Эстетика французского классицизма: между нормой и свободой

The Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) contains a group of state-of-the-art climate models and represents the highest level of climate simulation thus far. However, these models significantly overestimated global mean surface temperature (GMST) during 2006–2014. Based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, the long term change of the observed GMST time series of HadCRUT4 records during 1850–2014 was analyzed, then the simulated GMST by 33 CMIP5 climate models was assessed. The possible reason that climate models failed to project the recent global warming hiatus was revealed. Results show that during 1850–2014 the GMST on a centennial timescale rose with fluctuation, dominated by the secular trend and the multi-decadal variability (MDV). The secular trend was relatively steady beginning in the early 20th century, with an average warming rate of 0.0883°C/decade over the last 50 years. While the MDV (with a ~65-year cycle) showed 2.5 multi-decadal waves during 1850–2014, which deepened and steepened with time, the alarming warming over the last quarter of the 20th century was a result of the concurrence of the secular warming trend and the warming phase of the MDV, both of which accounted one third of the temperature increase during 1975–1998. Recently the slowdown of global warming emerged as the MDV approached its third peak, leading to a reduction in the warming rate. A comparative analysis between the GMST time series derived from HadCRUT4 records and 33 CMIP5 model outputs reveals that the GMSTs during the historical simulation period of 1850–2005 can be reproduced well by models, especially on the accelerated global warming over the last quarter of 20th century. However, the projected GMSTs and their linear trends during 2006–2014 under the RCP4.5 scenario were significantly higher than observed. This is because the CMIP5 models confused the MDV with secular trend underlying the GMST time series, which results in a fast secular trend and an improper MDV with irregular phases and small amplitudes. This implies that the role of atmospheric CO2 in global warming may be overestimated, while the MDV which is an interior oscillation of the climate system may be underestimated, which should be related to insufficient understanding of key climatic internal dynamic processes. Our study puts forward an important criterion for the new generation of climate models: they should be able to simulate both the secular trend and the MDV of GMST.

Can rock music help us understand literature? Rock Music in American Fiction Writing, 1966-2011 argues that a close analysis of the rock music incorporated into a literary text–an investigation of the lyrics, a musicological exploration of the sounds and rhythms, a cultural-historical inquiry into the production and reception of a song–may yield exciting new insight into and expand our understanding of American literary production from the mid-20th century onwards. Reading major works by Joyce Carol Oates, Alice Walker, Don DeLillo, Jeffrey Eugenides, Sherman Alexie and Jennifer Egan from such a rock-musicological vantage point, Rock Music in American Fiction Writing adds a new dimension to recent work in American literary criticism by seeking to establish rock music as an analytical tool for literary investigation. The book concentrates on the way these literary artists have struggled to come to terms with the dichotomies inherent in rock music–its liberating and revolutionary impulses as well as its adherence to the bleakest laws of consumer capitalism–in their work. By combining a musicological with a literary analysis, Rock Music in American Fiction Writing highlights the crucial and complex role rock music has played in shaping the artistic outlook and cultural sensibilities of literary artists since the 1960s in America and beyond.

This paper describes the application of 3D digital technology to support the rebuild of lost decorative elements of an historical frame. The frame belongs to an 18th century painting depicting the portrait of D. José, Prince of Brazil, displayed at the National Palace of Queluz, Portugal. The application of digital technologies has been planned from the very beginning in order to avoid the traditional use of silicone in the reproduction of missing elements. The photogrammetric 3D acquisition, a non-contact methodology, has been used to reduce the manipulation and hence prevent further degradation of the artistic object. Following the 3D modelling operation, new decorative elements were made using an additive printing technology. In the final phase of the work, the post-printing treatment was carried out, in which aqueous products were used. 3D modelling, in addition to facilitate the restoration treatment of the historic frame, can also be useful in the creation of a digital collection of decorative frame elements, i.e. a virtual database.

This article recounts the brief history of the interpretation and reception of the novel “Taras Bulba” by European and American literary critics and historians in the 19th and 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to the first translation of the novel into French in 1845. In the second half of the 19th century, the novel was perceived both in France and England as a talented imitation of the Western literary classics (Homer, Rabelais, Hofmann, Balzac, Scott...). On the other hand, the writer’s name immediately became associated with a unique writing style and the creation of a picturesque and legendary image of the Cossacks. In the 20th century, at least two major historical and cultural approaches emerged to the study of the writer’s work — psychoanalysis and the national question. Since the late 1950s, following the work of H. McLean, many international scholars have analysed hidden erotic motifs both in the writer’s work in general and in the novel “Taras Bulba” in particular. Since the late 1960s, a major approach to the study of Gogol’s literary heritage, which still remains relevant today, is the consideration of the writer’s national identity and his affiliation with Russian and/or Ukrainian culture, history and literature. Today, Gogol’s multiple, hybrid, and fragmented identity is variously evaluated by researchers depending on their viewpoint and position.

