한국 사회보장제도와 사회적 갈등에 관한 탐색적 연구

The article is devoted to the study of historical aspects of the formation of the social risk management system. The study is based on a deep retrospective analysis that allows to establish the stages of formation of social risk management systems in world practice. This is of fundamental importance for the rationalization of social policy, and within its framework, in particular, the policy of social risk management. The effective functioning of such a system should, in turn, refer to the historical awareness of social risks, the principles of organization of risk communities. According to the author, the study, conducted to describe and explain the attitude to the social risk management system through the prism of the evolution of the social state, aims to establish not only opinions on Social Security through social security systems, the scale of satisfaction with the possible benefits derived from this insurance, and trust in the institution associated with them. The result of these studies should also be a diagnosis of the attitude of society and states to the ideas and rules of the social risk management system, and in particular recognition of the degree of understanding of the need for social security by creating appropriate mechanisms. Therefore, it is important, taking into account the evolution of the development of the social state, to also answer the question of the possibility of directing other public institutions covering this important sphere of social relations formation in the social risk management system. The author finds in the article that social risk has a historical character, which is associated with both technological and cultural development of the individual. It is proved that the state played a key role in the development of the social risk management system. The stages of formation of the social risk management system are allocated and a scheme of methods of public management of social risks was built on the basis of the performed analysis. Also based on the analysis, strategic goals were identified in the system of public management of social risks, which allows to increase its effectiveness. Keywords: social risk, social risk management system, social security, state, social policy.

The rather Byzantine nature of Chile’s social security system has always left me a bit confounded—even dazed. I knew that it was important, since it directly affected many Chileans’ retirement plans, health care, and family allowances, but until I read this book, I was unable to fathom the intricacies of it. This is one of the book’s many strengths: it simultaneously delineates the historical and political dimensions of Chile’s social security system and clarifies its specific laws and provisions. However, this book does more than explain Chile’s social security system, although that alone is a valuable contribution. It places the social security system in the context of twentieth-century Chilean politics and state development, offering a succinct, insightful assessment of these subjects. My one criticism is that Borzutzky does not include Chileans’ thoughts and voices on the social security system; that dimension would have enriched this study and emphasized the human impact of the policies she so clearly describes.The author’s focus on the state and the political parties illustrates how the social security system both reflected and furthered Chile’s myth of national unity. Underpinning this myth was the widely held assumption that the Chilean state and political institutions provided stability and worked to serve the needs of the people. The social security system buttressed this myth by offering people the partial reality and the larger illusion that, sooner or later, the state would indeed meet their needs and end the rampant inequalities that plagued society. In an interesting departure from much of the literature, Silvia Borzutzky defines this relationship as clientelistic. “The state and more specifically the politicians, became the patron that had the ultimate control over the national resources, while the development of dyadic ties between political groups and those that controlled parts and parcels of the state became the leitmotif of political activity” (p. xii). She further points out that the myth is just that—a myth—since “profound divisions and inequalities,” not “democracy, unity, and harmony,” characterized Chilean society (p. xv).Borzutzky discusses Chilean politics and the social security system at three critical junctures: the mid-1920s (when it first developed), the late 1960s and early 1970s (when presidents Eduardo Frei attempted to reform it and Salvador Allende hoped to extend it), and the 1970s and 1980s (when Pinochet eviscerated it). Legislation in 1924 and the 1925 constitution, which reflected the power of conservative sectors in Chile, initiated and codified the social security system. This legislation responded both to the growing demands of the urban working and middle classes and to efforts by the conservative elite to stem fundamental changes to the system they controlled and benefited from. Since this legislation established the Chilean state as the dispenser of huge funds, it thereby heightened the power of the state and increased political parties’ desire to run it. Concomitantly, it encouraged the parties to promise the electorate benefits in exchange for their votes. What it did not do was transform the basic economic relationships that obtained in Chile. That was particularly true for rural sectors, which were not included in the social security program.The Frei government attempted to transform aspects of the political and social system, specifically by incorporating more marginal sectors into society under its tutelage, but it primarily succeeded in polarizing society. Frei’s efforts to establish a communitarian state and an integrated society failed because, as Borzutzky notes, “a minimum degree of consensus on the existence of a national interest . . . did not exist in Chile” (p. 95). Although the Frei government introduced bills to expand the social security system, the Right either blocked their passage or introduced ones that undercut them.This polarization and lack of consensus only intensified during the Allende years, which made impossible the passage of bills that would have radically overhauled the social security system and greatly expanded the amount and number of benefits, as well as the population that received them. Allende’s efforts, and the paternalistic definition of the state as the protector of Chileans, ended when the Chilean military overthrew the Popular Unity government and initiated its 17-year-long rule. The military dictatorship that followed privatized the health care and pension system that had been hallmarks of the social security system and replaced the clientalistic state with an authoritarian one. In one of her best chapters, “Winners and Losers,” Borzutzky illustrates the devastating impact that these policies had on millions of Chileans and makes sense of the often puzzling changes in health care policy that the military dictatorship engineered, most of which served to deprive Chile’s poorer sectors of access to health care.Backed by solid research, this book sheds light on modern Chilean history, the ties between politics and state policies, and the connections between political goals and social security.

