluidic Systems for Protein and Peptide Separations, D.L. DeVoe and C.S. Lee Microchip Immunoassays, K. Sato and T. Kitamori Solvent Extraction on Chips, M. Tokeshi and T. Kitamori Electrophoretic Microdevices for Clinical Diagnostics, J.P. Ferrance Advances in Microfluidics: Development of a Forensic Integrated DNA Microchip (IDChip), K.M. Horsman and J.P. Landers Taylor Dispersion in Sample Preconcentration Methods, R. Bharadwaj, D.E. Huber, T. Khurana, and J.G. Santiago The Mechanical Behavior of Films and Interfaces in Microfluidic Devices: Implications for Performance and Reliability, M.R. Begley and J. Monahan Practical Fluid Control Strategies for Microfluidic Devices, C.J. Easley and J.P. Landers Low-Cost Technologies for Microfluidic Applications, W.K. Tomazelli Coltro and E. Carrilho Microfluidic Reactors for Small Molecule and Nanomaterial Synthesis, A.J. deMello, C.J. Cullen, R. Fortt, and R.C.R. Wootton Part IIIB Microchip-Based: Specialized Methods and Technologies Sample Processing with Integrated Microfluidic Systems, J.M. Bienvenue and J.P. Landers Cell and Particle Separation and Manipulation Using Acoustic Standing Waves in Microfluidic Systems, T. Laurell and J.Nilsson Optical Detection Systems for Microchips, J.M. Karlinsey and J.P. Landers Microfabricated Electrophoresis Devices for High-Throughput Genetic Analysis: Milestones and Challenges, C.A. Emrich and R.A. Mathies Macroporous Monoliths for Chromatographic Separations in Microchannels, F. Svec and T.B. Stachowiak Microdialysis and Microchip Systems, B.A. Fogarty, P. Nandi, and S.M. Lunte Microfluidic Sample Preparation for Proteomics Analysis Using MALDI-MS, S. Ekstrom, J. Nilsson, G. Marko-Varga, and T. Laurell Implementing Sample Preconcentration in Microfluidic Devices, P. M. van Midwoud and E. Verpoorte Using Phase-Changing Sacrificial Materials to Fabricate Microdevices for Chemical Analysis, H V. Fuentes and A.T. Woolley Materials and Modification Strategies for Electrophoresis Microchips, C. S. Henry and B.M. Dressen Microfluidic Devices with Mass Spectrometry Detection, I. M. Lazar Nanoscale Self-Assembly of Stationary Phases for Capillary Electrophoresis of DNA, K.D. Dorfman and J.L. Viovy Nanoscale DNA Analysis, L. Mahmoudian, M.R. Mohamadi, N. Kaji, M. Tokeshi, and Y. Baba Index