Героические мифы и демифологизация исторической памяти

The purpose of the article is to reveal the concept of the revival and preservation of historical memory in the creative heritage of Professor M. P. Kovalskyi. Research methods: historical-genetic, historical-system and historical-biographical; complex and personalistic approaches. Sources: a series of archival documents of personal origin, published sources of epistolary and memoir character, the latest historiography. The main results. In the analytical article the regularities of the choice of young scientists in the field of scientific research are highlighted. The peculiarities of the study of the scientist-historian of the source-related problems of the period of transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Modern (ХVІ – the first half of the ХVІІ century) are studied in an atmosphere of the Soviet reality of the 70ʼs and 80ʼs of the 20th century; is accentuated on the great heuristic activity of the scientist; shows his specific contribution to the study of this historical epoch. It is argued that one can speak about the complexity of M. Kovalskyiʼs approach to the development of a source base as a documentary basis for the revival of historical memory. It was proved that the part of the process of renaissance and preservation of historical memory by Professor M. P. Kovalskyi was his work in the development of Ukrainian archeography. The afore mentioned process was traced in the creative heritage of the professor not only in the national, but also in the regional and historical lore contexts. It is highlighted that in the process of revival and preservation of historical memory M. P. Kovalskyi significantly expanded the subject field of research, boldly engaging in the innovative scientific themes of his students. The attention was also paid to the methodical aspect of the revival and preservation of historical memory by Professor M. P. Kovalskyi, which was very broad, including the study of historical chronology, museology, historiography, source studies, historical heuristics, and historical bibliography. Conclusions. Professor M. P. Kovalskyi was made a great contribution to the revival and preservation of the historical memory of Ukrainians about the Cossack period of Ukrainian history, actively involving young scientists, postgraduates and students in this process, which resulted in the formation and formation of a scientific school on source study the history of Ukraine in the ХVІ–ХVІІІ centuries. Practical meaning. The material of this article may be interesting in the process of preparing students and postgraduates, preparing theses. Scientific novelty. The research has actualized a variety of primary sources, insufficiently researched the perspective of the creative activity of Professor M. P. Kovalskyi.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the experience of using competitive events as a tool of commemorative practices for the patriotic education of children and youth and the formation of their civic identity. Using the example of content analysis of essays submitted to the competition of creative works “The feat of a teacher during the Great Patriotic War”, it is shown that the comprehension of universal values and reasons for human actions in a competitive form by children and young people contributes to an increase in the effectiveness of preserving historical memory and patriotic education of the younger generation. Purpose : to explore and present the experience of using creative competitions as a tool of commemorative practices that allows you to preserve historical memory and form civic identity based on historical empathy. The methodology is based on systemic, contextual and axiological approaches; the leading research method is the narrative method. Based on the content elements of the narrative, the authors conduct a content analysis of the essays submitted to the competition of creative works “The feat of a teacher during the Great Patriotic War”. Content analysis was carried out according to the original method, which is an object of intellectual property of the authors, which is based on the ideas of V. Labov and J. Walecki about the six-element structure of the narrative [29]. The authors assigned each element of the structure of the narrative a code reflecting the goal of the study: patriotism, preservation of historical memory, professional activity, civic identity, purpose, subjective assessment. Content analysis involved the determination of numerical values, the compilation of a correlation matrix for the frequency and relevance of each code. The total sample was 25 essays. Thus, studying the narratives (essays submitted to the creative work competition “The feat of a teacher during the Great Patriotic War”) – reflections of future teachers over reality, the authors solve the problem of studying the social production of historical empathy and preserving historical memory. Main results : the article substantiates the need of modern society to expand and improve the efficiency of work to preserve the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War in the context of the teaching profession as a significant direction in patriotic education and the formation of civic identity of young people, as well as career guidance work; the experience of using the technology of competitive and project activities as an effective means of commemorative practices and the formation of historical empathy is presented. The novelty of the research lies in the use of the narrative method, the original method of content analysis of essays submitted to the competition “The feat of a teacher during the Great Patriotic War”, which allows to study the social production of historical empathy and the preservation of historical memory. Practical and theoretical significance of the results : the article shows the possibility of effective use of creative project and competitive activities attractive for children and youth for the patriotic education of children and youth, and also demonstrates the use of the narrative method to assess the effectiveness of the competition of creative works as a tool of commemorative practices and patriotic education of children and youth.

