남해군 금산지역 식생에 관한 연구

There is a growing consensus among researchers for the need to conserve biodiversity within agricultural landscapes. Increasingly, research suggests that on-farm biodiversity is integral to the resilience and sustainability of agroecosystems. Biodiversity performs a range of ecosystem services in the agroecosystem such as regulating microclimates, recycling nutrients, augmenting soils, pollinating crops and supressing pest invertebrate populations. In particular, the role of invertebrate diversity in providing ecosystem services on farms is garnering much attention. Invertebrates comprise the bulk of faunal biomass on farms, are taxonomically diverse, and are the main drivers of many ecosystem functions. Globally, there are various practices and programs which are designed to increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Often, these involve participation by farmers in projects which emphasize restoration of native vegetation (revegetation of land or protection of remnant native vegetation) on farmland.<br> <br> This study investigates the effect of restored native vegetation on invertebrate communities in southeastern Gippsland, in Victoria, Australia. In this project, restored native vegetation refers to both blocks of remnant vegetation and strips of land revegetated with native vegetation, both of which were protected by fencing from livestock. This study comprises a series of ecological assessments along with a social study of the role of farmers in championing and actioning conservation work within agricultural landscapes.<br> <br> The ecological component of the study was based on two broad taxonomic surveys of invertebrate abundances conducted on four farms and one reference site in the study area. Comparisons of invertebrate abundance were made at several taxonomic levels, across several vegetation types: restored native vegetation (either protected areas of remnant native vegetation or areas revegetated with native vegetation communities), pasture adjacent to restored native vegetation, pasture remote from native vegetation and a reference site. Groups of invertebrates considered to be beneficial to agriculture were of particular interest. At the order level, Araneae generally had higher abundances in restored native. Four (Asilidae, Tachinidae, Bethylidae, and Formicidae) of the 11 beneficial invertebrate families had higher abundances in restored native vegetation. One beneficial invertebrate family (Carabidae) had consistently higher abundances in pasture adjacent to restored native vegetation. The highest abundances of the other five beneficial invertebrate families (Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, and Apidae) showed no consistent pattern with regards to vegetation type. One beneficial invertebrate family (Xylophagidae) was only found in restored native vegetation. Thirteen of 16 genera of ants were commonly found to have higher abundances in restored native vegetation. Eight of the 16 genera of ants were found exclusively in restored native vegetation. Two out of the three functional groups consistently had higher abundances in restored native vegetation.<br> <br> When sampling of invertebrates was undertaken at different distances from the edge of restored native vegetation, decreases in abundance from the edge of restored native vegetation to 20m and 80m out into adjacent pasture were not uncommon for beneficial invertebrates. These results suggest that beneficial invertebrates may be using restored native vegetation as a faunal refuge.<br> <br> The reference site, a low-disturbance area, had unique invertebrate fauna, with high abundances of some beneficial groups. In addition, the cores and edges of areas of restored native vegetation had distinct assemblages of beneficial invertebrates compared to adjacent pasture. These results indicate that low-disturbance areas and restored native vegetation are important in increasing the abundance and diversity of beneficial invertebrates in a pasture landscape.<br> <br> Farmers in the research area were genuinely interested in restoring native vegetation on farmland. However, due to dry weather patterns in the research area, low commodity prices on the world market, and reductions in agricultural funding, farmers lacked the time and money to restore native vegetation on farmland. Lack of funding was most commonly identified by farmers as a barrier to restoration work on farms. Farmers expressed interest in learning more about the important role of beneficial invertebrates in controlling pest species in pasture landscapes; and the related role of restored native vegetation in supporting the abundance and diversity of beneficial invertebrates on pasturelands. Farmers who are included in agroecological projects and are presented with the results from these projects could be more open to undertake restoration work on farms.

Informed implementation of greening as a heat mitigation measure in Melbourne, Australia: a remote sensing study

