Портретні зображення Остафія Дашковича: спроба пошуку реальності

Purpose. The purpose of the publication is to highlight the main approaches to understanding the meaning of historicism or the principle of historicism, as well as to determine its role in law in general and historical and legal research in particular. Method. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific, special scientific and historical methods, as well as the principles of historicism and objectivity. Results. It is established that the dreamer of the classical concept of historicism was a German scientist of the XVIII century. F. Schlegel, who proposed to abandon the then established approach that all historical processes in a particular field of science took place consistently and typically, but pointed out that everything depends on the «personality» that influences the process or carries it out, or social or other circumstances in which this process develops. Well-known Ukrainian scholars who developed the theoretical content of the principle of historicism were M. Kovalevsky and S. Dnistryansky. The authors of the publication propose to consider the principle of historicism in a narrow and broad sense. In a narrow sense, the principle of historicism is the process of understanding and interpreting legal norms under the influence of historical, social or political factors. In a broad sense, it is a form of legal research that considers the process of legal decision-making as a product of political, social and historical conditions. Scientific novelty. It is established that the formation of the principle of historicism took place in the middle of the XIX century. and related to the development of the historical school of law. The key to the process of understanding and applying the principle of historicism is determined by the objective appeal to the natural social, political, economic and even cultural processes that influenced the law in a particular historical epoch. The role of the scientist in this process should not be limited to the presentation of material on the basis of a chronological approach, just as one should not associate the principle of historicism with the principle of historicism. It has been established that in modern Ukrainian legal science there is a departure from Soviet ideologues, who associated the principle of historicism with the principle of partisanship and gave it exceptional dialectical features. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in further historical and legal research and theoretical and legal research.

School education system in Russia passed a difficult and thorny path in its evolvement and development. Compared with its Western European counterpart, domestic secondary school has a shorter history. In our country, the first primary and secondary educational institutions providing general education appeared only at the end of the XVIII century. Throughout the XIX century, they were repeatedly reformed; as a result, noticeable quantitative and qualitative changes took place. However, despite this, we can talk about certain continuity in the evolution of the Russian school until the beginning of the XX century. The fundamental breakdown of established general education system occurred as a result of the establishment of Soviet power. During the 1920s and 1930s, all levels and links of the education sector were reorganized. The purpose of the study is to analyze historical sources on the problem of formation and development of the general school education system in the territory of modern Chuvashia. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of regulatory and archival documents. In our work, we relied on the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, considering events in their historical interrelation, analyzing diverse historical sources on the topic of research. Historical-comparative and historical-typological methods of research were used. Based on them, it was possible to identify the main groups of sources and give them a scientific analysis. The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that in regional historiography, it is for the first time that the main groups of historical sources on the topic of evolvement and development of the general school education system in the region are analyzed starting from the end of the XVIII century and up to the 1920s, i.e. until the time of creating the Soviet school education system. Most archival sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Study results. The article characterizes two main groups of historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in Russia». These are regulatory documents and archival materials. They are the most multinomial and important for studying the topic. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its main provisions can help to better understand the current state and prospects for the development of domestic educational system. The results obtained can also be used to develop generalizing works on the history and culture of the region. This study is not exhaustive. In the future, it is necessary to pay attention to such interesting groups of historical documents as memoirs, letters and memoirs of participants in the educational process, i.e. teachers, students and educational organizers of the late XVIII – first third of the XX century. Conclusions. Historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in the Territory of Modern Chuvashia at the end of the XVIII – first third of the XX century» are numerous and diverse. They are representative, giving the opportunity to study different aspects of the topic and help to recreate the general course of the regional school development the within the period under review and identify its specifics.

Relevance. This article is an attempt to study the features of land use in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Land use and the economic system in Russia during the period under study were the result of a complex centuries-old process of development of the country's agricultural sector. The purpose research is to study the features of the development of land use and the economic system in Russia at the beginning of the XX century. Objectives. The tasks of our scientific research will be formulated as follows: to present an analysis of historical information related to the structure of land use and the economic system in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century; ras-look at the dynamics of the development of land relations in the country. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was: the principle of historicism; methods of objectivity and scientific character; chronological, historical and comparative approaches research served: the principle of historicism; methods of objectivity and scientific character; chronological, historical and comparative approaches. Results made it possible to draw objective conclusions about the structure and dynamics of the development of the land use system and the economic system in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Conclusion Thus, the system of land use in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was closely connected with the system of land tenure, which was formed over several centuries. The Russian peasantry was in dire need due to its limited land resources. It was forced to rent large areas from other owners: landlords, the state, and other peasants. In turn, this became the cause of the poverty of the peasantry, who gave on average half of their crops to the owners of the land. As a result, the poor Russian peasantry was largely exposed to the revolutionary propaganda of various leftist forces. This was clearly manifested during the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. and especially during the revolutionary events of 1917, when mainly representatives of these small-land peasant farms destroyed the entire mechanism of the land use system.

