Депортації на українсько-польському пограниччі 1944−1951 років як об’єкт та суб’єкт культурної пам’яті, історичної політики

The article is devoted to the analysis of the literary strategies of Colombian writer J.G. Vásquez aimed at the representation of traumatic memory in the novel "The Sound of Things Falling" (2011). The research is driven by a focus on the problem of memory, including the study of traumatic memory in literary works from the second half of the 20th to the early 21st centuries. The study of J.G. Vásquez's novel is motivated by the author's intention to examine the mechanisms of memory, which he states in an interview with "Gulf Coast" magazine. The aim of the research is to identify the artistic techniques through which the writer contemplates the themes of individual, collective, and traumatic memory in the context of Colombian history at the end of the 20th century. The tasks of the work include analyzing the narrative and compositional techniques used by the author to convey the traumatic experience of his characters. The analysis of the artistic work utilizes cultural-historical, comparative-typological methods, as well as the biographical method. Key strategies of J.G. Vásquez explored in this work include parody of the "sicario" genre, constructing a fictional story in a real historical context, nonlinear and polyphonic narration, the unreliable narrator technique, intertextual connections, and the leitmotif use of the national locus in the work. Each of the mentioned strategies serves as a tool for understanding traumatic memory in the novel. The application of cultural-historical and structural methods has revealed the peculiarities of J.G. Vásquez's poetics in the context of the era of Colombian narcoterrorism. The study found that the author uses the motif of memory as a key mechanism for reconstructing traumatic experience—both individual and collective. This research can serve as a basis for further study of J.G. Vásquez's work, as well as for comparative analysis with the works of other authors addressing the theme of memory in their writings.

Memory production, vandalism, violence: Civil society and lessons from a short life of a monument to Stalin

In this chapter, I consider the interpersonal pathways of traumatic histories and memories. I focus on the transmission of emotions and affect as structuring of individual and group identities as well as of the continuously refashioned public sphere itself. I explore the role of the transmission of emotions and affects with regard to how and why they can stir individuals and collectives to such an extent that the past continues to operate as a source of social and political division. Drawing on contemporary theories of the emotional and affective transmission of memories, I explore the verbal and non-verbal ways in which traumatic memories are communicated between individuals and across generations. In particular, I look to artistic forms of the expression of affect, including recent books and films that explore the lives of children of the desaparecidos, as a way of understanding how the affective registration of memories of one individual’s past in one generation can also be experienced as a traumatic memory at a later stage in another generation. How are existing political and ideological antagonisms between collective memorial cultures intensified if we take into account the transmission of unintegrated memories of violence?

This paper examines the role of civil society as an instrument of foreign policy, exploring its potential benefits and risks. Traditionally, foreign policy analysis focused on decision-making processes and the primacy of the state. However, the end of the Cold War, the rise of post-positivist approaches, and the increasing interconnectedness of global issues have led to a broader consideration of policy instruments, including the involvement of non-state actors like civil society. The study employs a comparative approach to analyze the benefits of civil society in promoting democracy and addressing global challenges against the risks of biased utilization and dependency on state support. It examines case studies, including the role of USAID in Myanmar and the Israel-Palestine conflict, as well as the Indonesian context, where the government engages civil society in development and foreign policy. The findings highlight the need for a balanced approach that leverages civil society’s strengths while mitigating its risks as an instrument of foreign policy.

