تأثير المستخلص المائي والكحولي لنبات الخردل Brassica juncea على فقس البيوض وحيوية يافعات الطور الثاني (J2) لنيماتودا تعقد الجذورspp Meloidgyne

This study was aimed to investigate the role of crud alcoholic extract of Lallemantia royleana seeds thruogh reduction the hepatotoxicity of rifadin drug in liver tissue. The animal (40 mice) were divided into four groups the first group treated with normal saline (0.9%) for 28 days as acontrol, the second group treated with rifadin (1.5 mg/kg/day) for 28 days, third group treated with acoholic extract of Lallemantia royleana seeds (1% w/v) for 28 days, while the forth group treated with alcoholic extract of seeds alone for 5 days and with alcoholic extract and rifadin for 28 days, so the total period of this group is 33 days. The liver specimens were collected and processed with immunohistochemical staining kit to detect Bax protein in hepatocytes. The microscopic examination results of liver slides coloured with imununohistochemical staining technique in animal experimental groups showed increased in the number of cells with positive immunoreaction for Bax in animal group treated with rifadin drug comparing with other experimental groups (seeds extract and drug group, seeds extract group, control group)which showed significant decreasing in the number of cells with positive immunoreaction for Bax.

Chapter 56 - Antidiabetic Activities of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seeds

Toxicity still a global problem for the environment, agriculture and ultimately human health. The purpose of the study was to examine toxicity effects of Peganum harmala herbal extract on liver and kidney of albino Swiss mice. The herbal alcoholic extract used in different doses (1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg b.w) for 2 weeks. The liver and kidneys dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histologic study. The result indicated that the treated sections of the liver showed congestion of central vein surround the hepatic lobules with sever infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, the Kidneys showed congestion of blood vessels with enlargement of glomerular tuft and mild-severe infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells compared to the control. The findings indicated that the administration of Peganum harmala extract has some adverse effects on the liver and kidneys of adult mice. The study showed that alcoholic herbal extract exposure might cause harmful effects to no target organisms, including humans. Finally, further studies may be carried out to examine toxicity effects for other herbal extract to induce the safety dose dependent to histopathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues of exposed mice.

Effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the roots of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Four Oclock plant, on the spontaneous movements of both the whole worm and the nerve-muscle (n.m.) preparation of Setaria cervi and on the survival of microfilariae in vitro was studied. Alcoholic extract caused the inhibition of spontaneous movements of the whole worm and the n.m. preparation of S. cervi, whereas aqueous extract caused inhibition of spontaneous movements of the n.m. preparation. The initial stimulatory effect was not observed by aqueous and alcoholic extracts on n.m. preparation while effect of alcoholic extract on the whole worm was characterized by an increase in the amplitude of contractions followed by reversible paralysis. The concentrations required to inhibit the movements of the whole worm and n.m. preparation for alcoholic extract of root were <TEX>$270\;{\mu}g/mL$</TEX> and <TEX>$40\;{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>, respectively whereas an aqueous extract caused inhibition of n.m. preparation at <TEX>$30\;{\mu}g/mL$</TEX> suggesting a cuticular permeability barrier. Alcoholic extract of the roots of M. jalapa caused concentration related effect on the survival of microfilariae of S. cervi. The <TEX>$LC_{50}$</TEX> and <TEX>$LC_{90}$</TEX> for alcoholic extract as observed after 6 hrs. were found to be 10 ng/mL and 18 ng/mL., respectively.

Abstract- Abrus precatorius seeds are saidto possess fertility regulating activity. Hence, the 50% alcoholic extract of seeds at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. administered orally for 60 days to 03 groups (does wise) each includes 05 male Guniea pigs. First group served as control (vehicle treated). After 60 days of feeding of doses the body and genital organ weight were noted histopathological changes were observed in genital organs such as testes, epididymes and vasa deferentia and compared with control animals. The body and genital organ weight were not much affected. A significant weight reduction of genital organ was noted. At higher doses, an arrest of spermatogenesis was observed at various stages in sominiferous tubules. No mature spermatozoa could be seen in somniferous tubular lumen. The epididymes and vasa deferentia were also devoid of spermatozoa. It is concluded that at higher doses, the treated male G. pigs became a zoospermic. It is clearly indicated that the seeds of this plant has potentiality to arrest spermatogenesis in male and thus regulate the fertility of male animals.