The establishment of protected areas is the bottom line of ecological security for promoting the construction of ecological civilization and supporting economic and social development, which is an important strategy to realize sustainable development and maintain ecological security. In order to reveal the large spatial process of protected areas and its influencing factors, we used the methods of nearest neighbor index, kernel density, and standard deviational ellipse to analyze the temporal-spatial variation characteristics of the protected areas in Guizhou Province from 2002 to 2017, as well as the influencing factors combined with geo-detectors. The results showed that, during the study period, the number, area, and types of protected areas in Guizhou Province showed a diversified and rapid development, forming a protected area system with nature reserves, forest parks and scenic spots as the main body and wetland parks, geoparks and natural heritage sites as the supplement. The spatial cohesion of protected areas was strengthened, the scope of spatial distribution was expanding, and the speed of spatial movement was declining, forming a spatial pattern dominated by the northeast-southwest direction and gradually stable. The coalescence process in protected areas was strongly influenced by topography and vegetation distribution. The protected areas tended to cluster in gentle terrain around rivers and mountains and in areas of concentrated vegetation. The spatial differentiation of protected areas was jointly affected by multiple factors at different levels. The explanatory power of different factors to the spatial differentiation of protected areas was different. Among them, the normalized difference vegetation index, areas of forest and highway mileage were the common main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of the number and area of protected areas, and the explanatory power of different factors was significantly consolidated after interaction, characterized as nonlinear or bi-factor enhancement.

More and more attentions are paid to the problems which caused by ionic rare earth mining vegetation degradation and serious ecological environment. In Lingbei rare earth mining area, Dingnan County is regarded as the research object, the Landsat images of 23a as data source, monitoring and analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation coverage under the disturbance of rare earth mining. In order to improve the reliability of monitoring and analyzing, using dimidiate pixel model (DPM) and linear spectral mixture model (LSMM) to extract vegetation coverage of mining area, vegetation coverage extraction accuracy is validated by Pleiades image with a 0.5 m spatial resolution. The results show that: LSMM takes the spectral characteristics of unique tailings into consideration, it is more suitable for the mining area vegetation coverage extraction; from 1990 to 2013, average vegetation coverage maintains a high level; concentrating trend of the low vegetation coverage areas is very obvious, mainly for bare surface due to the pool/heap leaching rare earth mining, ecological problem is still serious; vegetation degradation mainly caused by rare earth mining, in-situ leaching reduced the direct destruction of surface vegetation, but due to leakage of leaching liquid inevitably, may lead to a greater range of vegetation degradation; average vegetation coverage of each year increased with the mining area as the center, the effect area of coverage involves around 300 to 400 m, in-situ leaching on the surrounding vegetation effect is less than tank/heap leaching

مخروط افکنه دامغان، واقع در شمال شهرستان دامغان، با توجه به استقرار در ناحیه با اقلیم خشک و همچنین به سبب بهره برداری‌های نادرست از توان‌های محیطی در چند دهه اخیر دچار مخاطره افزایش شوری خاک شده است. در این تحقیق با هدف روند‌یابی تغییرات زمانی و مکانی افزایش شوری خاک و با استفاده از داده‌های سنجش از دوری و همچنین داده‌های پیمایشی از ویژگی‌های کمّی و کیفی آب‌های زیرزمینی تهیه شده توسط سازمان آب منطقه‌ای شهرستان، مبادرت به تعیین متغییرهای(فاکتورها) تأثیرگذار بر روند افزایش شوری خاک گردیده است. در این راستا ابتدا عامل میزان شوری و روند زمانی افزایش آن از طریق پردازش داده‌های ماهواره‌ای از دو سنجنده ETM+ وTM آشکارسازی و استخراج شد. یافته‌ها روشن ساخت تعداد پیکسل‌های معرف شوری طی بازه زمانی مورد بررسی (2011-2003) به میزان 6/57درصد افزایش یافته است. سپس نوع ارتباط پدیده شوری‌زایی بامتغییرهای پوشش گیاهی، سطح آب‌های زیرزمینی و هدایت الکتریکی آب، مورد ارزیابی و تحلیل(تحلیل شبکه)قرار گرفت. به همین منظور جهت سنجش میزان همبستگی بین شاخص شوری خاک و متغییرهای اثر گذار، هریک به طور جداگانه مورد تحلیل همبستگی قرار گرفت. در این بین تغییرات سطح آب‌های زیرزمینی بیشترین میزان همبستگی را با شاخص شوری خاک مشخص نمود. در انتها نیز پهنه‌های متأثر از هریک از عوامل اثرگذار مورد ارزیابی و تحلیل فضایی قرار گرفته، مشخص گردید که در افزایش فضایی(مساحت) روند افزایشی شوری خاک، عامل سطح آب‌های زیرزمینی، نقش محوری داشته است.