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of globalization processes on patriotism and historical memory, as well as on national identity in general. In a rapidly changing world, where the influence of international relations, cultural exchanges and new technologies is increasing, traditional forms of identification of nations with historical and cultural symbols are subject to significant changes. The author addresses key issues related to how globalization affects the perception of a nation, its symbols, history, and cultural traditions, and to what extent these changes can lead to the loss or transformation of national identity. According to the author, globalization is a two-way process that simultaneously enhances the interaction between cultures and leads to their unification, as well as contributes to the emergence of new forms of cultural differentiation and sustainability. In these circumstances, nation-States face challenges related to preserving their uniqueness and identity, which is reflected in issues of patriotism, historical memory and collective identity. The article pays special attention to the analysis of historical memory as an essential component of national identity. Historical memory includes not only the perception of key events of the past, but also the attitude to symbols, myths and narratives that form the collective consciousness of the people. In the context of globalization, memory is undergoing revision, both within countries and in the international arena. The author of the article argues that globalization does not necessarily lead to the loss of patriotism and historical memory, but rather provokes their transformation. Along the way, a number of new forms and approaches to patriotic education and the preservation of historical memory are emerging. The influence of international standards and global values puts pressure on traditional forms of national identity, which forces States to rethink and adapt their historical narratives. An important aspect is the ability of a nation to transform its historical memory by integrating elements of global trends while preserving its cultural and historical specificity.

HISTORICAL MEMORY AND SOCIAL MYTH AS A FORM OF INTERPRETING OF THE PAST HISTORY

The research aims to identify key trends and socio-pedagogical factors influencing the formation of patriotic culture and the preservation of historical memory among students, using attitudes toward the events of the Great Patriotic War as a case study. The article presents the results of a sociological survey exploring students’ perceptions of the connection between the past and the future, their sources of historical information, the level of personal and family involvement in military history, and their self-identification as patriots. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systematic analysis and substantiation of socio-pedagogical factors for forming students’ patriotic culture regarding the preservation of historical memory, as well as the identification of trends in the value-based attitudes of youth toward the events of the Great Patriotic War. The research results establish that students demonstrate a steady interest in war events and recognize their significance as a moral and historical guide, with the majority identifying as patriots. At the same time, the study reveals a need to strengthen systematic efforts to maintain historical memory.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the main factors of the formation of historical memory as a resource for the spiritual security of modern Russian society. The research methodology is based on the theory of historical memory, created at the beginning of the 20th century by representatives of French socio-philosophical thought, first of all M. Halbwaks, who focuses on the social nature of historical memory, the functioning of which is determined by society. The results of the study. Historical memory as a set of knowledge and ideas about the events of the historical past is formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors. Among the objective factors of the formation and preservation of historical memory, the central place is occupied by the state memorial policy aimed at the purposeful transformation of collective historical memory. The author also noted that in order for historical memory to perform its inherent functions with a high degree of efficiency, certain efforts are required on the part of individuals themselves as carriers of historical memory. Currently, the process of forming the historical memory of Russians is carried out from various sources, the content of which often contradicts each other, which may result in different ideas about the same historical events or epochs, the presence of incorrect, scientifically unfounded or unreliable ideas about the events of the historical past. Hence, there is a need to implement historical and educational activities, acting as a central component of the state memorial policy and aimed at spreading historical information about the past of our country in the public consciousness that meets the requirements of reliability and scientific validity. The prospect of the study is further research in the field of historical memory and the factors of its formation, related to the identification of promising areas of memorial policy of the modern Russian state, optimal ways and means of preserving the memory of significant events and characters of national history.

The importance of the problem under investigation is determined by the role of theatrical art in shaping the social and political position of the Volga region's population at the beginning of the twentieth century. The possibility of usage of the cultural and historical experience for the development of state policy in the sphere of preservation and development of historical memory, since in the period of major socio-cultural changes not only redefining the country's history happens, but also deliberately