The Forgotten Apocalypse:Katherine Anne Porter's "Pale Horse, Pale Rider," Traumatic Memory, and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 David A. Davis (bio) As Katherine Anne Porter's short novel "Pale Horse, Pale Rider" opens, Miranda fitfully endures a vivid nightmare. She sees herself on horseback desperately racing from Death, the pale rider, who has already taken her grandfather, an aunt, a cousin, her "decrepit hound, and [her] silver kitten," and when he reaches her, she realizes that "he is no stranger to [her]" (270). Her nightmare tangles images of life and death with images of remembering and forgetting, and the relationship between survival and memory is a recurring motif in the story. Porter's allusion to the apocalyptic horseman described in Revelation proves to be appropriate because the story takes places during the influenza pandemic of 1918, the greatest public health catastrophe in modern history. The interplay between death and memory in "Pale Horse, Pale Rider" gives an aesthetic dimension to the pandemic's horrifying consequences and raises questions about literature as a form of traumatic memory. In the spring of 2009 fear of a swine flu pandemic and ongoing fear of a potential avian flu pandemic awakened dormant memories of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Global health officials mounted a campaign of contagion preparedness, and many officials still see another human pandemic as inevitable, if not imminent. To mitigate this potential disaster, scientists, epidemiologists, and government officials worldwide are looking [End Page 55] to the 1918 pandemic as a worst-case scenario as they develop contingency response plans. Before the emergence of the current virus, however, the 1918 influenza pandemic had largely disappeared from cultural memory. Few references to the 1918 pandemic exist in literature, popular culture, or even in history books, which makes Porter's story an important record of the outbreak. In the story, Miranda, a reporter for a Denver newspaper, enjoys a whirlwind romance with Adam Barclay, a young Army officer, until she collapses from the virus. Adam nurses her as she comes near to death, and while she recovers, he returns to his unit where he dies from the virus. Porter based "Pale Horse, Pale Rider" on her personal experience as an influenza survivor, and it is the most significant American literary work set during the pandemic. The novella illustrates the varieties of traumatic experience—personal trauma, cultural trauma, historical trauma, and aesthetic trauma. The story takes place in a unique and profound historical context, both because of Porter's personal traumatic experience and because memories of the pandemic have faded. "We Have Forgotten the Dead": Individual Trauma and Collective Memory In Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History, Cathy Caruth describes trauma as a "wound of the mind—the breach in the mind's experience of time, self, and the world—[that] is not, like a wound of the body, a simple and healable event, but rather an event that . . . is experienced too soon, too unexpectedly, to be fully known and is therefore not available to consciousness until it imposes itself again, repeatedly, in the nightmares and repetitive actions of the survivor" (4). Most trauma theorists locate trauma's impact in the individual memory, where the unsettling experience disrupts the victim's identity, but when a disruptive event affects a large population simultaneously, a collective trauma occurs. The influenza pandemic of 1918 complicates the distinction between individual trauma and collective trauma. One might stipulate that collective trauma merely consists of numerous individual traumas, but collective trauma amplifies the individual's experience by taxing the network of social resources that ordinarily stabilize the individual victim. Massive events such as wars, natural disasters, and pandemics have different dynamics than personal events such as crime, accidents, and illness.1 In both individual and collective forms of trauma, the event's impact lies not in the immediate experience but in the survivors' memory [End Page 56] of the event. Exploring the distinction between individual trauma and collective trauma leads to an explanation for how and why the pandemic has virtually disappeared from collective memory. Katherine Anne Porter survived the influenza pandemic of 1918. She worked for The Rocky Mountain News during the outbreak, and she contracted influenza as the...

The role of civic participation in issues directly or indirectly related to environmental quality is reputed to be on the rise globally. Bottom-up grassroots movements can be conducive to powering socially acceptable, smooth, and hence, more efficient transitions toward low-carbon energy futures. This factor can also unlock the potential of communities, improving the adaptation and social acceptability towards major changes and providing possible policy instruments. On contrary, bottom-up grassroots movements are unfavorable to the extension of renewable energy capacities, especially in the case of wind energy, if this causes costs for the local communities, which outweigh the corresponding benefits. Determining these dynamics is pivotal for addressing public ecological concerns and calls for quantitative regional studies. This paper addresses the nexus between civic engagement and energy transition in 11 countries of the Nordic-Baltic Sea Region. The study detects a strong positive relationship between civic engagement within environmental organizations and the share of renewable energy sources in the domestic electricity mixes of the countries of the Nordic-Baltic Sea Region. Nonparametric panel estimator with fixed effects reveals that the impact of civic engagement has been continuously rising – i.e. the significance of civic engagement as a factor in the energy transition has risen. Nevertheless, the study also finds that the magnitude of civic engagement over the years has been relatively stable in most countries of the region since 1981. In a few of them, civic engagement has been declining. The work argues that this decline could be attributed to the fact that politics, especially since 2005, deemed environmental issues as an important aspect of public policy – a factor that contributed to mainstreaming the phenomenon.