Diversity is a natural characteristic and is the basis of ecological stability, biodiversity expressed a measure that describes the variation of plant species from a community that is affected by the number of species and relative abundance of each species. The presence of trees at a site generally will have a positive impact for the balance of the ecosystem in a wider scale. In general, the role of vegetation in an ecosystem associated with the regulation of carbon dioxide and oxygen balance in the air, improved physical properties, chemical and biological soil, ground water system settings, and others. The behavior of each type of tree growth and regeneration of species adaptation to environmental changes are a result of degradation is very useful information for consideration in determining the form of further processing of forest. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and composition of vegetation in the protected area forest Telaga Kameloh waterfall area in subdistrict Kurun district Gunung Mas. Note that the value of diversity type (H ') from all levels of vegetation; seedling, stake, poles and trees, the largest located in protected areas with high diversity (H> 3 - 3,5). Richness of Species with the highest seedling of protected areas with a value of 7,49 in areas with the highest degradation of seedlings is 5.27. The highest value of evenness of species found on poles level in areas hedge with the value 0.97 and the area of degradation value with the highest poles evenness of 0.96. Dominance index (C) the highest found in tree in protected area 16,73, in the area of degradation value of the highest dominance on the tree with the value 23,37. Community similarity index or index of similarity (IS) has a value Of between 44,53% to 77.07%.The vegetation structure in degradasi area from curve J is inversed, it sign that the comumity was annoyed. In the protected area, vegetation structure not from curve J inversed.

The population growth is make conversion of green space area to be settlement. This situation supports degradation of environmental quality in urban areas whereas the function of urban forest is affecting the surrounding air directly or indirectly by altering the atmospheric conditions. Conversion of green space area to non-green green space area is a frequently encountered problem lately. Therefore, this research showed that relationship between vegetation index with urban green space. The objectives of this research are: (a) to assess the ability of remote sensing data especially ALOS AVNIR-2 imagery for extraction of vegetation density through vegetation index analysis, (b) to analyze the availability of green space using remote sensing data; and (c) to analyze the density of vegetation on land-use planning based on Urban Land Use Planning (RDTRK) in Ngaglik District.This study was conducted in Ngaglik area using ALOS imagery ANVIR-2 recording in 2009. Distribution of green open space transformation used Normalized Difference Transformation Index (NDVI) and RDTRK documents. The results of this study indicated that urban green space and NDVI can be extracted using ALOS AVNIR-2 imagery. The formula of NDVI was 188.1 x (NDVI)) -0.5617. The vegetation densities can be divided into five classes, non-vegetated area was 13,398,739.48 m² (34.24%), very low vegetation density was 5,381,133.12 m² (13.75%), low vegetation density was 8,143,116.62 m² (20.81%), medium vegetation density was 10,022,040.95 m² (25.61%), high vegetation density was 1,878,236.10 m² (4.80%), and very high vegetation density was 7181.22 m² (0.02%). The area of green open space was in conformity with the laws in force in the amount of 25.480.722 m² (64.86 %).

Soil salinity in both coastal and inland, is known to affect vegetation structure and functions. Mangrove vegetation at Kala Oya estuary on the north western coast of Sri Lanka was selected to study the effect of soil salinity on structure, potential gross primary productivity and plant biomass of the ecosystems. Five belt-transects were laid perpendicular to the shoreline, covering 3.5 km upstream and approximately at 750 m intervals to collect data for the purpose. Vegetation structure was determined using data collected on plant species diversity, density, basal area, leaf area index and tree height. Biomass (total of above and below ground) of mangrove trees was estimated by allometric methods and potential gross primary productivity was calculated using leaf area index measured with terrestrial radiation sensor. Total of eight (8) true mangrove species were encountered in the area and highest density was recorded for Rhizophora mucronata (528 trees/ha), followed by Excoecaria agallocha (447 trees/ha) and Lumnitzera racemosa (405 trees/ha). Vegetation complexity index (CI), basal area, total tree biomass leaf area index and potential gross primary productivity measurements revealed an inverse correlation with soil salinity. Mangrove species were observed to possess varying salinity tolerance levels and Avicennia marina was the most salinity tolerant species, followed by Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal and Lumnitzera racemosa. Excoecaria agallocha was the least salt tolerant species in the area. Mangrove areas located around 2 km from the estuary mouth, where the soil salinity ranged from 8-12 mg/l, was observed to be with the highest species richness and diversity, indicating its’ ecological and conservation significance that may be considered in mangrove management decision-making for the area. Presence of a few species of terrestrial and freshwater plants among the mangroves indicates salinity changes that would have taken place due to trans-basin diversion of water to the area for irrigation purposes.