Background Previous studies of secular change in cranial size among black South Africans have produced conflicting results. Aim We re-examined cranial size change in this population during the 19th and 20th century by evaluating its relationship with individual year-of-birth, and the significance of trends among eight decennial cohorts. Subjects and methods This study is based on 102 male and 89 female adults born between 1865 and 1959. Linear regressions were employed to evaluate possible relationships between year-of-birth and cranial dimensions; ANOVAs were used to evaluate the significance of long-term trends among decennial cohorts. Results No analysis revealed a secular change in cranial length in either sex; however, the ANOVA for cranial length in the combined sex sample was significant. There is no secular trend in female cranial breadth, but males display a negative trend in this dimension. This results in a secular trend for increased male dolichocephaly. Conclusions The factors that underlie the negative secular trend in male cranial breadth and the absence of a secular trend in overall cranial size in this population are unclear. Nevertheless, these observations accord with findings related to stature and long bone strength in this population and are consistent with observations for other sub-Saharan African populations.

Secular trends in mortality by stroke subtype in the 20th century: a retrospective analysis

This article presents a detailed study of the stately palace of the Villa Giusti-Puttini, a building that, over the centuries, has undergone repeated transformations since its construction in the first half of the 15th century. For the study of this palace, owned between the 15th and 17th centuries by one of the most important families in the city of Verona (Italy), the authors have followed a methodology covering indirect sources (documentary and bibliographical) as well as direct ones (the building and constructive techniques, architectural and decorative elements, murals, etc.). This study expands the information available on the building as well as expanding knowledge on the history of architecture of the Veneto villa as a defining architectural phenomenon in 16th- and 17th-century architecture whose extensive influence was still felt in the 19th century. The history compiled through this research also contributes to a renewed interpretation of the phenomenon, which is viewed as a process for the transformation and adaptation of a pre-existing building to fit the needs of any given period. This methodology, which could potentially facilitate the interpretation of similar buildings, and its combination of documentary, material, constructive, decorative, and cultural elements could constitute an example for the historical and architectural reading of buildings and are not merely limited to Renaissance buildings.

Age at menarche is one of the most important factors when observing growth and development. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal pattern in variability of menarcheal age for a historic Swiss population from the 19th and 20th centuries. Medical health records from the Bernese women's hospital (Switzerland) were analyzed. From 10,081 women of a historical Swiss population (born from 1815 to 1954), menarcheal age was calculated. A possible decline in average menarcheal age and variance and skewness were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics, generalized additive models, and correlation. Mean menarcheal age declined from 17.34 years (n = 358) around 1830 to 13.80 years (n = 141) around 1950. Within-cohort variance decreased from 7.5 to 2.1 year(2) . Skewness was negatively correlated with birth year (r = -0.58). This study provided evidence for a secular trend in various statistical parameters for age at menarche since the 19th century. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of temporal pattern in variability revealed that the secular trend in menarcheal age happened in two phases. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:705-713, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Statural growth is dependent on hereditary and environmental factors, i.e disease, nutrition. The improvement of socioeconomic conditions that took place during the 20th century resulted in a secular trend towards greater height and earlier sexual maturation. Greek society has changed dramatically from a mainly agricultural society at the beginning of the 20th century to a mainly urban one in the second half of the century, and during this period Greece became a developed country. The various studies examining the height of children living in Athens during this period show a gradual increase in the height of children, the difference of the mean height between 2001 and 1928 being 11.8 cm and 7.3 cm for 17 year old boys and girls, respectively. The difference in mean height was present at all ages. The difference in final height was mainly due to prepubertal growth. Girls at the age of 10 and boys at 11 years were about 8 cm taller in 2001 than in 1928. A growth study carried out on conscripts in 1990 found no significant difference in the height of males coming from urban or rural areas of the country, whereas such a difference was detected in 1968, rural men being significantly shorter than urban ones in 1968. There are only a few studies on the sexual maturation of Greek children. The available data suggest a secular trend towards earlier puberty in females; however, this can not be substantiated for males. Menarcheal age in Greek girls showed a positive secular change that is in agreement with the observed trend for earlier pubertal maturation in girls. In conclusion, Greek children in the 20th century experienced a positive secular trend in stature which also includes final height. A secular trend for earlier sexual maturation can be shown only for girls.

