Abstract
Subject and Purpose. At the beginning of the 21st century, a fundamentally new scientific direction was formed in radiophysics — fractal radiophysics. The subject of this review is the main practical ideas of "fractalization" in radio physics. The purpose of the work is a systematic presentation of the main results of the practical application of fractal theory in radiophysics, as well as a detailed analysis of the originality, novelty, and practical value of the obtained results. Methods and Methodology. The results of using the fractal approach in various fields of modern radiophysics are presented. The results of the application of fractal and multifractal analysis methods for various radiophysical objects, phenomena and processes are considered. The main features, advantages and disadvantages of this approach, as well as existing problems, are highlighted. Results. The main practical results of applying the fractal approach in radio physics are considered. The main features of solving the problem of radio wave propagation in fractal media are also discussed. The usage of fractals in applied electrodynamics is demonstrated by the example of fractal antennas, resonators, filters, capacitors, transistors, diplexers, frequency-selective surfaces and metamaterials, etc. Fractals in semiconductor and vacuum electronics are described by the example of the fractal structures of the cathode spot and the cathodes themselves, fractal electrodes and diffusers, as well as the avalanche breakdown of the p-n junction. The features of the application of fractal ideas in statistical and nonlinear radiophysics are considered. To illustrate the "fractalization" of physics and radiophysics of the geospace, the fractal processes that occur during earthquakes, in the atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere, etc., are used. Conclusions. The main directions of practical application of the theory of fractals in modern radiophysics are analyzed, as well as the features of the new results obtained, which reflect one of the main properties of the surrounding world — its fractality, are discussed.
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