The Social Security debate: Considering aging, health disparities, and AAN stance

Purpose: scientific substantiation of social security based on the principles of management of complex systems and an example of the application of mathematical modeling to determine internal risks in a complex social system.. Methods: use of elements of mathematical modeling, in particular the theory of optimal control and linear programming; analysis of the content of the concept of “security paradox”, logical-determinant assessment of this concept. Results: it is proposed to apply the principles of management of complex systems to ensure the social security of groups of people and society. An example of the application of mathematical modeling to determine internal risks in a complex social system is given. In order to ensure the proper functioning of risk mitigation measures in complex social systems, it is proposed to introduce compensatory risks, which may be penalties or other measures that can be considered as specifically introduced risks for individuals. The introduction of external protection against a number of dangers can provoke the emergence of a “security paradox”, the essence of which is to reduce the personal activity of counteracting risk by relying on external protection. Effective social security requires the development of a culture of security, morality, worldview and legislative measures.. Scientific novelty: the use of elements of mathematical modeling for risk assessment in the social security management system is proposed; introduced the concept of “security paradox”, which arises when security is moved from the individual to the collective level. The use of principles of management of complex systems for social security is offered. Practical significance: The use of a systematic approach and principles of management of complex systems in ensuring the security of society will identify the most important risks and focus on their prevention, prevention or reduction. An example of mathematical modeling is proposed to assess the internal risks of the social system.