Impact of direct and indirect application of rising furfural concentrations on viability, infectivity and reproduction of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in Pisum sativum

An experiment was conducted to determine the fertility and hatchability of eggs laid by Turkey hens fed extracts of okra seed, pumpkin seed and guava root powder for 8 weeks. Twenty four, 32 weeks old turkeys (4 toms and 20 hens) were randomly selected and allotted into four treatment groups; T1 (No extract or feed supplementation); T2 (50 ml okra seeds extracts/ litre of water); T3 (50 ml guava root extract/ litre of water) and T4 (50 g pumpkin seed powder/kg of feed). Turkey hens were subjected to artificial insemination and eggs laid in the period were collected and determined for fertility and hatchability. Total and weekly egg production of hens was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in T2 and T4 groups of birds. The number of fertile eggs, early, middle and late dead embryo was better (P &lt; 0.05) for the same groups of birds compared to other treatments. Egg hatchability percentage of hens in T2 and T4 groups were markedly improved and higher (P &lt; 0.05) than those in T1 and T3 groups. Fertility and hatchability of eggs in T1 and T3 were similar (P &gt; 0.05). The findings concluded that feeding okra and pumpkin seed extracts to breeder turkey hens can improves the fertility and hatchability of the eggs.

Our study focused on phytochemical tests and evaluation of the anti-free radical activity of seed extracts of two oleaginous plants from Gabon used in traditional medicine or as condiments: Panda oleosa and Isolona hexaloba. The extraction was carried out by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity: cyclohexane, trichloroethylene, acetone, ethanol and finally distilled water. The total yields of the extracts are about 69.50% for Panda oleosa and 34.28% for Isolona hexaloba. The phytochemical tests carried out on the extracts of the seeds of Panda and Isolona highlight in both seeds the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, triterpenes, carotenoids, reducing compounds, flavonoids, total sugars, coumarins, anthraquinones, free quinones, free anthracene derivatives, and terpenoids. Isolona seeds also contain leucoanthocyanins, sterols, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Phytochemical tests revealed the absence of tannins and mucilage in both seeds. The free radical scavenging activity was measured by scavenging the free radical cation of 2,2’-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS-+) with gallic acid as the reference antioxidant. The results of the free radical scavenging activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of both seeds showed that the aqueous extracts were more active than the ethanolic extracts. The IC50s of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Panda seeds are 40 and 60 μg·mL-1 respectively, and those of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Isolona are 37.5 and 95 μg·mL-1 respectively. Gallic acid, the reference antioxidant (IC50 = 0.37 μg·mL-1) is about 10 times more active than the aqueous extracts of both seeds, 16 times more active than the ethanolic extract of Panda and 25 times more active than the ethanolic extract of Isolena.

Background: Picralima nitida is a West African plant with varied applications in African folk medicine. Aqueous extract of seeds of Picralima nitida was used to evaluate its protective effect on dexamethasone-induced insulin-resistance in rats. Methods and Findings: Male rats were divided into five groups for acute and subacute study. At the end of the acute study, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test was performed. For the subacute study, Groups 1 and 2 received distilled water for 11 days orally and from day 7, either saline or dexamethasone (8 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for the last 5 days. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were respectively pretreated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg), P. nitida extract at the doses of 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg orally for 11 days. At the end of the experiment on day 12, blood was collected for biochemical analysis and the animals were subjected to a fasting glucose test and then thereafter sacrificed. The liver, pancreas, kidney, and adrenal were weighed and histological analysis performed. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the glucose tolerance test, performed 4 hours after the end of acute treatment at a dose of 400 mg/kg of the extract, was significantly reduced (p<0.01). In subacute treatment, the AUC of the aqueous extract of the seeds of Picralima nitida was significantly reduced at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg compared to rats treated with dexamethasone. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol with the extract treatment as well as with glibenclamide which decrease Total Cholesterol. Glibenclamide and the extract at 400 mg/kg prevented the drop in protein levels induced by dexamethasone. Adrenal atrophy was noted in all rats given dexamethasone, as well as increased liver and kidney weights. The pretreatment with the aqueous extract of the seeds of Picralima nitida prevented cytolysis and degeneration of hepatocyte, hypotrophy of the pancreatic islets and tubular and glomerular degeneration caused by dexamethasone. Conclusions: This study reveals that the aqueous extract of the seeds of Picralima nitida has anti-hyperglycemic and antihypercholesterolemic properties that may justify its use in traditional medicine against diabetes abnormalities.