Reviewed by: Capital Fictions: The Literature of Latin America’s Export Age by Ericka Beckman Alejandro Mejías-López KEY WORDS Ericka Beckman, Alejandro Mejias-Lopez, Capital Fictions, Latin American Literature, Political Economy, Global Capitalism, Export Age, Export Reverie, Modernity, Modernization, Neocolonialism, Modernismo, José Martí, Rubén Darío, Julián Del Casal, José Asunción Silva, Julián Martel, José Enrique Rodó, José Eustasio Rivera, Gabriel García Márquez beckman, ericka. Capital Fictions: The Literature of Latin America’s Export Age. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2013. xxix + 254 pp. Traditional categories of literary periodization have been largely displaced as the main organizing principle of our thinking about 19th-century Latin American literature. Increasingly, we have come to read literary texts through conceptual lenses and frameworks from other disciplines, from anthropology and sociology to philosophy and political science. In this book, Ericka Beckman brings another discipline, political economy, to the table in an attempt to offer a new periodization for the turn of the 20th century (xxi). Building on Eric Hobsbawm (The Age of Capital) and Doris Sommer (Foundational Fictions), Beckman’s Capital Fictions: The Literature of Latin America’s Export Age encourages us to think Latin America’s cultural history and modernity on its own terms. Rather than passive (and premodern) objects of capitalism and empire, her focus on the “Export Age” presents Latin American liberals as subjects of the region’s modernization process, however flawed it ended up being, and Latin American writers as fully engaged in making sense of global economic dynamics through their writings. Beckman’s study aims to provide us with a model for understanding literature and economics as deeply interconnected. On the one hand, the avatars of capitalist global development in the late 19th century were not a mere context for literary texts, but central to even the most disinterested literature. On the other hand, [End Page 345] Beckman reminds us, following Karl Polanyi, that political economy’s “capacity to imagine worlds that do not yet exist” (xx) generate an abundance of fictions essential to the functioning of the capitalist machine. For Beckman, then, “capital fictions” are not only those produced about, but also by capitalism so that “when we turn to the study of specific texts and genres of the Export Age, the term acquires additional meaning in reference to works of the imagination whose value resides not so much in their truth or falsity, but rather in their capacity to seize on the fictitious dimension of capitalist economy itself” (xx). In this light, Latin American fictions are not external to, but rather function within the capitalist system. In her book, then, Beckman sets out to explore how modern capitalism and its fictions developed in the peripheries of the system according to their own concrete conditions. As she rightly puts it, “the idea that Latin America lies somehow outside of or anterior to modern capitalist formations is itself a ‘capital fiction,’ or fiction of the first order … the time has come, I think, to reposition this region’s cultural production at the vanguard, and not the rear guard, of the history of global capital” (xviii). The book begins with an introduction in which Beckman lays out the main argument and theoretical framework of the book, a new historicist and Marxist approach to cultural analysis. The subsequent two parts of the book, “Boom” and “Bust,” are meant to evoke “Latin American engagements with global capital as permanently volatile and uneven” (xxiii). According to Beckman, a focus on the Export Age is particularly helpful for illuminating these broader cycles, as this period was marked by both moments of hopeful utopian liberalism and dystopic moments of realization that the liberal modernizing dream would never come to pass, moments often provoked by actual economic crises. Part one, “Boom,” consists of two chapters organized around the directionality of commerce: production/export and consumption/import. In the first, and perhaps the best chapter of the book, Beckman does a remarkable job of analyzing, through a variety of literary and nonliterary texts, how capitalist fictions of modernization worked in Latin America. Placing them in the context of dominant economic theories such as David Ricardo’s influential model...

By applying the theoretical concepts of ‘discourse’ and ‘mental schema’ to textual analysis, the author presents an innovative analysis of important Spanish novels and essays from the recent past, focusing on the relationship between literary text and collective knowledge. Considering aspects such as power, memory, modernisation, etc., he brings to light contextual references between literary and non-literary contemporary texts and consequent correlations between literary and social developments. This volume is aimed primarily at literary and cultural scholars. Horst Rien, born in 1948, is a Romance scholar who has taught at the universities of Göttingen and Hamburg. His research focuses on Spanish and French literature from the 18th and 20th centuries.