The western China, especially near the Wenchuan region witnessed a terrible earthquake in the year 2008, which led to some severe damage in the country. Several interviews and studies are conducted to explain the impact of this Sichuan earthquake on the development of the various grass-root associations present in the country.

Stage analysis of dynamics of public organizations in the context of interaction of the state and civil society

Approaching Rio 20: A Survey of Positions and Expectations of Civil Society Organisations in Six European Countries on the Green Economy

Introduction. The formation of a digital society leads to radical changes in the reformatting of economic processes in China both on a national and global scale. The scientific discourse on the goals of sustainable development, political and financial stability and financial instruments of macroeconomic policy is being updated, taking into account various scenarios of geoeconomic transformations. Models of recovery and development of the Chinese economy require coordination of government, business, and civil society activities to improve the investment climate and qualitative change in management approaches in macroeconomic policy, taking into account the trends of green economic development. Purpose. Deepening the theoretical and applied foundations of China’s political and financial pragmatism, incorporated into the available financial instruments of macroeconomic policy, industrial and intellectual capabilities, which provides freedom of maneuver in the multilateral format of interstate relations. Results. The theoretical and conceptual foundations of political self-sufficiency, the multifaceted policies of subjectivization and regionalism, the vulnerability of economic and security dependence, and China’s focus on the policy of economic diversification to strengthen its domestic economic potential are summarized. The features of China’s economic and social development are analyzed, taking into account the synergistic effect achieved in the implementation of financial and monetary policy, the activation of unity in the planning of political measures, the stimulation of increased investment, consumption and support of domestic demand. Geopolitical pragmatism, independence from external influences, focus on prioritizing national interests with the help of adaptability of financial instruments of macroeconomic policy, taking into account the effects of “combined political measures” are revealed. Prospects. The goals of sustainable development of the People’s Republic of China coordinate the activities of the government, business and civil society. The goals of economic growth affect the economic management of local authorities and the development of the urban green economy. The recovery of the economy and the application of appropriate financial instruments of macroeconomic policy are aimed at stopping the outflow of capital from the country and should pave the way for China to “lead the outperformance of developed markets.” New political attitudes in the areas of macroeconomic policy implementation will contribute to the development of China’s corporate bond markets, overcoming debt evasion, commercialization of the banking sector, and the use of alternative form factors. The new historical realities of government self-governance require compliance with the development of public finances, since excessive expansion of “self-governance” can negatively affect financial security and “high-quality” development of the economy. In the modern economy, the influence of uncertainty on the adaptability of financial instruments of macroeconomic policy, on direct foreign investments is actualized, therefore the application of open economy models that take into account uncertainty is timely to guarantee financial security and preserve channels for attracting additional investments.

Incentives to improve farm management: EMS, supply-chains and civil society

The author argues that the collective memory, limited by the framework of a cer­tain national community, is always a conflict-generating in its essence. It pro­vokes competition of historical narratives and hinders the critical thinking of one’s own past. In turn, the transnational history as an alternative overcomes national particularism, it allows moving from conflicting memories towards so-called “collaborating memory studies”. As part of this, society has the opportunity to empathize with other people’s suffering and admit its own historical guilt. This is especially important when studying such traumatic collective memory phenom­ena as genocides or war crimes. A transnational approach to the politics of mem­ory can be implemented on two levels – internationally, when the “transnational” is understood as going beyond the borders of nation-states, and also at the level of a separate multi-ethnic state, where it allows to write the history of a country that takes into account the fact that its citizens belonging to different ethnic groups may have different versions of collective memory. The author submits that despite the difficulties that the process of forming a transnational “memory frame­work” faces today, globalization, which generates the phenomenon of a global civil society and a global audience, will anyway contribute to the construction of elements of global memory

