Новый вид рода Cribraria (Myxomycetes) с фиолетовыми спорами

A new stipitate species of myxomycete of the genus Licea is described based on material from arid areas in Argentina and Chile. It was isolated from moist chamber cultures and found fruiting on field collections, usually on the same substrate, Puya sp. (Bromeliaceae). It differs from all described species in the genus in that it has stipitate sporocarps with dehiscence by defined preformed platelets and a smooth inner peridial surface. The new species has polyhedral, yellow spores with a uniform thick spore wall and dense warts except on irregularly dispersed raised bands with fewer warts, visible by SEM, an ornamentation not previously observed in the genus. Life-cycle events are described and illustrated, from germination to sporulation, based on moist chamber and agar cultures. The morphology of the myxomycete specimens was examined with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and both light and SEM micrographs of relevant details are included.

Traditional moist chamber cultures (MCs) prepared in aseptic laboratory environments using sterile Petri dishes are commonly used to quantify the microbiota of rough-bark tree species and woody vines. MCs are typically expensive and may be difficult to make, so a less expensive option made from easily available supplies was developed. These cost-friendly MCs were compared with standard laboratory methods to demonstrate their efficacy. Modified MCs were made using inexpensive, store-bought supplies; compared to a standard laboratory setting, the modified MCs are shown to be less expensive with a faster setup time and larger size that facilitates a variety of tree and woody vine species. MC use resulted in the discovery of new species of fungi and myxomycetes with associated locality records. We provide detailed instructions for creating modified MCs, as well as a list of myxomycete species and their associated bark characteristics, pH values, and water-holding capacity. This new, low-cost MC technique makes the study of microbiota more inclusive and accessible for those in research laboratories, classrooms, and homes, including both amateurs and professionals. MCs are easy to prepare, versatile, and applicable for many areas of botany and the biological sciences, potentially allowing exploration into unexplored areas in urban ecosystems.

A Mycena species new to science was obtained from moist chamber cultures of trunk bark of a living American elm tree (Ulmus americana) located in the Fort Worth Botanic Garden, Tarrant County, Texas. This discovery was part of an ongoing study of corticolous myxomycetes on larger American elm trees occurring in Fort Worth nature parks. More than 15 American elm trees were sampled for trunk bark but only a single tree yielded Mycena basidiomes. Collections of bark began in the summer of 2017 and continued until the beginning of 2020. Bark samples from the north, south and west side of the tree yielded fruit bodies of the mushroom in moist chamber culture. No fruit bodies were observed in nature nor were early formation stages on the underside of the bark. Crystals previously described in another study were present on the bark surfaces, edges, and undersides. Habit and morphological development were photographed using light microscopy applying multifocal imaging and computer stacking to increase depth of field. Basidiome development was observed and photographed from the earliest primordial beginning stage, the button stage, intermediate stage and the final emerging stalk elongation and mature cap formation stage. Mature mushroom development took from 9 to 21 days after wetting the bark in moist chamber cultures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to illustrate development of the button stage, emerging stalk and pileus stage, and the fully mature pileus, lamellae, and pseudocollarium. Morphological features and DNA sequence data confirmed that this Mycena species was undescribed and distinct from other Mycena taxa. Morphological features suggest placement of the novel taxon in Mycena sect. Viscipelles, distinct from other members based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis.

A new succulenticolous Myxomycete species, Didymium wildpretii, found on decaying remains of various species of cacti, is described from two arid zones of the world. This species was collected from central Mexico, at the southern limit of the Chihua-huan Desert, and from the Canary Islands (Spain). The new species has small, pale yellow sporocarps, 0.1–0.7 mm high, that are sessile or have short, orange-yellow, calcareous stalks and small, uniformly warted spores. The stability of the taxonomic characters of the species was confirmed with both moist chamber cultures and spore-to-spore culture on agar. Life cycle events are described from germination to sporulation. Myxomycete specimens were examined with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and micrographs of relevant morphological details are included.

A new succulenticolous Myxomycete species, Didymium wildpretii, found on decaying remains of various species of cacti, is described from two arid zones of the world. This species was collected from central Mexico, at the southern limit of the Chihuahuan Desert, and from the Canary Islands (Spain). The new species has small, pale yellow sporocarps, 0.1-0.7 mm high, that are sessile or have short, orange-yellow, calcareous stalks and small, uniformly warted spores. The stability of the taxonomic characters of the species was confirmed with both moist chamber cultures and spore-to-spore culture on agar. Life cycle events are described from germination to sporulation. Myxomycete specimens were examined with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and micrographs of relevant morphological details are included.