The purpose of the study is to analyze the main components of the spiritual security of an individual in modern Russian society in the context of determining the role of the resource of historical memory in its provision. The research methodology consists of provisions put forward by the most influential representatives of Russian and foreign science, revealing the multidimensional nature of the problems of ensuring personal spiritual security. The author relies on philosophical and anthropological approaches, with the help of which it was possible to analyze the essence of a person’s spiritual security, uses systematic and dialectical methods, which made it possible to present spiritual security as a phenomenon with a complex structure characterized by close interrelation with other social phenomena, including historical memory. The results of the study. The resource of historical memory currently plays an important role in ensuring the spiritual security of the individual in modern Russian society. The spiritual security of an individual faces various threats, including not only ideas and values that are alien to the Russian people and destructive to society, which are imposed on our society within the framework of the so-called destructive ideology, but also the destruction of historical memory in combination with activities aimed at falsifying the history of the country. Historical memory, which fixes important events of the historical past in people’s minds, has the ability to form a sense of community among representatives of diverse social groups, which, in turn, is an important means of forming an identity of a civil or national nature. However, despite the great importance of the resource of historical memory in ensuring spiritual security and the formation of patriotic values, the state’s policy in the field of preserving historical memory for a long time was generally inconsistent and haphazard, which naturally resulted in a mostly fragmentary nature of memory about the events of the historical past, inherent in a significant part of Russians and existing along with extremely superficial and fragmentary ideas about national history. Currently, a targeted policy of state authorities is required in terms of the formation and preservation of historical memory, as well as countering destructive activities aimed at falsifying history. The future of the research is made up of subsequent scientific research in the field of spiritual security of the individual in modern Russian society in the context of determining the role of the resource of historical memory in its provision, as well as promising areas of government policy aimed at forming and preserving the memory of significant events of the historical past for the citizens of the country.

Problem setting . Questions of historical consciousness, historical memory, patterns of historical knowledge, and trends in the evolution of historical knowledge are constantly in the focus of philosophical research. In the spiritual world of modern youth, historical consciousness is a set of ideas, views, attitudes that allow to accept and appreciate the past in all its diversity. Historical consciousness covers events of different significance and importance is formed not only systematically (through the education system), but also disordered (through the media, fiction. Recent research and publications analysis. Historical consciousness and features of its formation have been the subject of research by such famous scientists as M. Weber, K. Popper, B. Russell, P. Sorokin, O. Spengler, K. Jaspers, M. Hrushevskyi, D. Dontsov and others. Scientists have considered various aspects of the formation of historical consciousness and historical memory. Some aspects of the formation of historical consciousness in the practices of national education in Ukraine are considered in the studies of such scholars as М . Boychenko, V. Vashkevych, А. Zemlianskyi, O. Stasevs’ka, M. Kultayeva, M. Kozlovets and others. Paper objective. The purpose of the article is a philosophical analysis and clarification of the main aspects of historical consciousness in the practices of national education . Paper main body. Historical consciousness in a broad sense should be considered as a specific form of social consciousness that realizes the connection of historical epochs, continuity in the historical process, which provides the relay race of generations. Historical memory is an integral element of historical consciousness (which conceptualizes the relationship of past, present and future) and at the same time it is one of its sources (along with official state concepts, scientific theories, historical mythology, religious teachings, works of literature and art). The main characteristics of historical memory include its social determinism, basicity in the formation of individual and social consciousness, through which it directly affects the social consciousness. Accordingly, it performs the following functions: information (accumulation and transmission of socially significant information); identification (identification of a society or its individual member with a certain historical and cultural community); organizational (structuring society in time); worldview (theoretical understanding of social experience); value-oriented (identification and translation of value meanings, definition of values). Conclusions of the research. Thus, historical consciousness in a broad sense should be considered as a specific form of social consciousness that realizes the connection of historical epochs, continuity in the historical process, which provides the baton of generations. Historical memory is an integral part of historical consciousness and at the same time it is one of its sources. One of the main characteristics of historical memory is its social determinism. Accordingly, it performs the following functions: information; identification; organizational; worldview; value-oriented. Considerable attention is paid to the formation of the historical consciousness of higher education seekers in the national education systems of developed countries, in particular in the United States.