Constitutional right to social security

1 Introduction.- Outline of the Book.- 2 Insurance, Social Relations, Moral Community, and the Cost of Medical Care.- Insurance and Social Relations.- Pooled Interdependence and Social Control.- Primitive Societies.- Mutual-Aid Societies in Europe.- Mutual-Aid Societies Among American Ethnic Groups.- Health Insurance and Expenditures for Medical Care in Japan.- Cultural Values and Behavior Patterns.- Kinship Organization.- Number of Physicians and Organization of Medical Care.- Private and Public Insurance.- 3 Medical Care: Actual Effects and Public Perception.- The Historical Decline in Mortality Rates and III Health.- Cross-National Evidence.- The Special Case of Japan.- Is Curative Medicine Irrelevant?.- Contrary Evidence?.- Other Criteria for Assessing the Effectiveness of Medical Care.- Minor Ailments.- Medical Judgment as the Reason for Seeking Care.- Improvement in Role Functioning.- Stress and Anxiety Reduction.- Public Perception and Social Definition.- Conclusion.- 4 Health and Economie Factors in Health Insurance.- Health of the Population.- Economic Productivity and National Efficiency.- Economic Insecurity.- Insurance as Risk Reduction.- Conclusion.- 5 Cultural Factors in Health Insurance.- Medical Technology.- Moral Imperative of Medical Care as a Right.- Conclusion.- 6 Health Insurance and Institutionalizing Marginal Utility Decisions.- Health Insurance and Marginal Utility.- Institutionalizing Decisions to Purchase Medical Care.- Health Insurance as Ritual.- Medical and Economic Anxiety.- The Sacred, the Profane, and Moral Anxiety.- Conclusion.- 7 Health Insurance, Social Integration, and Social Cohesion.- Medical Care, Health Insurance, and Social Policy.- Provider-Patient Relations.- Class Structure.- Private Industry, Health Insurance, and Employee Morale.- Generations, Kinship Units, and the Family.- Social Policy and Social Exchange.- Conclusion.- 8 Economic Costs Versus Social Benefits of Health Insurance.- Moral Hazards, Social Control, and Social Cohesion.- Implications for Medicare and Social Security.- Conclusion.- 9 Health Insurance, Cost Containment, and Social Conflict: A Future Perspective.- Supply of Physicians.- Medical Technology.- Trends in Illness and Disability.- Public Attitudes and Perceptions.- Health Insurance: From Conflict Between Classes to Conflict Between Generations.- Social Security as the Source of Generational Conflict.- Social Relations Between Generations and Social Security.- The Elderly, Social Security, and the Social Control of Conflict.- Conclusion.

Implementing effective social responsibility management system is becoming an important goal of corporate social responsibility management. The serious lack of social responsibility restricts the sound development of the company and brings negative impact on building a harmonious society. Drawing lessons from the social responsibility performance evaluation system of multinational corporations as social responsibility quantitative standard, we should make efforts to explore the corporate governance optimization behavior under social responsibility management mode to form the mutual interaction between the government, enterprises and society and promote the process of social responsibility management system. The integration of corporate governance structure optimization management model orientates company social responsibility management system, so as to improve the core content of social responsibility management. This paper states the target location of social responsibility management system from the perspective of corporate governance, discusses the social responsibility management system of corporate governance structure optimization and analyzes the social responsibility management evaluation system under the social responsibility performance targets.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop and apply a Social Conflict Index (SCI) to assess the level of social tension within United Territorial Communities (UTCs) in Ukraine. The index aims to provide a reliable measure for identifying and addressing social instability, supporting strategic planning and preventive management. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in theories of social cohesion and conflict, integrating social, economic, and institutional indicators to define the categories influencing stability and cohesion within communities. It draws from frameworks on decentralization and public administration to address the unique challenges of local governance in Ukraine. Method: A weighted-average approach was applied to evaluate the significance of various indicators, including social tension, economic factors, and institutional metrics. Each indicator was assigned a weight based on its relative importance in assessing social conflict. Data was collected through surveys, statistical analysis, and reviews of public petitions and complaints. The SCI was calculated using a standardized formula, allowing for the classification of conflict levels from low to critical. Results and Discussion: The findings demonstrate that the SCI is an effective tool for quantitatively assessing social tension in UTCs. The index identifies problematic areas, enabling local authorities to determine vulnerable groups and design targeted tension-reduction programs. The SCI scale provides a clear framework for classifying conflict levels, from low to critical, with implications for strategic planning. The study highlights the index’s adaptability for use in monitoring changes in social conflict, particularly under decentralization, and its potential for integration into digital platforms for real-time tracking. Research Implications: The SCI offers a practical tool for local authorities to enhance governance efficiency, supporting adaptive management strategies in the context of decentralization. The methodology is particularly valuable for addressing social inequality and economic challenges in larger communities. Future research could explore regional adaptations of the SCI, the development of digital monitoring platforms, and the modeling of preventive management strategies to enhance social stability. Originality/Value: This study advances local governance by presenting an innovative methodology for measuring social conflict tailored to the socio-political landscape of Ukraine. The SCI’s comprehensive framework integrates multiple indicators into a single measure, providing actionable insights for local governments. Its application contributes to the development of systematic approaches to social conflict management, aligning with the broader goals of decentralization and community stability.