The article outlines the ways of engaging young people in the development of civil society in Ukraine. Socially and politically active young people are one of the necessary conditions for forming a democratic society and establishing sustainable and functioning civil society institutions. Therefore, in this paper, the scholars aim to identify the ways of youth interaction with public authorities in Ukraine and general levels of youth civic engagement, as well as to characterize the culture of citizenship as a factor in involving young people in civil society development. The research reveals the relevant issue regarding the prominent role of civil society in various spheres of activity of state authorities and local self-government bodies, a qualitatively new level of interaction between civil society, especially youth as an active part of it, and state and local self-government bodies in order to establish effective dialogue and partnership relations of state bodies authorities, local self-government bodies with civil society organizations. The research combined interdisciplinary approaches of several related scientific fields (political science, public administration and education), which allowed to set broader goals and find new ways for improving youth engagement in the development of civil society in Ukraine. The authors developed and conducted an expert survey on youth engagement in the development of civil society and identified possible ways to improve youth participation in public and political life. Authors interviewed 24 experts aged from 18 to 60 years from various fields who are interested in building a democratic state governed by the rule of law: leaders and members of public organizations, teachers of higher education institutions, scholars, deputies of regional and local councils, civil society activists and businessmen. It was determined that the effective participation of youth in decision-making processes consists in creating opportunities to involve youth in influencing, shaping, developing and promoting policy and development of services and programs. These opportunities are created by developing a range of formal and informal mechanisms for youth participation, from youth advisory groups to focus groups, from ongoing consultation work to supporting youth projects. As a result of the study, the authors developed a set of conclusions and recommendations addressed to educational institutions, public authorities, local governments and civil society organizations.

Closing nutrient cycles by bio-based fertilizer products (BFPs) can improve the environmental sustainability of food systems and facilitate a more circular economy. Although the theoretical potential for nutrient recycling has been explored in detail, BFPs still seldom replace mineral fertilizer products in practice. The aim of the present study was to explore the critical enabling and limiting factors for the use of BFPs as seen from the perspective of farmers, suppliers, and civil society. To this aim, qualitative interviews were conducted with seven conventional grain farmers, six suppliers of BFPs, and five representatives of civil society, limited to environmental non-governmental organizations. The presented results illustrate a mismatch between demand and supply. On the one hand, the interviewed farmers were only interested in using BFPs if they are practical to use, balanced with respect to nutrient contents, and potentially provide the same earnings as mineral fertilizers. Positive effects for soil quality were an important driver for many of the farmers. On the other hand, the suppliers of BFPs were generally not able to offer products that fulfilled the farmers’ demands without economic losses, and they emphasized that they have faced several regulatory challenges. Representatives of regional civil society organizations expressed concern that new technical solutions could cause new environmental challenges, and that BFPs could enable further intensification of livestock production. The central-level representatives from the same NGOs, however, were positive about that BFPs can solve environmental problems. Policy instruments will be needed to increase the adoption of PFPs. Fostering BFPs’ that contribute to a sustainable agriculture is important to consider when formulating these polices.

Cross-border cooperation, financially supported by the EU Neighbourhood Policy instruments, is an important factor for the socio-economic development of cross-border areas at the EU’s external borders. This paper is devoted to cross-border cooperation on the Polish-Ukrainian border, which was financed by the Cross-Border Cooperation Program Poland-Belarus-Ukraine 2014–2020, which was one of the programs of the European Neighbourhood Policy. This issue becomes particularly significant in the context of cooperation with Ukraine, which is challenging due to the ongoing conflict in its territory. There is a need to examine existing solutions and propose future directions for cross-border cooperation. The aim of the article was to present evolution and identify the attributes of the European Neighbourhood Policy, which is a key instrument of the development of cross-border cooperation at the EU’s external borders. The second aim was a multidimensional analysis of Polish-Ukrainian cooperation during a period 2014–2020, taking into account the structure of projects, partners and areas of cooperation. The structure of partners was examined and discussed based on their status, sector, and level of activity. The research augmented the current knowledge in the field of cross-border collaboration supported by the European Neighbourhood Policy. The management of cross-border cooperation on the Polish-Ukrainian border can benefit from the study’s practical conclusions.