台灣農地政策下的農村生態社區規劃對策之研究－以＂彰化縣溪州鄉三條村三圳村＂農村聚落為例－

從「農村發展政策」的歷史結構鑲嵌及其發展脈絡進行政經分析，台灣的農村發展在國家機關採取「汲取性農業政策」主導下，農業的資源、農地的利用與農村的勞力，都被用來作為發展國家經濟，以及供應都會發展之需；而作為農業發展及農民生活主體的「農村」，長期被忽略與犧牲，以致於農村社會的建設嚴重的落後與不足。 扁政府與馬政府都分別提出「農村發展政策」，但不同政黨所研擬的草案，會隱含不同的政策目標與不同的偏差動員。「農改條例草案」與「農再條例草案」都是經由總統親自指示推動辦理，再交由其重要幕僚擘劃研擬；總統還必須親自與反對者溝通，而顯示農村政策的複雜政治性與高度爭議性。 「農村改建條例草案」編列基金一千億元，另外「農村再生條例草案」基金卻被立委加碼至二千億元，預算變成民進黨版的2倍；兩者都是以全國4,000個農村進行更新改造工作，但預算卻完全不同。「農改條例草案」由內政部主政、「農再條例草案」則由農委會負責，不同主辦機關的政策執行能力完全不同，其對農村未來的發展也必然不同。「農改條例草案」的第四章「田園社區之開發」與「農再條例草案」第三章的「農村土地活化」，都是外界持較多反對意見的部分；這兩章都涉及土地開發的利益問題，以致於讓外界高度質疑政策推動之真正目的。 「農村發展政策」必須考慮農業「三生功能」，更須配合「國土空間規劃」與「縣市合併改制」等國家整體發展政策，並作前瞻創新的規劃，農村才會有美好的發展遠景。

Rural development involves a system-wide change in rural communities which naturally requires a strong commitment by government to rural development on the one hand and the positive participation of rural people in the planning and implementation of rural prjects on the other. This paper considers govern­ment commitment as especially crucial to the process of project implementa­tion. This includes the activation of local government machinery, the execution of government tasks in support of rural projects and the monitoring of project performance. This case study analyses the critical role of political leadership in stimulating farmers, village leaders and government officials at the local level. It also de­monstrates that personal concern and the human aspect of the political system made the political system quite effective and functional in allorating resources, and facilitating institutional/legal rearrangement in favor of rural.development in Korea. This case study also analyzes the specific measures and steps taken by the government as part of its political commitment. These include organizational and institutional reforms, reorientation of the local government system to in­tegrated rural development, financial and budgetary commitment, extensive training of personnel outside and inside the government, suitable strategies in support of village enlightenment activities, and supporting policies and programs such as the high rice price policy and the agricultural research and development program. It should be borne in mind, however, that this study is concerned only with government commitment, which could not be effective without the positive response of the people, that is, without the people's active participation in self­help development projects at the grass-root level.

Sustainable rural development involves multi-dimensional aspects. First, it improves the continuous development of rural industries for energetic village economics, the available enhancement for village living conditions, and the village sustainable development. Second, it strengthens rural infrastructure, improves living standards, and then produces preferences on domestic village and land for sustainable rural development. Third, it maintains rural natural landscape and ecological environment for diversified nice rural characteristics and energetic situation. Finally, it is to fulfill social as well as cultural contents of villagers to preserve rural facilities and outlook. This has been recognized as rural culture in the mind of villagers. Rural development includes all improvements of rural economy, living and recreational environment through appropriate planning, preparation and implementation of various policies and measures, so as to create a long-term pleasant living environment outside urban area. Based on the objective of a sustainable development of rural areas, agriculture remains vital for our existence. By ensuring a wholesome nutrition with fresh food, and preserving the nature and cultural landscape, will help to preserve the diversity of rural life. Germany has put long-run efforts on the enhancement of rural self-growing and sustainable development. The mechanisms of German agricultural policy on the integrated rural development provide much experience to learn.