On the base of the documents of the State Archives of Kyiv Region an attempt was made to highlight the internal and external signs of the collapse of the dominant role of the CPSU / CPU in society, the emergence of political pluralism in the country and the beginning of a multiparty system in 1988-1991. Thus, the purpose of the article is to use archival and documentary content, fi rst of all, documents of party organizations of Kyiv region, which are the main source of information in this publication, when considering signs of crisis of mono-party and development of pluralistic tendencies in Ukrainian society 1988 – mid 1991. The research methodology is based on the general scientifi c principles of historicism, objectivity and reliance on historical sources. The research methodology is based on the general scientifi c principles of historicism, objectivity and reliance on historical sources. The author’s use of methods of historical analysis, synthesis, comparison and statistical generalization provides an opportunity to consider the crisis of the socio-political processes of Soviet society in their dynamics and show the causal determinism of political pluralism against the background of the collapse of the Communist Party of Ukraine, and the method of visualization of statistical information helps to illustrate the qualitative and quantitative indicators of this process. The novelty of this publication is the introduction into scientifi c circulation of a large an array of previously unpublished documents of communist organizations of Kyiv region, diff ering in content, form and level of generalization of information (the protocols of meetings of bureaus, plenums and conferences of regional, district, city and primary party organizations, opinion polls, correspondence of citizens with party organizations, etc.). The above material allows us to conclude that if we neglect the obligatory ideological component and evaluative judgments, carefully fi ltering the facts, we can confi dently call the documents of party organizations used in the article a full and self-suffi cient source for studying the collapse of the totalitarian Soviet political model of the Soviet state, diversifi cation of public opinion and the development of political and ideological pluralism in Ukraine in 1988–1991.

Statement of the problem. Vasyl Vyshyvanyi, in reality, Wilhelm von Habsburg, who consciously embraced the Ukrainian identity and fought for Ukraine’s independence during the First and Second World Wars, captivates the attention of prominent scholars and Ukrainian artists since the final decades of the 20th century. The 2000s marked a real renaissance in interest toward this enigmatic Austrian by origin, yet Ukrainian by spirit, that is evidenced by numerous historical, literary, and music works created during the first two decades of the 21st century. Among the most significant are the study by American historian T. Snyder, “The Red Prince” (2008); N. Sniadanko’s novel, “The Neat Manuscripts of Archduke Wilhelm” (2017); and A. Zahaikevych’s opera, “Vyshyvanyi. The King of Ukraine” (2021), with a libretto by S. Zhadan. The operatic portrayal of the Austrian archduke by S. Zhadan and A. Zahaikevych was preceded by N. Sniadanko’s novel with fantasy elements. In literature, the artistic freedom to reinterpret historical events is permissible, as it serves as a means of artistic generalization. A similar approach is seen in George R.R. Martin’s “A Song of Ice and Fire” series (1990s), which draws inspiration from England’s Wars of the Roses. The principle of mythologizing history (per O. Roschenko), established in both literature and opera well before A. Zahaikevych’s opera is intrinsic to Romantic culture. In contrast to the historical factuality presented in T. Snyder’s book, the opera and Sniadanko’s novel employ a fusion of the fictional and the real. The divergence between Sniadanko’s imaginative narrative and factual history becomes evident when comparing “The Neat Manuscripts of Archduke Wilhelm” with T. Snyder’s “The Red Prince”. Objectives, methods and novelty of the research. The purpose of the research is to identify the historical and artistic preconditions for interpreting the image of Vasyl Vyshyvanyi in A. Zahaikevych’s opera (2021). The research based on the principle of historicism, the historical-biographical, historical-contextual, and comparative approaches are used. The novelty of the study lies in identificity of the unique artistic interpretation of the Vasyl Vyshyvanyi’s image in N. Sniadanko’s novel based on the romantic principle of mythologizing biography as a sourse of the libretto of A. Zahaikevych’s opera. Results and conclusion. A comprehensive analysis of N. Sniadanko’s novel demonstrates that understanding Vasyl Vyshyvanyi’s phenomenon in modern Ukrainian literature occurs through the lens of mythologizing historical events and personalities. This approach is entirely valid, as Vyshyvanyi’s name has entered the pantheon of Ukrainian heroes. The metaphorical richness inherent in Sniadanko’s novel also manifests significantly in the libretto of the opera, transforming the latter into an “opera-novel” with several plans of action and romanticizing of the protagonist. Mythologizing, romanticizing, and psychological trends enhance the cinematic quality of S. Zhadan’s libretto, so A. Zahaikevych’s opera is perceived less as a drama (à la Wagner) and more as a novel. N. Sniadanko’s extensive use of artistic fiction in depicting V. Vyshyvanyi’s image becomes apparent when comparing her fictional character with the historical prototype presented in T. Snyder’s documentary book “The Red Prince” (2008). Understanding the “pathways” taken by Sniadanko and Snyder regarding the controversial events of the early 21st century reveals their influence on the composer’s interpretation of the opera’s main character – Wilhelm Habsburg.