In 2025 Russia is celebrating an important anniversary – the 80th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, which further foregrounds the need to preserve the historical memory of it, which is formed and conveyed in the public consciousness thanks to a grandiose set of commemorative practices and «commemoration sites» created everywhere in our country. The purpose of the study is a conceptual analysis of various levels of «commemoration sites» of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 in Cheboksary as a special mechanism for preserving the historical memory of society. Materials and methods. The research methodology is defined in accordance with the principles of memoriology. The object and subject of research is not a historical event, but the historical memory about it. Research attention is also focused on the mechanisms by which it is formed, preserved and passed on to the next generations. The most important role in these processes belongs to commemorative practices and «commemoration sites», which have a close relationship. Both a «commemoration site» can become a base for implementing commemorative practices, and the memorials themselves initiate the creation of places of sacralization of the past. Results. The article analyzes the influence of central, regional and local «commemoration sites» in the process of forming and preserving the historical memory of the Russians about the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 on the example of Cheboksary. «Commemoration sites» of the Great Patriotic War are an integral part of the process of preserving and sacralizing the historical memory of the Russian society. Currently, Russia has a number of central memorial sites: the Grave of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow, Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery in St. Petersburg, the Monument-Ensemble «Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad» on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd, the Victory Memorial on Poklonnaya Gora in Moscow. All of them belong to places revered at the national level, and commemorative practices are carried out on their territory, which have a national scale of significance. A lot of commemorative work has been done at the regional level in all regions of the Russian Federation: monuments, steles, Victory parks with Eternal Flames were erected, museums of the Great Patriotic War were opened, and a number of state cultural and educational institutions were named after the heroes of the 1941–1945 war as a tribute to their fallen countrymen. Commemorative plaques were installed at the municipal level at libraries and schools, and small museums were opened. Cheboksary is a prime example of implementing the regional policy on implementation of commemorative practices and creation of «commemoration sites». They differ in their appearance, scale, and other features, but they perform the same function – they cherish the memory and are the basis for implementing commemorative practices, primarily ceremonial ones. Conclusions. The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 became one of the key events in the Russian history. Actualization and preservation of historical memory about it is one of the most important tasks of state authorities and the society, which are the initiators of constructing «commemoration sites» of central and regional importance. Cheboksary has regional (at the national level, they are of central importance) and local «commemoration sites» that successfully realize the process of actualizing the heroic pages of the Great Patriotic War. Cheboksary’s experience is successfully implemented throughout the republic at the municipal level, where «commemoration sites» exist and continue to be created both in regional centers and in small settlements.

The article examines the role of language in the formation and preservation of historical memory as a phenomenon of intellectual culture which ensures continuity in the historical and cultural development of the people. Embedded in linguistic models as cultural codes and social mechanisms for regulating communication processes and transmitting the socio-cultural experience of generations, historical memory preserves in the mass consciousness the socially significant information that helps strengthen the spirit of the people, solidifies its unity around the national state, and ensures the protection of the cultural heritage of multinational Russia.

Problem setting. Socio-cultural and political problems of contemporary Ukrainе gives the study of the axiological aspect of historical memory of particular importance and it ceases to be the peripheral theme of philosophical reflection. Without a clear understanding of the value added of historical memory, further socio-cultural design and forecasting is made impossible.Recent research and publications analysis shows that а significant contribution to the understanding and interpretation of the concept under study belongs to such Ukrainian scholars, which carried out quite productive steps in the theoretical understanding of a significant number of problems of the formation and functioning of historical memory, the determination of mechanisms for constructing national memory, its main features and its role in the process of identification of the Ukrainian people. Paper objective. The purpose of the paper is to define the concept of "historical memory", its structural and functional features and the an attempt to explicate its axiological aspect. Paper main body. The axiological measurement of historical memory has a dual detection. First, in certain periods of the history of a particular society, memory becomes unreliable, the causes of which may be a negative reaction to tragic events and historical facts, or ignorance, or (that is the most terrible) intentional neglect of history. As a result of such unconsciousness, the perception of historical memory gradually formed as an unconditional value, an important component of the axioms of culture, as a necessary condition for the normal functioning of society.The fundamental moments of the concepts of historical memory are: social determinism, the difference from the system of transfer of biological information, recognition of its basis of the formation of individual and social consciousness, its direct influence on the development of historical consciousness of society. The main functions of historical memory are: - informational; - identification; - organizational; - world-view; - value-orientated. It can be presented as a spiritual core, a "national genetic code" that preserves knowledge and information about evolution, specific stages of development, conditions of existence and cultural potential of a society (people, nation) and, having withstood the test of time, has become a value for this community. The axiological dimension of historical memory has a dual discovery. First of all, it must be noted that in certain periods of history in society there is a memory that resulted in the gradual formation of the perception of historical memory as an unconditional value, an important component of the axioms of culture, a necessary condition for the adequate functioning of society. Secondly, historical memory actively forms the value-semantic space of society, is a means of forming a system of values of society. The resulting values of life play a consolidating role in ensuring interethnic accord and civil peace, serve as the formation of the consciousness of the people and the function of preserving the original culture. Historical memory makes it possible to invent and transmit in time importantly integrative ideas, and most importantly - the values without which any community would simply come to a decline. Conclusions of the research. The topicality of the study of the value added of historical memory is conditioned by the need to preserve the integrity of the domestic spiritual space, the development of a stable immunity in society against the threat of the destruction of the existing cultural identity. Historical memory in the modern world, it is simultaneously as a determining element and subject of state policy, a factor in the construction of a political nation, a prerequisite or interethnic and interethnic integration or conflict. At the same time, historical memory is a means of retranslation of political values, which plays an ambitious role in the political process (as an object of political influence and as a means of political influence). It is possible to find the value constants acceptable to the whole society, if the very historical memory is perceived not as an arena of ideological conflicts and as a means of political manipulation, but as an unconditional value.