Rural youth in Pakistan play very important role in the political, economic and social development of the country. Many Rural Youth Organizations such as Chand tara, Boy Scouting, Girl Guide Movement, Farm Guide Movement and Farm Girl Guide were introduced in Pakistan. But in-spite of all these efforts, Pakistan had no formal system for organizing and training a bulk quantity of its Rural Youth. And it is time to create awareness among our rural youth about new technologies for adoption in the field of agriculture and rural development. Keeping in view the about fact present study was designed in 2008 to ascertain self perceived role of Rural Youth in agricultural and Rural development in District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. The district comprises three tehsils (sub-division) namely Depalpur, Renala Khurd, Okara. From each tehsil, one union council was selected through simple random technique. Two villages were selected randomly from each selected union council and 25 young males whose ages were in the range of 15 - 25 years were selected randomly from each these selected villages, thus, making a total number of 150 respondents. The data were collected with the help of a specifically designed and pre-tested interview schedule. The results showed that 88.0% of the respondents had an education from primary to matric (tenth examination) and above level. Slightly more than one fourth 28.6, 25.7 and 17.2% of the respondents were labourers, farming, farming and playing respectively. On the basis of conclusions it was recommended that for first of all the educational level of the study area should be increased. To establish the cottage industry in villages so that maximum numbers of Rural Youth get employed there and initiate various agricultural developmental programmes for the betterment of Rural Youth. Key words: Rural development, agricultural technology, rural youth.

The purpose of this study is to discuss the orientation problem of rural tourism planning in Mainland China based on the case of leisure farm planning of Dongsheng tea moutain in Tongnan county, Chongqing. It is the aims of rural tourism plan and the mission of rural tourism development under the specific situation in china mainland that the effective way of new village construction is rural tourism developing. The aims of rural tourism planning have two directions. While paying attention to macro aim of new village construction and the relationship between mission and method of tourism planning, dealing well the relevant resources conditions, we must firstly settle down with the relationship of dual objectives of rural tourism planning, abiding by the laws of rural tourism planning. Fully understanding the causal relationship of dual objectives can create a foundation of realization of macro objective of rural tourism development.

The aim of present work is to attempt a comparative analysis of the situation of agriculture and rural development between two countries, Romania in Eastern Europe and Algeria in North Africa. Agriculture and Rural Area in these two countries are still significant - economically and socially - as they are home and livelihoods of millions of people. The agricultural sector can thus claim to be in each country an important link in the economy, though often lag behind other sectors (energy and mining in Algeria, wood industry, engineering industry, SMEs and tourism in Romania). Nevertheless, this sector participates to the consolidation of the national GDP and to the maintenance of rural population, despite the strong migration trend and the profound changes in consumption patterns. In both countries, there is also a strong movement for reform and sweeping changes in agrarian structures and the whole rural economy. But, if at the macroeconomic level there has been a real change (changing from one state manager to a regulatory state, partial or full privatization of agricultural land, trade liberalization and agricultural markets, subsidies reduce, liberalization of producer prices and consumption) in terms of regional development, farm development and rural population, the progress is quite concerning. Thus, the two countries meet the same difficulties in terms of complexity of agrarian structure, fragmentation and cramped conditions of agricultural land, low agricultural production (food, etc.), deficiency, food dependency and rural poverty.

Purpose: One of the problem and abnormalities in rural settlements is lacked of optimally locating of suggested user in Rural Guidance Plans. So that lacked of optimally locating of suggested user in Rural Guidance Plans will be cases of low efficiently use and ultimately lack of access to development. The purpose of this study is checking the threat of locating suggested user in Rural Guidance Plans and its effects on civil and rural development in Bojnourd County. Methodology: The research methodology in this study in terms of the purpose is functional and the term of method is descriptive-analytical and collect of data is field and method of analysis of information has taken place in form of descriptive statistic (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (factor analysis, solidarity, regression) has taken place. And for this purpose, 30 person of County officials and executive managers of a number of villages of County the questioning to be paid. Finding: The results of the factor analysis shows that environmental factors, and hope for the future well-being, productivity and physical respectively account for 11, 9.3, 8.7 and 8.3 percent of the variance had the greatest impact on rural development. Then, using stepwise regression, the eight factors extracted from factor analysis, five factors have a positive impact on rural development showed that social variables, user fit and comfort and hope for the future with respect to 0.414, 0.383 and 0.226 greatest change rural Development explained. Practical implications: It is recommended that be plenty of attentions to during the implementation of in Rural Guidance Plans to locating of suggested user and Taking into account all of the demotions that relate to effect of locating of suggested user and be avoided in civil and rural development from the purely physical perspective to the usages be efficiently. And level of satisfaction of the settlements be highest that this matter makes that level of satisfaction goes higher and finally will be cause of increase in efficiency of Rural Guidance Plans.