The purpose of the study is to conduct a historiographical and historical analysis of scientific approaches regarding the evolution of the regulation of trade practices of the Hetmanate in the conditions of its political dependence. The research methodology is based on the principle of historicism, interdisciplinary, systematic and scientific principles. The following general historical methods have been used: historiographic, historical-genetic, and comparative analysis. Ideas about the dominance of political and security components before the formation of the legal circle are crystallized and the possibilities of taking into account the opinion of the Ukrainian administration regarding foreign trade are outlined on the basis of the analysis of historical and historiographical sources. Based on the analysis of historical and historiographical sources, it can be stated that the government structures of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the All-Russian Empire set themselves the goal to gain complete control over foreign trade and customs affairs of the Hetmanate together with the elimination of its political autonomy. Law was used to justify force, coercion. The interests of ethnic or social groups became the reason for applying exceptions. Mockery over the essence of law-making of the Moscow state formed a style, the slogan of which was «people’s welfare». The desperation of the Ukrainian business community and the Cossack self-governing structures led to the unity of the merchant community around the search for precautionary measures that would protect against the abuses of state and state institutions. In the era of the «golden autumn» of the Cossack Hetmanate, the Cossack elite concentrated on fighting the «true plague of merchants», offering society a program of self-implementation in the economic sphere.

The purpose of the article is to clarify the factors that determined the status of abbots of the biggest Kyiv friaries in the XIXth – at the beginning of the XX-th. On the basis of the analysis of archival and published sources of the history of Kyiv eparchy the author shows that the abbots of official Kyiv monasteries, which were subordinated to the Kyiv metropolitan, were vicar bishops (deputies and assistants of Kyiv metropolitan), rector of Kyiv Theological Academy and rector of the seminary. Research methodology is based on the combination of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-systemic, historical-genetic) methods with the principles of historicism, systematics and scientificity. The method of historical reconstruction made it possible to formulate a holistic view of the abbots of the biggest Kyiv friaries from the scattered facts, who had clearly regulated responsibilities in the monastery and in the management of Kyiv eparchy. The scientific novelty of the work is that using modern methodology of scientific analysis the author shows the components of the high status of the abbots of official Kyiv monasteries, who at the same time performed duties in the structure of diocesan administration. New historical sources are being introduced into scientific circulation, which will supplement the source base of the history of Kyiv eparchy of the XIX – early XX centuries. Conclusions. The analysis of known and newly discovered historical sources made it possible to conclude that official Kyiv friaries, which existed in the XIX – early XX centuries, were in the subordination of metropolitan, had leaders of clergy of high social status. Their abbots, in addition to the duties of managing the monastery, held positions in the diocesan administration: they were the first, second, third, fourth vicars of Kyiv eparchy, the rector of Kyiv Theological Academy and the rector of a theological seminary. The status of abbots of Kyiv monasteries was determined by several components: a legal regulation of rights and responsibilities, clearly defined requirements for candidates for abbot positions, the class of monastery, which meant the amount of its state funding, the size of the monastery property. Sources contain information that with the high status of the position, high salary and material wealth of the monasteries subordinate to them, the abbots of the Kyiv Orthodox monasteries were a model of the ideals of monastic life.

