СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СТРУКТУРНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ В ОТРАСЛИ ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА

In the conditions of the increase in the cost of feed and energy resources, the development of sheep and goat breeding is becoming more and more relevant in Ukraine to ensure the population's food needs and increase the export potential of animal husbandry in general. The article describes the results of a statistical data study for 2010-2021 regarding the state and main trends in sheep and goat breeding development in the Carpathian Economic Region of Ukraine. An analysis of the dynamics of sheep and goat breeding in farms of all categories in terms of live weight by regions of the region, the number of sold livestock for slaughter, sales volumes, the number of sheep in farms of all categories, the volume of lamb and goat meat production, as well as the volume of wool production was carried out. The specific weight of each oblast of the region in the number of livestock and the volume of sheep and goat breeding was determined. Based on the study of statistical data, the amount of sheep and goat breeding per person in the regions of the Carpathian region of Ukraine, as well as the productivity of animal breeding, was determined. It was established that the population of sheep and goats in Ukraine and the regions of the Carpathian region increased by 11.5% during the studied period. The highest growth dynamics were observed in Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. Accordingly, the volume of breeding and sales of sheep and goats increased. However, wool production in the Carpathian region decreased by 26% during the studied period. The largest share of the population, the amount of sheep and goats that grew and sold in the region, is concentrated in the farms of the Transcarpathian region - about 66-70%. A relatively high level of the ratio of the volume of cultivation to the number of sheep and goats is observed in the farms of the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. According to the study's results, the highest level of marketability was determined in the farms of the Transcarpathian region. Based on the analysis of the indicators of the development of sheep and goat breeding in the regions of the Carpathian region of Ukraine, a set of organizational and economic measures regarding the growth of livestock and the volume of sheep and goat breeding in the farms of the region is proposed and substantiated.

This study examined early lambing-kidding, prolificacy and twinning in Nigerian breeds of sheep and goat using questionnaire administered by enumerators. Sheep and goat farmers in the study area were interviewed. At the time of the study, Nigeria had only 21 States plus the Federal Capital Territory, with each States having different number of local government areas. A total of four hundred forty nine (449) Local Government Areas were used in this survey. Five villages were randomly sampled from each Local Government Area and five questionnaires were administered to five randomly selected farmers in each village. Some breeds of sheep like Yankasa, Uda and Balami were frequent among the states in the north. Red Sokoto and sahel goat were frequent among the states in the north.The Red Sokoto goat (4.43%) kid earliest than WAD goat (4.29 %) and Sahel goat (2.01%). WAD sheep (7.18%) was found to be most prolific, followed by Balami (5.17%) and Yankasa (3.88%) while it was lower in Uda (3.45%).The Sahel goat (5.49%) was the most prolific, followed by WAD (4.64%) and Red Sokoto goat (3.86%). Among the breeds of sheep, WAD sheep had more occurrence of twinning (6.82%) than the other breeds of sheep – Uda (2.57%), Yankasa (2.55%) and was very low in Balami sheep (1.21%).With the breeds of goat, WAD goat (3.31%) had more occurrence of twinning followed by Red Sokoto (2.88%), while Sahel goat had the lowest occurrence of twinning (1.14%).From this study, a successful breeding programme and plan could be made where selection is carried out among these breeds to increase the frequency of these desired traits in Yankasa, WAD sheep and Red Sokoto, Sahel, WAD goat. There is a need for a repeat of this work in this year 2016, where results obtained can be compared with the results obtained in this study.Key words: Breeds, Kidding, lambing, prolificacy, twinning.

The aim of the study is to identify and substantiate the breed of sheep and goats for collecting milk for the purpose of producing yogurt. The milk of 14 breeds of sheep and 10 breeds of goats was considered for the production of yogurt. A statistical analysis is given and the choice of breed of goats and sheep for the selection of milk for the production of live yogurt is substantiated. Live yogurt is a product with live microorganisms for 14 days, in this case, the viability of bacteria is 28 days when stored in refrigerated conditions, in plastic cups sealed with a foil lid, using special equipment. Probiotics stimulate the production of immunomodulatory substances by beneficial intestinal microflora, as well as normalize cholesterol and glucose levels in the blood, bind and remove some toxic substances from the body. Research in this direction will open up many hidden potentials of fermented milk products based on sheep and goat milk and live microorganisms. There are prerequisites for the creation of new original recipes for functional dairy products and these studies are of the greatest scientific interest. The laboratories of the Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry also used their own living microorganisms – probiotics for the preparation of consortiums based on lactic acid and bifidobacteria. Milk was collected from 10 ewes and goats from each breed from June to August 2021. Milk sampling was carried out in the morning milking. Milk indicators were studied using standard methods in the laboratory "Biotechnology, quality and safety of food products" of the "Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry" LLP.