Although migration has multidimensional effects, it seems to have radical consequences in the social sphere. The movement of people and communities brings together, integrates and transforms people of different languages, races, beliefs and traditions. This two-way process of interaction, which affects and transforms the migrating and receiving communities, gives rise to different forms of society and organization. Since international migration movements affect at least two states, interstate cooperation is an indispensable part of migration management. Especially today, bilateral, regional and global cooperation plays an important role in the management of migration. Nevertheless, there is no agreed global consensus on migration management. The international refugee regime is an exception to this. Globalization and increased labor mobility have made migration processes one of the most important demographic and economic dynamics of the modern world. Migration does not mean only the movement of population; It also has direct effects on social security systems, labor markets and economic growth. In this context, studies on the economic consequences of migration in terms of social security reveal how demographic development affects social welfare and security systems in the long run. Migration is one of the main factors causing significant changes in population structure. As migrant workers are generally concentrated in younger age groups, they contribute to the youth population in countries with aging populations. This situation has a positive effect on demographic development, increases labor supply and plays a balancing role in the financing of social security systems. However, the impact of migration is closely related to the integration policy and economic structure of the host country towards immigrants. Migration processes and demographic development have important economic consequences for social security systems. The integration of immigrants into the social security system is important for the sustainability of both the labor market and the social security system. In order to ensure that social security systems are balanced and sustainable in the long term, the contributions of immigrants and the level of their benefit from social assistance must be carefully managed. Active participation of immigrants in the labor market and participation in the social security system both creates economic opportunities for immigrant-receiving countries and supports the financing of social security systems. Keywords: migration, population, demography, economy, social situation, immigrant, labor, unemployment, integration.

The aim of the article is to explore the social management system in order to achieve positive effects and ensure the goals of sustainable development. The article examines in detail the system and process of managing the social work of enterprises at all hierarchical levels. The main functions of management concerning management of social system are defined. The main measures of the social management system are additionally defined. An analogy is made between the system of social management of the enterprise and the system of management of the social enterprise. The requirements for the choice of social management system are indicated. The importance of using innovations to promote the development of the enterprise and achieve social impact and protection of employees of the organization is emphasized. In the course of the research such general scientific methods were used as: theoretical, empirical, methods of analysis and generalization. Methods of generalization, comparison and analytical grouping of data were also actively used. Most successfully, systematic and comparative methods have also been used in the study. Due to the use of institutional and structural-functional approaches, the study was able to further practical application. The results of the study explain the need to use a systematic approach to the establishment of the entire social management system, in order to achieve the greatest social effect and further development of the enterprise by attracting and meeting the goals of sustainable development. JEL Classification: A13, M14, M19, M20.

Of the many research results on social security, China’s Social Security Report (hereinafter referred to as The Report) stands out as one of the achievements in the first phase of “China Economic Research and Consultation Projects” for its selection of key issues and strong lineup of researchers. Besides internationally famous experts on social security such as Nicholas Barr, the participants included Chinese experts such as Li Jian’ge, Gao Xiqing, Zheng Silin, Xiang Huaicheng, Zhou Xiaochuan, Liu Zhongli, Wu Jinglian, Lou Jiwei, Guo Shuqing, Yu Yongding, HouYongzhi, Li Shaoguang and Zheng Beingwen. Resulting from several years’ study, The Report is quite original in that it draws on the latest international experiences as reference, examines China’s national conditions, compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different modes of old-age insurance, and suggests that the “Non-financial (Notional) Defined Contribution” (NDC) system which is practiced in some European countries be implemented in China, in attempts to straighten out the thinking for the reform of China’s social security system and resolve problems such as the pension fund financial crisis. This report also gives a series of policy suggestions for establishing a uniform social security management system, raising retirement age, allocating state-owned assets, expanding coverage, improving the capital market, and promoting social equity. It is a report analyzing China’s reform on its social security system from a very broad perspective, and also a very deep report about China’s reform on its social security system. In light of my own understanding, I would like to put forward some of my opinions focusing on the key points of this report.