A survey and inventory of tree canopy bio-diversity for cryptogams (myxomycetes, macrofungi, mosses, liverworts, lichens and ferns) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park resulted in the discovery of an undescribed myxomycete species. This taxon is classified in the order Physarales, family Di-dymiaceae and genus Diachea. A combination of morphological characteristics distinguishes Diachea arboricola H.W. Keller & M. Skrabal sp. nov. from all other species in the genus: peridium iridescent gold to silvery gray; stalk reddish orange above and whitish below, filled with crystals; capillitial threads stiff, dichotomously branched and arising from the tip of the columella; spore ornamentation uniformly covering the entire spore surface, appearing spiny with light microscopy, with scanning electron microscopy as vertical processes with capitate, clustered, spike-like tips. This type of spore ornamentation has not been found in any other Diachea species. Diachea arboricola is known only from the tree canopy, ranging in height from roughly 3 to 21 m, on three tree species, Fraxinus americana, Juniperus virginiana and Quercus alba. Observations of plasmodial growth and fruiting body development are described based on moist chamber cultures. Tree canopy observations in situ suggest that the plasmodium of this species migrates over extensive vertical areas of tree bark. Ecological factors are discussed that include pH of bark substrata. The species description is based on abundant sporangia from 17 different collections. A key to the species of Diachea is provided to aid in the identification of this taxon.

As a result of the revision of European and American collections of genus Lamproderma two new nivicolous myxomycete species, Lamproderma argenteobrunneum and L. kowalskii, are described. The new species are characterized by the silvery-brown sporothecae, the areolate peridium and the ferruginous-brown spores in mass. They differ from one another mainly in spore size and ornamentation, the form of the capillitium and the stalk length and ratio of the stalk length to the total height of the sporocarp. The morphology of the new species was examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and micrographs of relevant details are included. Lamproderma argenteobrunneum also was obtained in moist chamber culture, and the mature sporocarps displayed all features typical of field-collected samples. The known geographical distribution of L. argenteobrunneum includes the main ranges of the European alpine system (Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees) as well as those of North America, while L. kowalskii has been recorded so far from several sites in California in the United States.

A new species of Perichaena, described herein as P. echinolophospora, was isolated in moist chamber cultures from substrate samples collected in the monsoon deciduous lowland tropical forests (Cat Tien National Park, Vinh Cuu Nature Reserve) and mixed montane tropical forests (Bi Dup-Nui Ba Nature Reserve) of southern Vietnam. Perichaena echinolophospora was recovered from ground litter, aerial litter and the bark of living trees. The morphology of representative specimens was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, and micrographs of relevant details are provided. Spore ornamentation consists of a regular reticulum with large meshes, 3–4 μm in wide and limited by denticulate ridges, 1.7–2.2 μm tall, and clusters of small warts and rods densely distributed over the spore surface within the meshes of the reticulum and visible only by SEM. The stability of the taxonomic characters of the species was confirmed by several collections obtained during three field seasons.

A new species of Cribraria, described herein as C. bicolor, appeared in moist chamber cultures on samples of the bark of Eucalyptus sp. collected at two localities in Australia. The morphology of representative specimens was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, and micrographs of relevant morphological details of sporocarps and spores are provided. The species has a number of distinct and unique morphological features, including a glossy bright-violet globose sporotheca and a two-colored long stalk which is bright-red over the lower one-third and light yellow or lemon-yellow over the upper two-thirds. The combination of these characteristics as well as a shallow calyculus which is dark-violet when viewed under a dissecting microscope and bright red in transmitted light when mounted in lactophenol makes C. bicolor a well-defined morphospecies when compared to all other species of Cribraria. The stability of the taxonomic characters of the species was confirmed by an examination of a number of specimens.

A new species Comatricha spinispora Novozh. et D. W. Mitch. was obtained as field collections and isolated from moist-chamber cultures from samples of ground litter. Specimens of sporocarps and substrates for moist chamber cultures were collected in deciduous monsoon tropical lowland forests (Cat Tien National Park, Vinh Cuu Nature Reserve), mixed montane tropical forests and cloudy tropical forests (Bi Dup-Nui Ba Nature Reserve) of southern Vietnam during surveys carried out in December 2010, November 2011, 2012. The morphology of representative specimens of sporocarps was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and micrographs of relevant details are provided. Spore ornamentation consists of long spines 0.5–0.8 μm long and 6–8 very small additional spines 0.1–0.3 μm long densely distributed over the top part of spine surface and visible only by SEM. The stability of the taxonomic characters of the species was confirmed by several collections obtained over a period of three field seasons in field as well as in moist chamber cultures. Comatricha spinispora resembles C. rutilipedata H. Marx in overall shape and size of the sporocarps but has dark brown bottom of stalk and slightly larger spores decorated by scattered long spines. The main morphological difference between C. spinispora and Macbrideola ovoidea Nann.-Bremek. et Y. Yamam. lies in shape and colour of sporocarp and spore ornamentation.