The relevance of studying advertisement as a historical source on the history of entrepreneurship is due to the interest of researchers in the economic history of pre-revolutionary Russia, expansion of the research field and the source base on the topic under study. The purpose of this article is to identify historical information on the history of business development in Samara governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX century, contained in advertisements. Materials and methods. The materials used in writing this article were advertisements published in periodicals and reference publications of Samara governorate. The research is based on the principles of historicism, multifactority and objectivity. During the research, the methods of comparative analysis and systematization were used. The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that in regional historiography, it is the first time that the analysis of advertisement as a historical source on the problem of local business functioning is given. Research results. The article analyzes advertising in periodicals and reference publications of Samara governorate in the 1850s and 1910s as a historical source on the history of regional entrepreneurship. The interrelation between the formation of the advertising business and commercial and industrial entrepreneurship is revealed. It is proved that three stages should be distinguished in advertising evolution: the 1850s–1870s; the 1880s–1890s; the 1890s–1910s. The changes in the pricing policy of newspaper editorial offices and its impact on the number of published ads are traced; the directions and forms of entrepreneurial practices presented in advertising are reflected; facts about the growing interest of nonresident entrepreneurs in Samara market are presented, the uniqueness of advertisements published in the reference edition «List of Populated Places» is established. Conclusions. The analysis of advertisements for the period from 1850s to 1910s contributed to identifying valuable historical information on the formation and development of entrepreneurial practices in Samara governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries: information was obtained on geographical location of commercial and industrial facilities, the social composition of entrepreneurs, changes in market conditions and reflection of the process of the economic and socio-cultural space formation of the region.

Мета дослідження – проаналізувати та опублікувати поборовий реєстр Дрогобциького староства 1511 р. як історичне джерело. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на принципі історизму та джерелознавчих методах, зокрема методі внутрішньої критики джерел, а також на вимогах археографії. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає у тому, що вперше в історичній науці публікується поборовий реєстр Дрогобицького повіту 1511 року й аналізується як історичне джерело. Висновки. Отже, поборовий реєстр Перемишльської і Сяноцької земель 1511 р. зберігається у фонді “Archiwum Skarbu Koronnego” Головного Архіву давніх актів у Варшаві. Він увійшов до так званої “Księgi Poborowej”, котра поза тим містить інші поборові реєстри та фіскально-звітні документи за період з 1501 по 1589 р. Поява цього документу пов’язана з нападами татар і волохів (молдаван), що спонукала королівський уряд збирати податки для військового захисту підвладних територій. З огляду на це вальний Сейм в Пйотркові 7 лютого 1511 р. ухвалив збирання державного побору (“contributio publicarum”), який, по суті, був продовженням “вярдункового” побору (“contributio fertonum”), але мав збиратися впродовж двох років. Збирачем цього податку у Руському воєводстві був шляхтич Добеслав Хмелецький. Під час збирання побору здійснювалася письмова фіксація його розмірів та господарських “одиниць”, які виступали платниками: лани (селянські господарства, містилися на такій умовній одиниці виміру землі як дворище (лан), котре займало від 22 до 40 і більше гектарів орної землі і лук), млини, корчми, попівства. З поборового реєстру випливає, що в Дрогобицькому повіті, крім передмістя Дрогобича, було 40 сіл. Вони займали 328 ланів і півлану (з них королівських – 150 ланів, шляхетських – 178 і півлану). На території повіту на той час діяло 12 корчем, серед них і одна корчма-пивоварня. У реєстрі 1511 р. зафіксовано 15 млинів, з них 8 були вальниками (фолюшами), а також 25 попівств, що дає підстави говорити про існування такої ж кількості православних парафій Перемишльської єпархії Київської православної митрополії. Загальна кількість зібраних 1511 р. податків із поселень Дрогобицького повіту становила понад 164 марки (гривні). Ключові слова: поборовий реєстр, Перемишльська земля, Дрогобицький повіт, ДобеславХмелецький, дворище (лан), корчма, млин, попівство.