Woodland overgrowth caused by the reduced flood disturbance and succession resets are critical technical issues to ensure effective river management in Japan. Woodland overgrowth can increase the risk of flooding and decrease the bio-diversity. Japanese river managers must control the woodland overgrowth and maintain the condition of vegetation. To maintain the woodland in a good condition, Japanese river managers must monitor the state of vegetation dynamics. Currently, Japanese river management uses vegetation maps to monitor the state of vegetation dynamics. Although vegetation maps are effective in monitoring the state of vegetation dynamics, creating vegetation maps will incur high cost. Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) exhibit strong potential to monitor the status of vegetation conditions. As an example of strong potential, we consider the potential of high-resolution aerial photographs. High-resolution aerial photographs provide detailed information about the vegetation growth conditions such as surface solid material and vegetation invasion on the river terrace. The high-resolution aerial photographs aid in understanding the vegetation dynamics in a limited area. If we are attempting to monitor the condition of vegetation dynamics across a large area, analysis of the images will enhance the quantitative monitoring of large spatial heterogeneous areas that are located within the river environment.Based on this background, we conducted image analysis using the high-resolution aerial photographs and applied decision tree analysis to the image analysis results (objects) after which we verified whether it is possible to create an automatic vegetation map. First, we apply object-based segmentation methods, which group together individual image pixels to objects with common characteristics using the image spectrum information (RGB information and brightness) and shapes. Second, we applied the machine learning methods (such as decision tree analysis) to the objects along with cross validation methods.We classified the objects into training data (supervised data) and validation data. After applying machine learning based on the training data, the accuracies of the machine learning methods were evaluated.From the results, we successfully created some approximate automatic vegetation maps. The automatic vegetation map represents the main part (dominating part) of the landscape (water area, gravel bed condition, annual vegetation community) and monitors the investigation and initial succession of the woodlands. The precision of the automatically created vegetation map is approximately 65%, and 35% of the errors are observed to be concentrated among minor objects. These results are produced by minor segmentation, and we hypnotize that reconsidering the initial step will improve the precision.

Riparian vegetation buffer loss was investigated for three cities with contrast- ing local regulatory controls in urbanizing northwest Oregon. The cities examined were Hillsboro, Oregon City and Portland, all having experienced high rates of population increase in the 1990s. All cities are covered under Oregon's land use law that provides goals for the protection of open space and natural resources. On the municipality level, regulatory controls in Portland included a system of environmental zoning for riparian area protection, while regulatory controls on development in riparian areas in Hillsboro and Oregon City were less stringent. Digital aerial photographs covering buffer areas within 200 m of all permanent streams for these cities were digitized for the years 1990 and 1997 using criteria including minimum inter-patch distance of 5 m for adjacent classes and minimum patch area of 20 m 2 . Cover classes were divided into vegetation areas adjacent to stream and total, as well as woody and unmanaged vegetation areas. Banding analysis was performed for these vegetation coverages for several buffer widths out to 100 m from streams. Results for the 1990 to 1997 period showed larger losses for unmanaged adjacent vegetation 100 m from stream for Hillsboro and Oregon City (≥1.5 percent/year) than for Portland ( 1 percent/year), while Portland lost trees in the 100 m buffer at a lower rate (<1 per- cent/year). Factors explaining these lower rates of riparian buffer loss for Portland may include both a higher amount of riparian area in public ownership and more stringent local regulatory controls on development in riparian buffers. These results also demon- strate that vegetated riparian buffers continue to be lost due to development in growing Oregon municipalities regardless of the level of regulatory protection.

Semi-circular bunds are one of the useful rainwaters harvesting methods in arid and semi-arid areas for restoration and reclamation of rangelands. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of semi-circular bunds on vegetation indices in semi-arid rangelands of Dashtestan county in Bushehr province. For this purpose, a systematic-randomized sampling method was conducted in the restoration (semi-circular bunds) area and control area. In each plot, the vegetation cover percentage was estimated. To compare the different indices such as species composition, biomass, diversity, and species richness between two areas, a t-test was used. The results showed a significant difference between the two areas in terms of all indices (P<0.05). The mean comparison showed that these practices had a significant effect on 31 plant species. In addition, comparing the means of indices including the number of species, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices and Margalef richness indices showed that the restoration practices led to a significant increase in these indices. However, the Pielou evenness index increased significantly in the control area. Generally, in the semi-circular bunds area, the biomass of grasses, forbs, and total biomass was significantly higher than those of the control area. The RDA analysis showed that valuable species such as Atriplex leucoclada, Hippocrepis unisiliquosa, Medicago polymorpha, Medicago rigidula, and Medicago raditaa were more present in the semi-circular bund’s areas. The results showed that constructing semi-circular bunds had a positive effect on the vegetation indices of semi-arid rangelands in Bushehr province.

