Изображение царевны Софьи в исторических романах 1870–1880 гг.

The History Bubble

Empiricist Fictions, Fictions of Empiricism

The Trouble with History and Fiction

Americans' Attitudes Toward Mental Health Treatment Seeking: 1990-2003

A unique feature inherent to contemporary Sinhala Women Novelists is their fascination with History. Consequently, a trend of writing historical novels based on the period of the Kandyan Kingdom and the British Colonial era has emerged. The mainstream women novelists of the new millennium focused mainly on subaltern women protagonists, the representatives of a voice-less class who live on the periphery of the nation-state. Hence, these texts conceptualise reality through the voice and experience of an underprivileged subaltern class and gender. Further, they operate within the paradigms of subaltern histories, privileging subaltern subjectivities that question and challenge the identities the elite ruling groups bestowed upon them. The woman Novelists Shrewdly reveal the hidden text of the nation in their oeuvre. Accordingly, these literary texts can be found in the context of subaltern histories. This research is intended to analyse the roles of women protagonists that give rise to issues concerning gender, social stratification, and cultural hegemony. How women Novelists were inspired and conditioned by historical and sociological sources for depicting convincing characters was examined, and an attempt was made to capture the continuing interaction among author, text and History. With a view to grasping the uniqueness of Sinhala women Novelists, creative dexterity in reconstructing the historical sources and perceiving the metamorphosis that has taken place, their Novels were compared with mainstream South Asian Women Authorised texts. It was revealed that interdisciplinary studies across customary subject divisions, including History and cultural anthropology, have a significant impact, influence and conditioning over the subaltern protagonists and their quest toward self-identity.

Over the last 25 years, the appraisal of psychotropic drugs within the scientific community and their representation in the media has changed considerably. The initial optimism in the wake of the introduction of second-generation drugs has increasingly made room for a more critical evaluation of alleged advantages of these drugs. The question arises as to what extent this is reflected in similar changes in the public's attitudes towards psychiatric medication. Three representative population surveys on attitudes towards psychotropic medication were carried out in Germany in 1990 (N = 3075), 2001 (N = 2610) and 2011 (N = 1223), using the same sampling procedure, interview mode and instrument for assessing attitudes. In order to disentangle time-related effects, an age-period-cohort analysis was performed. Over the time period of 21 years, the German public's evaluation of psychotropic medication has become markedly more favourable. This change was mostly due to a period effect, i.e. concurrent influences of the social environment people are exposed to. Changes were much more pronounced in the 1990s, while over the following decade only a small, although statistically significant, increase in the favourable appraisal of medication was found. Age and birth cohort had only a minor effect on public attitudes. Our findings suggest that changes in the evaluation of the effects of psychotropic drugs within the psychiatric community and their representation in the media also affect public opinion. Given the ongoing debate about side effects and efficacy of psychiatric medication, future changes of public opinion can be expected.

Britain’s welfare state has suddenly been presented with a new challenge – to keep the country afloat during the Covid‐19 pandemic. The most immediate pressure is on the health service, whose ability to cope with the numbers needing hospital care is now imposing a constraint on the country’s economic activity. But, after successive years of reining back the scale of welfare provision to those of working age, the government is now also providing – via the social security system – increased levels of support to those who have lost their incomes, as well as subsidising on an unprecedented scale the salaries of those in work.

The population's attitude towards smoking bans in public arenas is important for their passing, implementation and compliance. Smoking bans are believed to reduce the social acceptability of smoking, and once people experience them, public support increases--also among pre-ban sceptics. This study aimed to examine the temporal changes in public attitude towards smoking bans in public arenas from 2007 to 2010 and whether these changes differed across educational attainment, smoking status and intention to quit among smokers. Data from two surveys among adults (aged 25-79 years) in 2007 and 2010 in the Capital Region of Denmark (n=36,472/42,504, response rate = 52.3) was linked with data on sex, age and educational attainment from central registers. Age-standardised prevalence of supportive attitude towards smoking bans was estimated. Temporal changes in supportive attitude were explored in workplaces, restaurants and bars using logistic regression models. The prevalence of supportive attitude towards smoking bans increased significantly in all arenas from 2007 to 2010. Positive temporal changes in supportive attitude towards smoking bans were seen across educational attainment, smoking status and intention to quit smoking in restaurants and across smoking status for smoking bans in workplaces and bars. The results of this study show that the public's attitude towards smoking in public arenas has changed after the implementation of a comprehensive smoking ban. This change in attitude can support implementation of future legislation on smoking and may lead to positive changes in smoking norms.

Summary. The article explores the problems of describing artistic reality with historical reality in Russian historical novels of the 1930‒50s. One of the main reasons for this was the approach to events schematically, from an ideological point of view. It is shown that in some historical novels of this period this principle was observed; but in many works distortions of historical events and personalities took place. The historical novels «Egyptian», «Stars over Samarkand», «Dmitry Donskoy» by one of the prominent representatives of Russian literature ‒ Sergei Borodin, attract attention as the first best examples of this genre in Soviet times. If the novels of the writer «Egyptian», «Dmitry Donskoy» took into account the spirit of the era, trends, historical chronological principle, then in some places of the historical novel «Stars over Samarkand» this principle was not observed. In a work of art, historical and artistic truth must be combined in such a way that the writer should not distort the essence of the event. S. Borodin’s «Stars over Samarkand» is a trilogy. The first book is Lame Timur , the second novel – Campfire Bonfires, and the third one was Lightning Bayazet. It is clear that the novel was devoted to historical figures and events that were not covered properly in the Soviet era as historical figures and events. Here, both historical events and historical figures must be evaluated in such a way that there is no distortion of the truth. In the trilogy of S. Borodin, this was observed to a certain extent; here, in addition to historical facts, artistic imagination is also present. This is completely natural, because the writer is not a historian to describe him as he was. The writer must first describe the spirit of the era with all its liveliness. This aspect in one sense or another has been observed in the trilogy. For example, there is information in various historical sources about Timur’s attention to traders, the continuation of trade even during the war, and the openness of roads for its development. In the novel «Stars over Samarkand» there are pages, even chapters on Timur’s support for trade. When writing these pages, the writer relied on historical realities. For example, after Timur’s campaign in India, learning about what trophies market traders return to, he writes that they will earn money here: «India! In the market ranks they talked anxiously about goods brought from there. To find out what to bring from or send there, they sent a detective to the experts». Therefore, the writer should not only study the historical events of this period well but also be objective about them.