The objective of this study was to characterize the milk yield (MY) and milk composition of relevant sheep and goat breeds raised around the world to be used with nutrition models for diet formulation and nutrient balancing. A 2-step approach was used. First, a database developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used to identify relevant breeds (i.e., frequently raised) by comparing the occurrence of transboundary breed names across countries. We selected transboundary breeds that occurred more than 3 times and other relevant breeds obtained from the specialized literature that had milk production information (e.g., MY, days in milk, and milk fat, protein, and lactose). The majority of sheep breeds were classified as nondairy (76%) because they lacked milk production information. Karakul and Merino accounted for up to 2.4% of sheep breeds raised around the world, whereas the other individual breeds accounted for less than 1%. In contrast, nondairy breeds of goats accounted for 46.3% and of the remaining 53.7%, Saanen, Boer, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted for 6.5, 5, 4.4, 4, and 3%, respectively, of the transboundary breeds. Second, a database compiled from published studies for the selected sheep (n = 65) and goats (n = 78) breeds were analyzed using a random coefficients model (studies and treatments within studies as random effects). For sheep breeds, the average and SD were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, 6.9 ± 1% for milk fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± 0.3% for milk lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, and 1,073 ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the greatest MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 versus 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P < 0.05), but milk components were not different among breeds. For goats breeds, the average and SD across breeds were 1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, 12.7 ± 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg of milk energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 versus 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P > 0.05), but greater (P < 0.05) than other breeds. The Boer breed had the greatest milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than several other breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy content (907 kcal/kg). Because there are many factors that can alter MY and milk composition, averages provided in this study serve as guidelines, and nutritionists must obtain observed values when using nutrition models.

Based on the study of literary sources, the authors proposed their own vision of the essence of the concept of “resource potential” as a set of resources involved in the production process, which create the potential for production of products and achievement of strategic goals of the enterprise. The article notes that land resources are the main component of resource potential for an agricultural enterprise; material resources, such as seeds, fertilizers, plant and animal protection products, etc.; technical and technological resources; labor resources; financial resources; information resources. It was concluded that the optimal use of the specified resources can ensure high product quality, reduce production costs, increase the productivity of resources and labor, and increase profitability in general. In addition, the rational use of material resources can contribute to the preservation of the environment and the sustainable development of the agro-industrial sector. The level of rational use of resources, first of all, allows you to optimize costs, reduce production costs, which in turn contributes to increasing competitiveness in the market. From the entire set of specified components of the resource potential, the article pays attention to the analysis of such components as technical resources and material resources, which are represented by fixed assets and circulating assets. Data from one of the agricultural enterprises of the Sumy region were used for the analysis. In the course of the analysis, it was established that the technical condition of the fixed assets significantly deteriorated in the analyzed company during the period of the study, and the level of efficiency of the use of both fixed and working assets decreased. It was noted that the results of the analysis are the basis for making management decisions to reduce cost, increase profitability, increase the level of financial stability of the enterprise, reduce the risk of bankruptcy and increase the efficiency of using the specified components of the resource potential. A model of the main directions of influence of the effective use of fixed and working capital on the competitiveness of the enterprise has been developed. The main directions are: increasing productivity, reducing costs, innovations in improving the quality of fixed and working capital, and increasing flexibility.

Circulation of small ruminant lentivirus in endangered goat and sheep breeds of Southern Italy

The population of sheep and goats has significantly decreased during the last few years. The aim of this study is to identify opportunities for an improvement of the support of this part of livestock farming.A questionnaire was developed in cooperation with the Hessian Sheep Breeders' Association and the Hessian Goat Breeders' Association to record the situation of sheep and goat farming in Hesse. The survey was made publicly available online and sent to livestock farmers in written form.112 sheep farmers and 66 goat farmers participated in the survey. Most small ruminants are kept on small farms (median herd size sheep: 35.5 animals (deviation±74.8); median herd size goats: 14.5 animals (deviation±25.4)). The majority of farms keep the animals as a hobby or as a side business. It is noticeable that numerous breeds that are kept face the threat of extinction. A significant proportion of farms wants to increase their number of animals (sheep farmers 23.4%; goat farmers: 28%). The three most important uses are the production of meat, landscape management as well as the sale of the animals. Milk and wool production only play a minor role. Direct marketing of products is the most important sales channel. The most common obstacles in marketing are the lack of regional slaughter and marketing possibilities as well as marketing problems.Based on the survey of sheep and goat farmers, obstacles and opportunities for the targeted promotion of small ruminant husbandry were identified.The survey of sheep and goat farmers shows that hobby farming plays a major role for these animal species. This creates a new field of activity for veterinarians, in which the treatment individual animals is the focus of interest.