Three new records of Myxomycetes from Taiwan are described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa var. descendens is characterized by the unbranched, cylindrical forms of sporophores, the pillars. Licea retiformis is the only species in Licea with reticulate plasmodiocarpous fructifications. Trichia munda is distinct by the areolate peridium, of which the yellowish inner layer appearing as narrow bands that divide the outer layer into large reticulations. Fruiting bodies of these three taxa were either collected from fields or harvested from moist-chamber cultures.

Three new records in the order Trichiales (Myxomycetes) are described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Arcyria margino-undulata is characterized by a long- stalked globose sporangia and a calyculus marked by undulate margins. Hemitrichia velutina is distinctive in having areolate, globose sporangia and long flexuose capillitial threads bearing long spine at its rounded free ends. Perichaena vermicularis var. microsperma differs from the variety vermicularis in having smaller spores. Specimens of the latter two were obtained from moist-chamber cultures, while specimens of A. margino-undulata were either obtained from moist chamber or collected directly from fields.

Histologic Observation of Continuity of Transmural Microvessels Between the Perigraft Vessels and Flow Surface Microostia in a Porous Vascular Prosthesis

The article presents materials on the study of the distribution and manifestation of the main parasitosis in bees in the Krasnodar Territory in the period from 2019 to 2021. The studies were carried out in the farms of the Krasnodar Territory and in the Kropotkin Regional Veterinary Laboratory. For experimental studies, bees of the Caucasian breed Apis mellifera carnica were used. In laboratory studies, various methods were used: clinical, epizootological, bacteriological, pathomorphological, serological, luminescent and light microscopy. As a result of research during the study period, in 2019, out of 2010 bee colonies from different regions of the Krasnodar Territory, positive samples were found for colibacillosis 4, citrobacteriosis 17 and proteus infection 2. In 2020, out of 2010 bee colonies from different regions, 10 positive samples were found, of which 2 samples for colibacillosis, 5 tests for citrobacteriosis, 2 tests for proteus infection, one for hafniosis. In the study of bee colonies from different regions in 2021, out of 1500 samples of pathological material for various infectious diseases, a positive test for colibacillosis 2 samples, citrobacteriosis 6, proteus infection 2, hafniosis 1, nosematosis 108 samples was detected. In general, in the Krasnodar Territory, infection with varroosis averages 6.9%, in different regions from 4 to 9%. The defeat by American and European foulbrood was 3.5–4.4%. It has been established that it was varroosis that was one of the factors in the further development of American and European foulbrood of bees and that the development of these diseases proceeds mainly associatively with severe consequences. As a result, it was established that various diseases of bees are recorded in the Krasnodar Territory, among the most dangerous parasitosis varroosis, American and European foulbrood were found, more often they occur in an associative form, as well as ascospherosis, acarapidosis, braulosis, nosematosis. In the beekeeping farms of the Caucasus, Starominsk and Korenovsky districts in the Krasnodar Territory, the causative agents of varroosis were isolated mite Varroa jacobsoni, American foulbrood Bacillus larvae and European foulbrood Streptococcus pluton. The main clinical and pathoanatomical signs in the associative disease of bees with varroosis, American and European foulbrood: death of pupae, damage mainly to drone brood, deformity or absence of wings, uneven egg laying by the queen, damage to printed and open brood of bees, death and damage to larvae at the age of 3-4 and 8-9 days, the weakening of bee colonies and often their complete death.

The species associated with coarse woody debris make up the best known ecological assemblage of myxomycetes, but most records are based on fruiting bodies that have formed in the field under natural conditions and not from samples of bark and wood placed in moist chamber cultures. In this study, samples of bark and wood from pieces of coarse woody debris on the forest floor were collected and used to prepare a series moist chamber cultures. All of the 30 cultures prepared with wood and 29 of the 30 (97%) of the cultures prepared with bark were positive for myxomycetes. Thirty-three different species representing 14 genera were recovered, with 21 species (14 genera) recorded for bark and 22 species (11 genera) recorded for wood. These data indicate that any effort to carry out a truly comprehensive survey of the myxomycetes present at a given locality should include examining samples of coarse woody debris with the moist chamber culture technique.