Land-related conflicts in Cambodia have been garnering much attention. The Cambodian government, through the Prime Minister, pledged to resolve land-related disputes, as they not only hurt the people but negatively impact on the national development agenda. Land disputes are estimated to involve 200,000 poor Cambodians. The government has been urged by international aid agencies to solve land problems to aid rural development and alleviate poverty. This paper evaluates the determinants of land conflict and its impact on land productivity, and provides recommendations on land governance in Cambodia, using an extensive 2004 nationwide household survey data consisting of 15,000 households in 600 rural and 300 urban villages. In the face of a growing landless population, primarily with loss of ownership by female-headed households, this study finds evidence that suggests other approaches for policymakers in preventing a growing landless population and land conflict prevention. It was also found out that modalities of acquisition are not a dominant cause of land conflict, while posessing land title reduces the probability of getting one's land into dispute. The analysis finds evidence of negative impact of land conflicts on farm productivity. This finding supports the hypothesis of the study and confirms the downward spiral events of conflicts that impact on farm productivity. The most involved in land-related conflicts are agricultural lands, which may signify the community’s risk for low land productivity. The numerous land grabbing incidents in Cambodia may also lead to land conflicts. There is urgent call for the Cambodian government to solve land conflicts or improve land governance not only for agricultural development, but also for Cambodians’ rights over their lands. The impetus of resolving land issues, especially in rural Cambodia, will contribute to more effective poverty reduction efforts.

Because of the limited supply of land resource, it is unavoidable that farmland is being transferred to non-agricultural use in the course of economic development, but there is different basic nature between agricultural and nonagricultural land. It is well-known that recovery of land productivity may be difficult or impossible under improper conversion or application. In order to protect precious agricultural areas as well as the agricultural production environment, farmland resources should be balanced against the needs of all sectors in future, and land use should be comprehensively planned on the whole. Otherwise, the pollution problem will aggravate and agricultural productive environment will be destroyed.Accordingly, it is very important to use land resources reasonably, in order to meet the need for land of the whole nation's economic development, and to protect the precious farmland resources from irregularly scattering.Because of the scarcity of land resources, many countries strongly support the importance and protection of farmland though legislation. For example, in German ”Federal Territorial Order Law”, land suitable for agricultural production must not be considered for the use of other purposes except for very special need. Those farmland resources are well maintained and preserved in developed countries may be important experience worthy of learning for Taiwan.This paper intends to investigate rural land use planning and management in Taiwan from the aspects of land-use planning and control in Germany. Besides, the problems of agricultural land use in Taiwan will be expounded by current legal regulations so as to propose policy for sustainable development of land resources.

Aspects of sustainability of development activities is very important to note because it concerns the problem: (a) development carried out by both central and local governments do not reflect the optimal level of local empowerment. Development carried out sometimes incompatible or inconsistent with the actual needs of society.(b) Movement of autonomy and decentralization in the end result of Government Regulation Number 72 Year 2005 on the Village that regulate more about planning at the village level. For example in artide 63 paragraph 1 of Regulation No. 72 of 2005 states that: In terms of village government as a rural development plan created the unit in the planning of the district / city and in paragraph 2 that: Planning of rural development as referred to in paragraph (1) prepared in a participatory manner by the village administration in accordance with their authority. These two verses show the level down to village level planning and participatory. The next chapter then describes the five-year term and annual planning.(c) an interesting fact that occurred in the South Barito district showed that the complexity of the determinants of the success of village planning,the readiness of forces to support infrastructure andfacilities is also greatly affect the success of the plan making village. Result of the research indicates that the creationon village development planning has shown the existence of a good process and is done in aparticipatory manner, as mandated in Government Regulation No. 72 of 2005. Although there are still some villages that have not been able to prepare villages plans. The are several factors the affect rural development planning, among others : Supporting factors : a) Community participation; b) Has been appointed village planning facilitator maker. In hibitting factors : a) The ability of village official; b) Managerial ability village government; c) Lack of facilities and infrastructure supporting the village government; d)Weak regulatory agencies as regional policy maker