Objective: The present study examined the effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of palm dates (fruits and seeds) on diabetic nephropathy in a rat model of type 2 DM. Methods: Sixty male albino rats subdivided into a) normal control (NC) group, b) diabetic control (DM) group, c) aqueous fruit extract (AFE) group, d) methanolic fruit extract (MFE) group, e) aqueous seed extract (ASE) group and f) methanolic seed extract (ASE) group. Treatment with both extracts done for 15 weeks after induction of type 2 DM. by the end of experiment fasting blood glucose, serum lipid profile, creatinine, urea, uric acid, urinary albumin excretion, kidney tissue MDA, catalase, SOD, GSH were measured and kidney histopathological examination was done. Results: Diabetic untreated rats showed significant hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and deterioration in kidney functions and morphology with enhanced oxidative stress in kidney tissues. On other hand, rats treated with either aqueous or methanolic fruit or seed extracts showed significant improvement in all studied parameters compared to DM group (p<0.05). However, the effects of fruit extracts especially aqueous extract were more powerful than seed extracts. Conclusion: Aqueous and methanolic fruit and seed extracts of palm date protect kidneys from diabetic nephropathy in rats which might be due to their antioxidant properties.

Uraria picta Desv. belonging to family Leguminosae: Papilionoidae is one of the important constituent of “Dashmoolarista”, a well-established Ayurvedic drug of Indian system of medicine. The objectives of the present study were to determine the free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in leaves, stem and roots of U. picta. Powdered samples of leaves, stem and roots were subjected to successive extraction with solvents of increasing polarities i.e. Ethanol, Water: Ethanol (Aqua- alcoholic) (20: 80) and Water (aqueous) using soxhlet apparatus. Total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau method, aluminum chloride colorimetric technique and DPPH free radical scavenging methods respectively. The results exhibited the maximum phenolic (1.991±0.299%) and flavonoid (2.865±0.11%) contents in ethanolic extract of leaves. For stem, the highest phenolic content (1.208±0.115%) and highest flavonoid content (22.189±2.7%) were detected in aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. For roots, both the maximum phenolic (3.554±0.004%) and flavonoid (0.497±0.507%) contents were found in Aqua- alcoholic extract of roots. The ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem and aqueous extract of roots were found to contain the lowest IC50 and hence, the maximum antioxidant activity. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that among the different extracts of leaves, stem and roots of U. picta, the ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem and aqueous extract of roots exhibited the more promising antioxidant activity due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

Datura is known as a medicinal plant and plant hallucinogen all over the world. Datura is a rich source of alkaloids such as Hyoscyamine, hyoscine, scopolamine, atropine, with anolides (lactones) and other tropanes. Based on the presence of alkaloids, formulations containing Datura exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, herbicidal, antifungal, antiviral and antiulcer properties. Historically, Datura has been employed in the treatment of skin disorders, ear pain, cough, fever, and asthma, among other traditional uses. Qualitative phytochemical test indicates the identification of primary metabolites (Carbohydrate, protein, fat etc.) and secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides tannin etc.). Aim- Physicochemical parameters and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Datura metel. Material &amp; Method- The powdered form of Datura seeds was prepared, and its physicochemical or phytochemical testing &amp; standardization were conducted in accordance with established protocols. Results- Datura was evaluated for different standardization parameters which showed Loss on drying (7.36%), Total ash (7.26%), Acid insoluble ash (3.65%), Water soluble extractive (17.65%), Alcohol soluble extractive (12.25%) and Water-soluble ash (5.19%). Molisch test was positive in aqueous extract. Benedict test was positive in alcoholic extract. Fehling test was positive in aqueous extract. Alkaloids were identified in aqueous extract due to positive of Dragondroff test, Wagner’s test, and Hager’s test positive in aqueous extract. Amino acid was present in aqueous extract due to show positive result in Ninhydrine test. Proteins were present in test sample due to positive in Biuret test and Xenthoprotic test in aqueous extract. Foam test was positive in aqueous extract. Borntroger’s test positive in aqueous extract. Phenolic test was positive in aqueous and alcoholic extract. FeCl3 test, Pot. Dichromate test was positive in extract of seeds that’s indicate that tannin is present in sample. Conclusion- This paper highlights organoleptic characters and constituents of Datura metel and the data obtained from this study can be utilized to establish standards for Datura metel.