Summaries of Papers in This Issue

Purpose This research paper aimed to study the legal structure of top-performing health governance systems and compare them with the Indonesian health social security system to identify the main differences and provide recommendations for Indonesian and other developing countries’ health policymakers and administrators. Design/methodology/approach Using formative research with a conceptual approach and statute approach as method in this study. Data was gathered using the document study technique, which studies various documents, especially legal documents related to health law, linked to legal purpose theories. Moreover, the World Health Organization ranking was considered to choose the two countries (France and Singapore) with a high social health security system for comparative analysis. All data collected has been analyzed using a qualitative and theoretical basis. Content analysis was performed by analyzing the legal documents, and the regulatory framework of all three countries was deeply analyzed to draw conclusions and recommendations. Findings Indonesia has specific laws to implement a social security system in the health sector. However, the lack of the best medical facilities and infrastructure and weak implementation of existing laws were identified as major reasons behind the poor health security system compared to comparative countries. Also, as a developing nation Indonesian Government face budgetary pressures and huge population challenges to meet required standards. Thus, the financing approaches used by Singapore and France may help developing countries meet these challenges effectively. Therefore, there is a dire need to strengthen the social health security system all over the country with amendments to laws and ensure the implementation of prevailing laws and regulations. Practical implications Providing understanding related to the social security health system in Indonesia along with a detailed description of the sound social health security system in France and Singapore will further provide an avenue for the researchers to critically analyze this line of study to devise some valuable suggestions further and to draw loopholes in the system. Originality/value A comparative approach for legal studies in the health sector is rare. So, this research advanced the social security health system-related literature and legal studies on the health sector by using this comparative approach to develop policy insights and future research directions, which will further help the field to grow.

保护农民社会保障权，构建及完善农民社会保障管理制度，是落实宪法赋与的公民平等权的客观发展规律, 不以人们意志为转移，是经济社会发展的必然选择，亦然是兼顾城乡发展构建和谐社会必经之路。在全面剖析中国农民社会保障管理制度的近况、生计的问题基础上，兼顾城乡统筹视角，探析农民社会保障的基本权利和农民社会保障经营管理的构建与完善。农民权益保障不仅需要相关的制度、政策、措施作支撑，更需要充分调动农民、政府和其他非政府组织的积极性，通过改善的法律机制来予以保障。 The protection of farmers’ rights of social security, to build and improve farmers' social security management system is the necessary requirement to implement the Constitution giving citizens the right of equality, the inevitable choice of economic and social development, and the only way to balance urban and rural development and build a harmonious society. On the basis of full ana-lyzes the situation and existing problems of Chinese farmers’ social security management system, from the perspective of balancing urban and rural development, this paper explores and analyzes fundamental rights of farmers’ social security and how to construct and perfect its management system. To safeguard farmers’ right by sound legal mechanism, requires not only supporting from relevant institutions, policies, and measures, but also high enthusiasm from the farmers, the government and other NGO.

The Chinese government is currently endeavouring to establish a new social management system, with the participation of the government and different parties in society, among whom NGO participation in social management is considered the essential approach for social management system innovation. The post-disaster relief and reconstruction of the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 left an indelible mark in the developmental history of Chinese NGOs, and provides an opportunity for us to examine the survival condition of NGOs. For this paper, we use a qualitative research method to trace the four-year relief and reconstruction process of a severely afflicted township in Sichuan Province during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and examine the work of NGOs at different stages of the post-disaster operation, the role that NGOs played during the relief and reconstruction process, and the survival conditions of NGOs in China's contemporary social management pattern. By analysing the obstacles that NGOs have encountered in the participation of social management, this paper offers suggestions for the innovation of the social management system.