در این مقاله با توجه به نقش و اثرات فاجعه دریاچه ارومیه بر تغییرات ساختار و کارکرد بخش کشاورزی و تاب‌آوری نواحی روستایی در منطقه کرانه شرقی دریاچه مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. روش پژوهش کمّی و ماهیت آن بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیلی-تجربی است. بدین منظور با استفاده از رویکردهای نوین در سنجش آسیب‌پذیری و توسعه آن متناسب با شرایط بومی مسئله مورد بررسی شاخص‌های سنجش آسیب‌پذیری با تلفیق سری‌های زمانی و تکنیک‌های تحلیل فضایی در سنجش از دور در سه بخش: در معرض خطر، حساسیت و ظرفیت سازگاری انتخاب گردید. نتایج پژوهش در مرحله اول منجر به شناسایی مهم‌ترین نیروی تأثیرگذار (نقش بحران دریاچه ارومیه) در ساختار و کارکرد بخش کشاورزی را گردید. علاوه براین تحلیل تغییرات کاربری اراضی و روند تغییرات تولیدات کشاورزی تأیید‌ ‌کننده تأثیرپذیری ساختار و کارکرد بخش کشاورزی ناشی از تغییرات دریاچه ارومیه است. درنهایت، نتایج حاصل از کاربست شاخص‌های سنجش از دور، ظرفیت سازگاری و قابلیت محیطی بخش کشاورزی را مشخص ساخت. نتایج این بخش بیان کننده ظرفیت پایین تاب‌آوری بخش کشاورزی در پهنه‌های عمده تولیدات کشاورزی و تهدید امنیت شغلی و زندگی ساکنان نواحی روستایی در منطقه کرانه شرقی است. ازاین‌رو، کاربرد نتایج پژوهش حاضر، ضرورت‌های تاب‌آوری و عمل‌گرا را در نظام برنامه‌ریزی محلی به‌ویژه برای بخش کشاورزی و جامعه روستایی فراهم خواهد آورد.

Through a critical review, the present research shows that, despite massive government efforts concerning agricultural development, the rural Algerian area faces serious constraints. Moreover, the emergence of local initiatives in the direction of creating conditions for local development forth comes. The causes are mainly due to the actors of the institutional environment and to the absence of favourable conditions that conduct to a better exploitation/development of local resources. The study shows however that it is quite possible to change this situation if people agree to think in terms of sustainable development and focus their approach on the resources and local activities. Today there is a need of a new mode of governance and a new sustainable strategy, clearly displayed, in terms of agriculture, rural and local development.

Farmers' participation in agricultural planning is regarded as an important tool for successful sustainable agricultural development. This study examines the issue of farmers' participation in the context of agricultural development. Data for this article were obtained through focus group discussion (FGD) from rural farmers in 9 villages in Fars Province, Iran. The findings showed that FGD discussion was more emphasis on involving farmers in implementing programs than on providing for their participation in planning and evaluating the processes or outcomes of agricultural programs. It is expected that the findings of this study could be utilized by the agriculture developers for reassessments of agricultural industry programs in rural communities.

In this paper, the socio-economic changes that took place from 1918 to 2018 in the village of Przybyszew located by the Pilica river in the municipality of Promna are presented. The analysis of a descriptive character covers both the rural community itself and the rural economy (including agricultural and non-agricultural economic sectors). An important section of the paper is a description of the changing role of rural institutional environment based on trends observed from before the Second World War until now. The transformations that have occurred in the village of Przybyszew reflect, in a nutshell, various socio-economic processes taking place in the Polish countryside in the period in question. Among these processes one can, for example, point out local community ageing the decline in the number of rural permanent residents as well as the concentration of agricultural land in a few flourishing farms, the growing number of informal farmland leases, changes in the social and occupational structures of the rural community society in favour of a population working outside agriculture and the growing demanding attitudes of local people towards the public social aid. The study also shows the changing nature of multifunctional rural development, starting from a multifunctionality caused by economic conditions at the time, somewhat compelled by the necessity for self-sufficiency, to the present “rational multifunctionality”. The rapid development of both the municipality of Promna and the village of Przybyszew occurred, in the last two decades due to the EU and EU pre-accession funds. It should be noted, however, that the current level of socioeconomic development of the village of Przybyszew and the increasing prosperity of its residents is not permanent. There will be fewer and fewer EU funds assigned for these purposes. The future level of local socio-economic development will therefore greatly depend on the rural community itself, its social activeness, willingness and ability to cooperate, and the confidence of the community members.

In Italy 20,063 square meters of farm lands are used daily by urbanisation. In the first quarter of 2012 26 thousand farms were closed. These are the effects of land use policies that are not able to connect rural development strategies in spatial planning. The construction of new infrastructures is a good example of the problem. In Lombardy, the Brebemi will involve more than 400 farms. More than two million square meters of land will be expropriated. Without considering those which will later be dedicated to secondary roads to support and logistics. An interpretative paradigm of planning sustainability with respect to the rural system is required. The research focused on setting out proposals to provide an integration framework to support the rural system in the new sustainable planning. The Lombardy case study is presented to highlight roles and mutual conditioning between rural development and spatial planning, both large and small scale.