This article is an author's analytical review that tells about the work of the conference «Omsk Social and Humanitarian Readings-2022», held on March 22–24 in the city of Omsk. The key presentations made are highlighted. Particular attention was paid to understanding the most dynamic and relevant parts of the discussion platform: the plenary session of the conference, as well as the thematic final event — the round table «The Religious Factor in Russia during the Civil War: Phenomenon, Significance and Regional Specificity». Interest in the work of the described scientific event is due to a number of circumstances. First, changes in the foreign policy situation have actualized the appeal to historical plots, mass consciousness and sociological research. Secondly, the conference became one of the first major events held in person. Thirdly, the conference was organized by three higher educational institutions, which is a reflection of the establishment of close contacts and the possibility of collaboration between representatives of the scientific community. The conference raised the problems of the development of sociological research and institutions, the formation and preservation of historical memory, in particular about the Great Patriotic War, intercultural communications, the impact of social networks and the transformation of a person's private space, the influence of church and religion on the development of a split in Russian society during the Civil War and many other topics. One of the outcomes of the conference was the formation of a common vision of scientists on the need for a methodological synthesis of the humanities. The methodological basis of the work was the problem-chronological method. This review is of interest to specialists in the study of the history of historical science, historical memory, intercultural communications, cultural anthropology and other problems of socio- humanitarian knowledge.

Objective of the study is to identify the influence of historical memory and civic solidarity on the construction of the National Military-Historical Museum complex of the Great Patriotic War “Sambek Heights”. The methodological basis of the research. The research was carried out on the basis of the analysis of historical sources, scientific research, archival documents and materials of the National Military-Historical Museum complex of the Great Patriotic War “Sambek Heights”. Research results. In the recent history of Russia, specifically in the Rostov region, a grandiose patriotic event took place, brought to life precisely by powerful civil solidarity, in turn, brought to life by phenomenal historical memory. On August 30, 2020, the People's Military-Historical Museum Complex of the Great Patriotic War “Sambek Heights” was inaugurated. The complex stunned the guests who poured here from all over the country with its power and scale. The breadth of history coverage. Perhaps the fact is that it was very correctly conceived and implemented exactly according to the plan. But I got into the solar plexus of today's society. Its creators have received prestigious awards at professional competitions. But the most important reward was the response of people who began to transfer priceless relics to the museum, where five years ago there was not a single exhibit. Prospects of the study are connected with further research of the influence of material and spiritual monuments on the preservation of historical memory and the cultural and historical landscape of the Rostov region and other regions of Russia, as well as the transmission of traditional patriotic values to the next generations.

The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare the Ukrainian and Polish experiences of documenting the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war in institutional, organisational, and methodological aspects, from the standpoint of the goals of documenting and presenting the collected evidence as an important factor in the development of national identity and the preservation of historical memory. To achieve this goal, the activities of state institutions and public organisations documenting events/crimes of the Russian-Ukrainian war both in Ukraine and in the Republic of Poland were analysed. The methodological basis of the research was general scientific and special methods of studying problems, the use of which helped to achieve this goal. The use of a complex of general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, system and functional approaches, classification and systematisation, description, explanation, and generalisation helped to outline the problem of documenting and presenting the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022-2024 by state institutions and public organisations. The problem and thematic method was used to understand the Ukrainian and Polish experiences of documenting and presenting the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022-2024. As a result of the study, it was found that both in Ukraine and in Poland, the process of documenting the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war and war crimes committed by the Russian aggressor by both state institutions and public associations is actively continuing. The dependence of the types and methods of documentation on the conditions of its implementation is clarified, and the basis of documented information is oral, written, photo, video, and film examinations. It is proved that the common goal of documenting the events/crimes of the Russian-Ukrainian war by all institutions is to create an evidence base for bringing Russian aggressors to justice by the International Criminal Court. The practical value of the scientific heritage, given the limited research in the Ukrainian scientific discourse of this topic, is a comprehensive coverage of the Ukrainian and Polish experiences of documenting and presenting the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war 2022-2024 to preserve historical memory, comprehending the experiences of the war for future generations