The work aims to study the formation of a system of ideological influence on the Izmail region’s population in 1944–1945. Based on archival sources and materials of the regional press, the tasks of agitation and propaganda activities, the general forms and methods used by the Communist Party to spread ideology among the population of the annexed region were revealed. The author paid particular attention to determining the role of the regional party leadership in managing and conducting agitation and propaganda. The methodology. The study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, systematics, specificity, and reliance on historical sources. With the aid of the historical-typological method, it was possible to determine the main tasks, forms, and methods of agitation and propaganda. The historical-comparative method opens the way to reveal the peculiarities of ideological work with various categories of the citizens and to determine the specific features of the Communist Party’s agitation and propaganda activities in the Izmail region. The application of historical-systemic and historical-genetic methods contributed to the consideration of various measures to ideologize the population in co-relation, to identify the causal links between the methods and results of propaganda policy. The scientific novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of agitation and propaganda activities in the Izmail region after the territory was returned to the USSR has been carried out. The conclusions. The analysis of the party documentation of the Izmail regional committee of the Communist Party gives reason to assume that immediately after the region returned to the USSR, the Soviet leadership launched active information and propaganda activities among the population. During 1944–1945, a network of agitation teams, groups of lecturers and speakers was formed to spread communist ideology among various segments of the population, a system of party propaganda bodies was created, events to celebrate new Soviet holidays were organized, and radio broadcasting and adaptation for the cinema were organized. The media, cultural and educational institutions, Komsomol organizations, and pioneers played a significant role in propaganda activities. Propaganda and agitation departments established at the region, city, and district committees of the Communist Party were constantly monitoring the ideological activity progress.

The article explores the diaries of the Kyivan Metropolitan Serapion (Alexandrovsky) as a historical source, written by him in 1804-1824. They serve as one of the main sources for studying the development of church building in Kyiv at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These diaries were studied by historians in the nineteenth century, but were only partially published. At the same time, they retain a significant amount of information related to the daily life of the city, the status of certain church monuments, church building, etc. Metropolitan paid particular attention in his diaries to the state and development of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery. During 1803-1822, Serapion (Alexandrovsky) (1747-1824) served as Metropolitan of Kyiv. He simultaneously performed the functions of the archimandrite of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. Historians paid him little attention to him. About him wrote E. Bolkhovitinov, V. Askochenski, Ph. Ternovsky, V. Ikonnikov, D. Blazheiovsky and others. After Serapion's death, there were a few tabs of personal diaries. In them, the Metropolitan recorded his daily activities and impressions of the events that took place with him and around him. His diaries were the subject of scientific research in the nineteenth century. The greatest interest is the information concerning the state of Lavra caves in the early nineteenth century. These are the records of the Metropolitan on emergency situations and the elimination of their consequences. Emergency situations on long caves obviously did not arise. Information about the temples over the caves tells about the construction works, and only occasionally - in connection with other events or situations. The diaries also contain curious information about the caves. Metropolitan Serapion can also be considered the first tour guide in Kyiv. Lavra caves appear in diaries as one of the main locations of Kyiv as a city. And to this day they still remain unexplored. They are stored at the Institute of Manuscripts of the Central Scientific Library National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine of V.I. Vernadsky. Especially a lot of space in the recordings was given under the description of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. Often in these messages are mentioned from different sides and Lavra caves.The study distinguishes three types of information about the caves: a description of their condition, a description of temples over them and information of a tangential nature. There is a special interest Metropolitan Serapion in the caves. Indicates the variability of the information recorded in his diaries. Emphasizes its religious character. At the same time, it is noted that the caves were an important geographical location of the life of the population of the city of Kyiv. The purpose of the study is to introduce new information on the history of the caves of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery to the scientific circulation. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, science, concreteness, comprehensiveness and objectivity.

Introduction. The concept of “mechanism” is widely used in modern economic research. The mechanism of staffing is a set of forms and methods of forming the necessary quantitative and qualitative composition of the organization’s personnel. The purpose of the article is to identify the mechanism of staffing used in the period 1946–1950 at the enterprises of heavy and defense industry, to disclose the industry specifics of its implementation. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the modernization historical paradigm. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism and objectivity. Work with historical sources was carried out through general scientific and historical methods. Results and Discussion. The mechanisms of solving personnel problems used at defense and heavy industry enterprises aimed at replenishing the workforce (transfer of employees, training of specialists in educational institutions, voluntary hiring, mobilization, use of labor of a special agent (prisoners, special settlers, prisoners of war)), securing personnel at enterprises (administrative and legal regulation and control of labor discipline, financial incentives for employees). Conclusion. The industry specifics consisted in a higher intensity of application of positive (benefits, financial incentives for employees) and negative (administrative coercion, control of labor discipline) forms of staffing at enterprises of priority industry objects. The use of mobilization tools made it possible to overcome the personnel shortage, accumulate labor resources for the development of priority industries.