This paper reports on one of the few African studies examining sex role stereotyping in television advertisements and compares these results to those from a similar analysis of British television advertisements collected at the same time. A total of 95 British and 77 South African television advertisements were analyzed using traditional content analysis methods and categories. The sample included 127 British central characters and 116 South African central characters. The coding scheme was based on McArthur and Resko (1975), but extended previous research in two ways: first by adding specific context categories (i. e., race of actors) as well as conducting the analysis for both central and secondary characters in the advertisements. When only central characters were analyzed, results showed greater sex-role stereotyping in South Africa. When just first central characters were analyzed the number of significant results increased in both countries. Limitations of content analytic procedures are discussed, as well as the role of television advertisements in both reflecting and shaping social representatives of gender in a given society. © Walter de Gruyter.

Objectives: Due to concerns about both costs and drug resistance, reducing antibiotic prescribing is a strategic aim for the UK National Health Service. A nationwide public education campaign launched in October 1999 (CATNAP) addressed this. The objectives were 1) to assess public attitudes to antibiotic use in a district with high antibiotic prescribing where a nationwide public education campaign was locally enhanced, 2) to assess the impact of the campaign on prescribing of antibiotics locally.Design: 1) Questionnaire survey to test the hypothesis that public attitudes would be equivalent before and after local enhancement of the national campaign. 2) Prescribing data analysis to assess the impact of the campaign on prescribing of antibiotics.Setting: London Borough of Barking and Dagenham.Outcome measures: 1) Differences in public attitudes to antibiotic prescribing pre and post the locally enhanced campaign. 2) Changes in prescribing rates pre and post the locally enhanced campaignResults: 1) Response rates in questionnaire study: 45% (442/982) initially, 42% (815/1941) at follow-up. Responses to all general questions were equivalent in both surveys. There was considerable misunderstanding amongst the population about the effectiveness of antibiotics, particularly in relation to viral infections, colds, sore throats and coughs. The proportion of responders who believed that children should be prescribed antibiotics for a fever was not equivalent in the two surveys, it decreased from 56 to 49%, the limit of the one-sided confidence interval was 13.5%. 2) The rate of change in prescriptions dispensed between 1998/9 and 1999/2000 was not significantly different from that expected, based on the previous four years, in either England and Wales or Barking and Dagenham.Conclusion: Using this study design and this method of locally enhancing a public education campaign, the locally enhanced campaign did not appear to influence the public's attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing in an area of high prescribing. Assessment of the attitudes of those who had definitely been exposed to the campaign and greater promotion of the campaign and its messages to, and by, GPs might be more likely to produce a demonstrable change in attitudes.

History is a science that has many meanings for everyone. In learning history aims to foster a sense of nationalism and pride in one's homeland. The purpose of the study is to explain the narrative of Indonesian-centric historiography in historical novels in Indonesia. This study follows the historical research procedure with the stages of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This study shows that history has a method, namely systematic principles and rules designed to help collect historical source materials efficiently, disseminate or critically examine these sources, and present conclusions in written form to increase historical awareness. Historical awareness can emerge in various ways, for example by getting to know local history, joining a history community to find historical sources, or reading historical novels. Historical novels can broaden readers' horizons about history because they also include stories, interpretations, and experiences of the author. As a result, reading history is more enjoyable for readers.

The role of attitude structures, direct experience and reframing for the success of congestion pricing

The article studies over-time changes in public attitudes towards asylum seekers, from a cross-national comparative perspective. The article applies the ‘hierarchical age-period-cohort’ model to data from the European Social Survey collected in 17 European countries. The findings demonstrate that cross-cohort variations play a negligible role in the over-time changes in attitudes towards asylum seekers in Europe; and that most of these over-time changes can be attributed to period-related effect. The main findings reveal that not only exposure to an actual high inflow of asylum seekers (i.e. living in a country with an especially high inflow of asylum seekers) is associated with exclusionary attitudes towards asylum seekers, but also exposure to the potential of such an inflow (i.e. living in a country bordering countries with a high inflow of asylum seekers).

This article proposes to reflect about the importance of the new historical novels regarding the gaps existing in a text that, according to Iser (1979), are awaken in the reader especially through the literary one. Every novel features this characteristic, although, it is undeniable that, through the reading of the genre at issue, the reader is pushed to fill these gaps far beyond their perspectives; it is done through research in historical sources, or even through the reading of other works on the same subject. This occurs during the reading or when the reading is already done, once the reader questions the whole time, among narrated facts, what is fiction, what is historical fact, what are the intentions of the narrative voices in the construction of discourses. The reader that engages in the reading of a new historical novel puts great demands upon him/herself and other sources to reach the catharsis defended by Jauss (1979) in his texts on the Aesthetics of Reception. The analysis we propose will focus on Tabajara Ruas' Netto perde sua alma (1997), which has as its general theme the many revolts that General Netto took part in, among them the Ragamuffin War (1835-1845) and the Paraguayan War (1864-1870). We seek to highlight what writing resources were used to the configuration of the character and its effects in the process of reading History through fiction.