It is crucial for environmental planning, land management, and sustainable development to be aware of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land changes. The use of vegetation maps is one of the important pillars of generating information for macro and micro planning. The present study employed the time and place of vegetation in Fars province. The data were derived from Landsat satellite data of OLI and ETM sensors for a 30-year period from 1986 to 2017, and the NDVI index was calculated. Moreover, quantitative values were classified for qualitative changes in vegetation. The index was classified into three groups: rich, poor, and vegetation-free. Temperature changes at the ground level were calculated using MODIS imagery for the studied period. The results revealed that quantitative and qualitative changes of vegetation over the studied 30 years was significant so that the vegetation-free areas were increased by 107.49, the areas with poor vegetation were decreased by 366.56 hectares, and the rich vegetation cover was decreased by 455.55 ha. The largest reduction in the area was related to the lands with rich vegetation. Investigating the surface temperature of the province with MODIS imagery demonstrated the rise in the surface temperature. The temperature difference was more than 3° (from -2.8°C to 0.96°C), and the highest temperature drop was observed in the eastern and central areas of the province. Finally, to investigate the relationship between vegetation and LST, the annual contamination lines were plotted along with the difference in NDVI over the studied period. The results revealed that in most areas with lower temperatures, the vegetation cover was denser. The statistical analysis between drought and vegetation indicated a significant relationship between these two factors.

Pangumbahan coastal area is one of many important nesting sites of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus) in Indonesia. This area is mainly comprises of disturb coastal old secondary forest. Some sites along the seashore were converted into fishpond, dry land agricultural and other was destroyed for other uses or as an open unproductive areas. However this area has a still plays an important role especially for the conservation of green turtle habitat and also for the ecosystem stabilization of the coastal area in general. Floristic research was conducted on September 2009 to investigate the existing vegetation structure and composition along the seashore using transects method.The “point center quarters method” was used to calculate the importance value of the vegetation on every turtle nesting sites. The important natural species vegetation communities in the area were comprises of herbs, shrubs and trees species. Ipoemoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br and Spinifex littoreus (N. L. Burman) Merrill as a first layer coastal line plant community that play as an important herbs species which creeping grown on the white sands coastal surface. The second layer comprises herbs, small trees and shrubs such as Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc, Crinum asiaticum L. and Callotropis gigantea R.Br. The second layer species plays as a vegetation community which covering and protecting the green turtle nest site from the direct sunshine, running of big wave and heavy rain water. Terminalia catappa L., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. and Hibiscus tiliaceus L. as a big crown tree community grown covering on the most behind as a back layer of coastal line which play as shading trees of the second layer species community, especially to stabilized humidity and temperature of the sand and the environment. The vegetation structure and composition of the old secondary coastal forest of Pangumbahan was described to understand the detail role and function of the vegetation species in this area.

The demonstration area of ecologically friendly development in the Yangtze River Delta is a major national strategy area, and thus eco-environmental protection should be a priority for the sustainable development. Exploring the spatial-temporal variations of franctional vegetation coverage (FVC) is conducive to accurate assessing the ecological quality of environment, which is of great significance to regional sustainable development. In this study, the characteristics and trends of spatial-temporal variation of vegetation cover during 1984-2019 in the demonstration area were analyzed based on Google Earth Engine (GEE). The effects of different ecological factors on FVC were quantified by the boosted regression tree (BRT). Results showed that,the changing trend of FVC in the study area shifted from decreasing to increasing trend from 1984 to 2019. The spatial distribution of FVC in the study area varied with both stages and regions. FVC was mainly degraded. Compared with the year 1984, the area of vegetation degradation and improvement in 2019 accounted for 49.8% and 12.8%, respectively. The vegetation degradation mainly occurred in the north of Wujiang, south of Jiashan, and northeast of Qingpu. Human activities severely weakened the influence of natural factors on FVC. Our findings suggested that the GEE is an effective tool for monitoring the dynamics of vegetation coverage.

With the rapid development of society and economy, the increasing demands of coal resources not only caused the over-exploitation, but also damaged the ecological environments. So it is important to restore the mining areas, which largely means vegetation restoration. This paper takes Heidaigou mining area as the study area to get an idea of how to monitor and restore the Heidaigou mining area effectively. The data used in the research are Landsat images and CBERS images that taken from 2001 to 2010 between June and October. By analyzing the images of study area with the technologies of remote sensing and geographic information system, we get the interpreted images of typical surface features of Heidaigou mining area. The results show that the area of exposed soil of waste-dump is increasing in Heidaigou mining area, which means the intensity of exploitation is rising. Besides, the growing area of vegetation restoration shows that the intensity level of restoration is also ascending year after year in Heidaigou mining area.