A comparative study of the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pawpaw seeds Carica papaya (Caricaceae) on Heligmosomoides bakeri

Datura stramonium is a bushy annual plant belonging to the family Solanaceae. This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts of seeds and leave of Datura stramonium plant. The test organisms Salmonella Typhi and Shigella species were obtained from stock cultures at the National Veterinary Research Institute in Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. The identification of the test organisms and the plant extracts were done using standard microbiological procedures. The results obtained showed that antibacterial activities of Methanolic leaf extracts of Datura stramonium produced inhibitions zone of 25mm on concentration of 50mg/ml and 25mm on concentration of 100mg/ml against Salmonella typhi while inhibition zone of 20mm, were observed on concentrations 25mg/ml, 50mg.ml and 100mg/ml against Shigella species. The aqueous leaves extracts produced no zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi while zone of inhibitions of 10mm was observed on concentration 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml against Shigella species. The methanolic seeds extract produced zone of inhibition of 20mm on both concentrations of 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml against Salmonella typhi while inhibition zones of 25mm was observed on concentrations 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml against Shigella specie. The aqueous seeds extracts produced no zone of inhibition against both test organisms (Salmonella typhi and Shiegella species). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Datura stramonium methanolic leaves extract of Salmonella typhi was 12.5mg/ml while Shigella Species had MIC of 25mg/ml. There was no MIC of aqueous leaves extract against Salmonella typhi while that of shigella species was 100mg/ml. The MIC of methanolic Seeds extract shows 25mg/ml on both test organisms and no MIC of aqueous seed extract on both test organisms. This research has enormously revealed that extracts of Datura stramonium leaf possess more antimicrobial potency against Salmonella typhi and Shiegella species than the seed extracts. Also, the results also revealed that methanolic extract has more potency than the aqueous extract on either the leaves or seeds of Datura stramonium. Conclusively, Datura stramonium extracts demonstrated bactericidal potential against both Salmonella typhi and Shiegella species which indicate that the plant can be a good resource for herbal drugs that can be used against Gram negative bacteria.

The pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a highly specialized, economically important pest for potato production. The specialized hatching requirements, ability to adapt, and the loss of effective control strategies such as methyl bromide fumigation increase the challenge to eradicate G. pallida in Idaho. Without a suitable host, this nematode can remain dormant as encysted eggs in soil for up to 20 years. In this study, we first demonstrated that Sinapis alba seed meal extract (SME) or 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, enhances G. pallida egg hatch rate when exposed to potato root diffusate (PRD). This hatch rate enhancement in the presence of PRD is speculated to be due to an increase in egg-shell permeability. We then tested the efficacy of (i) Solanum sisymbriifolium following prior treatment with S. alba SME (0 and 4.48 t/ha) or HBA (0 and 0.12 t/ha) and (ii) Brassica juncea SME (0, 0.14, 0.56, and 1.12 t/ha) following HBA treatment (0 and 4.48 t/ha) on egg viability, hatch rate, and reproduction of G. pallida encysted eggs. S. sisymbriifolium alone reduced the number of encysted eggs compared to the nontreated control by up to 67%, indicating that this trap crop triggered G. pallida eggs to hatch. When combined with S. alba SME or HBA, S. sisymbriifolium significantly reduced egg count, hatch rate, and viability more than S. sisymbriifolium alone. The combination of S. sisymbriifolium with HBA or S. alba SME eliminated G. pallida reproduction on the susceptible potato. All the tested rates of B. juncea SME alone or with HBA reduced egg hatch rate, viability, and reproduction compared to the nontreated control. Combining HBA and B. juncea SME further significantly reduced egg hatch rate, viability, and reproduction than those rates of B. juncea SME alone.