Literary texts deal with ethically highly relevant topics such as violence, the climate crisis or animal welfare, they deal with historical and political events and discuss developments in medicine, etc. If one follows the current social debate about autonomy, which is being conducted particularly in the art discourse, then such texts would be considered post-autonomous insofar as they supposedly overcome the historical principle of aesthetic autonomy and link their autonomy directly to the aesthetic treatment of social issues. But where is the line between social responsibility and aesthetic autonomy? In the following, instead of autonomy and post-autonomy as binarism, an attempt is made to start from perspective structures in literary texts that make the relative degree of autonomy determinable by describing them as aesthetic and/ or ethical. With recourse to the classical concept of autonomy (Moritz, Schiller) and Kant's deontological ethics, autonomy is developed as a relative category and transferred into a concept of perspectival autonomy. In the 18th century, aesthetic autonomy, also insofar as it is based on sensualist premises and thus places emphasis on sensory perception, cannot be separated from the constitution of the human being as an individual. If equal weight is given to the aesthetic and the ethical side when analyzing literary texts, perspective structures can be observed in literary texts that are to be made fruitful in the following as perspectives of autonomy for the discourse on the limits and possibilities of literature. The focus here is neither on the relationship between content (socially heteronomous) on the one hand and (aesthetically autonomous) form on the other, nor on the levels of production, object and reception, but rather on a conceptualization of autonomy from the end of the 18th century to the current debates on the (post-)autonomy of art between ethics and aesthetics. If an ethical perspective of aesthetic autonomy is sought, this does not call into question the fact that, firstly, literature is always connected to the ›world‹ and, secondly, this connection is also possible without concrete content specifications, because, thirdly, literature has a ›poetic function‹ (Jakobson) to which moral or political intentions are subordinate. However, since external and self-references,

Secular changes in transverse dental arch dimensions and dental arch depth were studied. Four cohorts with mixed dentitions were selected. The skull group comprised 48 skulls dating from the 14th to the 19th century and belonging to The Schreiner Collection at the Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo. The 1980s Sami group was comprised of 39 boys and 34 girls born in 1987 and living in the northern part of Norway. The 1960s Oslo group was comprised of 31 boys and 30 girls born in 1963 and living in the southern part of Norway. The 1980s Oslo group was comprised of 32 boys and 26 girls born in 1983 and living in the same area in southern Norway as the previous Oslo group. Sex was unknown in the skeletal sample, and the groups were analyzed with the sexes pooled; separate descriptive values are presented for the modern groups. The mandibular intercanine distance was smaller in the skulls compared with the modern groups. The transverse intermaxillary difference between the molars was larger in the skull group than in the 1980s Oslo group. The difference between the maxillary and mandibular intercanine distances was larger in the skulls compared with the modern groups, although the small number of measurements in the skull group impeded further analysis. The arch depth was smaller in the skull group compared with the modern groups; the 1960s Oslo group deviated because of a higher prevalence of caries in the second deciduous molars. The overjet was smaller among the skulls. The arch form measured as the angle between the left and right molar tooth rows was more acute in the skulls than in the modern groups. It was concluded that smaller arch depths are found in skeletal samples at early ages and that attrition does not explain the more upright incisors found in skeletal samples. A secular trend was found in the intermaxillary relation, which indicated that children in the 1980s Oslo group were at greater risk of developing a posterior cross-bite than children born in the 14th to 19th centuries.

Lessons from large population studies on timing and tempo of puberty (secular trends and relation to body size): The European trend

Vernacular architecture of 19th-century Macedonia have undergone significant transformations, primarily influenced by Ottoman architectural systems. In this context, "vernacular houses" refer to traditional dwellings built by local communities using indigenous materials and construction techniques. study examines how Ottoman spatial configurations and decorative elements This have been incorporated into Macedonian architecture during this period, illustrating the complex interplay between external influences and local adaptations. By examining these changes, the research reveals the evolving architectural identity of Macedonia in the 19th century. The research employs various qualitative methods, including a comprehensive review of historical texts and scholarly literature related to Macedonian vernacular architecture. In addition, field surveys, photographic documentation and interviews with local experts and residents have been conducted to observe and record architectural changes. The study concludes that 19th-century Macedonian vernacular houses have experienced significant alterations due to the incorporation of Ottoman architectural principles. These changes have been evident in the spatial organization, decorative motifs, and construction methods, which have been drawn from Ottoman traditions while preserving the distinctive characteristics of the region’s vernacular architecture. This adaptive process underscores the dynamic nature of Macedonian architecture, which has evolved through a blend of local and external architectural elements.