Meat quality of designated South African indigenous goat and sheep breeds

The objectives of the current research were: (i) to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of the LGB gene in the sheep and goat breeds reared in Eastern Europe; (ii) to implement a comparative study in order to evaluate the milk production potential and efficiency of the main sheep and goat dairy breeds reared in Romania; (iii) to test the genetic basis and feasibility of introducing the molecular-marker assisted selection for this trait into future breeding schemes designed for small ruminants. Totally 731 purebred unrelated sheep (Turcana: 111, Racka: 98, Tsigai: 79, Karakul of Botosani: 60, Transylvanian Merino: 77) and goats (Carpatina: 82, Banat’s White: 73, Saanen: 74, French Alpine: 77) were sampled and genotyped for the earlier detected alleles. The frequencies of A (0.44–0.53) and B (0.42–0.51) alleles of LGB gene were generally equal, while the C allele incidence was significantly lower for all sheep breeds studied. A relatively low or missing incidence of the C allele and no BC genotype were detected in the studied sheep breeds. All studied sheep breeds were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Gene homozygosity was lower than gene heterozygosity, with the effective allele numbers ranging from 2.00 (Transylvanian Merino) to 2.23 (Tsigai). Two alleles (A and B) and two genotypes (AA and AB) were detected in the four goat breeds studied. Allele A was the most frequent allele found in all breeds (0.57–0.68), while AB genotype had the highest frequency. Gene homozygosity was higher than gene heterozygosity, while the effective allele numbers varied between 1.76 (Banat’s White) and 1.96 (Carpatina). The frequency of alleles and genotypes was similar to that reported in other Eastern sheep and goat breeds, however polymorphism has not been studied yet among these breeds in such a high number in Romania. An association study between single nucleotide polymorphisms and milk production traits should follow.

Caprine/ovine enterovirus (CEV/OEV) infection is an emerging disease and remains largely unknown for its infection distribution, epidemic pattern, and the underlying contribution factors. Here, we report the investigation on CEV/OEV infection pattern and the underlying contribution factors by employing a sandwich ELISA kit for detection of CEV/OEV antigen. Epidemiological investigation revealed a wide range of infection rates of CEV/OEV from 19.80%−39.00% on goat/sheep farms in the major goat/sheep-raising provinces as such Henan, Shandong, Ningxia, Jilin, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, and Xinjiang autonomous region in China. Epidemic patterns and infection rates for CEV/OEV were affected by the breeds, raising mode, regions, and seasons. CEV/OEV infection rates were varied in different regions in China and significantly higher in the diarrheal herds (40.30%) than these in non-diarrheal herds (13.83%). Moreover, infection rate was higher in sheep (24.59%) than that in goats (9.84%), even dramatic difference among different breeds of goat or sheep. Out of different breeds of goat, Boer (20.13%) had the highest infection rate, followed by local breed (5.62%) and Saanen (2.61%). Among these breeds of sheep, higher infection rates were detected in local breed sheep (42.86%) and small-tailed Han sheep (35.91%) than these of Hu sheep (13.41%) and Dorper sheep (16.34%). Furthermore, raising modes were showed to contribute to the infection rate, where higher rates were detected among goats/sheep in captivity (27.10%) than these in free-range (12.27%) and semi-free range (19.24%). Additionally, CEV/OEV infection rate had obvious seasonality, while they increased from year 2015 to 2019. In summary, we investigated the CEV/OEV infection among the goat/sheep herds from different regions in China, revealed the epidemic pattern and the contribution factors to the infection, which provided the epidemiological data for future prevention and control of this emerging infection.

Breeds of sheep and goats

Genetic relationship among Mongolian native goat populations estimated by blood protein polymorphism

Introduction. The analysis of the causes of environmental offenses on the part of military personnel in terms of violating the requirements of environmental legislation allows us to assert that the ability to perform organizational, managerial, production and technical measures for the rational use of resources should be formed during training at a military university. The relevance of this work is associated with the insufficient implementation of the didactic principle of the connection between the theoretical foundations of military ecology taught at the university and practical situations of military service that require the implementation of measures to ensure environmental safety.Problem statement. In this regard, there is a need to improve the methods of teaching applied aspects of military ecology in the management of natural resource and environmental relations by forming the environmental component of military-oriented professional competencies. The purpose of this article is to develop and present a methodological approach to the formation of a system of generalized knowledge and skills among cadets as the basis of the environmental component of military-oriented professional competencies in terms of conducting rational use measures. The achievement of this goal is possible on the basis of the implementation of the principles of environmental management and the psychological and pedagogical foundations of the ecologization of professional education. The expected result of the implementation of the methodology is an increase in the rational nature management culture.Methodology of the study. During the preparation of the article methods of generalization (of pedagogical experience and experience of military specialists) and modeling in the course of determining educational strategies were used, and a pedagogical experiment was also conducted, including checking the formation of cognitive, affective and behavioral components of the culture of rational use of resources. Results. The article defines the components of the culture of rational use of resources that underlie the created competencies; presents a model for the implementation of the principles of environmental management on the example of the formation of methods of rational use of water resources; provides examples of the implementation of content-activity relationships in the educational process of a military university; justifies the criteria and presents the formulations of tasks for assessing the quality of achieving an educational result; describes the results of the first year of implementing the methodology in educational practice.Conclusion. The materials of the article may be of interest both for scientific and pedagogical staff of military universities, as well as for graduate students and undergraduates studying in pedagogical specialties.

Influence of the concentration and nature of total dissolved solids in brackish groundwater on water intake, nutrient utilization, energy metabolism, ruminal fermentation, and blood constituents in different breeds of mature goats and sheep

Across and within breed differences in the relationship between packed cell volume and fecal egg count in growing meat goat and hair sheep males naturally and artificially infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.