The article deals with the phenomenon of the Mongolian People’s Revolution of 1921 and its significance for the social transformations of the Mongolian society. The revolution had unique features that reflected historical features, and, at the same time, had properties similar to other types of sociocultural changes. The people’s revolution of 1921 at the initial stage of its development belonged to the world of ideas, represented a phenomenon that was more speculative, but under the influence of internal and external factors, it acquired empirical features. In the course of deepening social transformations, it gradually turned into a phenomenon and began to represent an exceptional phenomenon, especially in terms of eliminating the feudal system and gaining international recognition. We see the reflection of all these ideas in the writings of many Mongolian and Soviet historians. His Works Academician Bazaryn Shirendyb, Doctor of Historical Scienc, on the topic of revolution are recognized as fundamental. The article reflects the main points of the revolutionary process, their characteristics and significance for the Mongolian people. The tasks of the revolution are touched upon, the democratic transformations of the People’s Government during the period of the formation of people’s power and its role in strengthening the national independence of the country are disclosed in detail. The author of the article used general scientific (analysis, information collection, synthesis, extrapolation) and special methods (comparative, typological, periodization method). Moreover, to understand the sequence of revolutionary events, the historical-genetic method was used based on the principles of historicism, consistency and reliance on historical sources. The theme of the revolution remains relevant and attracts new researchers. We study the historical path followed by Mongolia in the XX century as an exceptional phenomenon.

Summary. In Ukrainian schools and high schools very little attention is paid to the methodological components of Geoinformatics and teaching methods using historical maps in GIS (geographic information systems). The purpose of the research is to show how GIS can be used in teaching local history. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, system-formation, scientific character, verification, the author’s objectivity, moderated narrative constructivism, and the use of general scientific and specially-historical methods. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the creation and use of information maps in GIS with regard to the history of Germans and Mennonites of the Zaporizhzhia oblast, as a basic cartographic material for training courses in local history. Such maps show the territory of Southern Ukraine in relation to various ethnic groups and faiths. In particular, Mennonites and ethnic Germans, who made a huge contribution to the cultural and economic development of the region and left a significant layer of cultural heritage. The maps findings presented in this article are parts of a large database of historical sources, and have already partially become the basis of such courses of local history as "History of the Zaporizhzhia oblast", "Historical Local History" at Melitopol State Pedagogical University. With the help of GIS maps, various primary historical sources (statistical, cartographic, etc.) come to the forefront and allow the study of local territorial units. The article will demonstrate the GIS maps of 27 German settlements of Molochna German settlements (Prishibskaya volost) for a certain time period. Conclusions. The use of historical GIS technologies contributes to the formation of such students’ skills as read the information on the historical maps; search for objects or information by given parameters, for example, by name; carry out calculations on digital maps; to form the spatial thinking of students, demonstrating the historical objects in three dimensions; create digital maps by own, especially based on the results of student observations.

Introduction. One of the methods of restoring the economy destroyed by the war and eliminating the economic consequences of the war was socialist competition. The purpose of the work: to characterize the policy of socialist competitions in Soviet urban society, to analyze the volume of bonus payments in various industries, to identify their dynamics that occurred in the second half of the 1940s. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the modernization historical paradigm. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism and objectivity. Work with historical sources was carried out through general scientific and historical methods. Results and Discussion. The organizational mechanisms of socialist competitions are considered, bonus payments for victory at enterprises of various industries are analyzed. It was revealed that the largest payments and the number of bonuses for winning the All-Union socialist competition were recorded at the enterprises of the Ministry of Railways, enterprises and construction sites of the coal industry, electrical industry. The size of individual bonuses of workers varied depending on the industry, the status of the competition, the position of the employee. In 1948, the prizes for winning the socialist competition were reduced by 50 %. Conclusion. Socialist competition, as a practical method of intensifying production and increasing labor productivity, in the post-war years demonstrated its effectiveness and efficiency in solving economic problems facing the state.