ПРОЛИФЕРАТИВНЫЙ И НЕПРОЛИФЕРАТИВНЫЙ СПАРГАНОЗ У НЕТИПИЧНЫХ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ХОЗЯЕВ

In accordance with the modern requirements of the international control system (HACCP), it is necessary to abandon the control of the final product for the purpose of identifying shortcomings, but to proceed to the preventive approach of eliminating potential sources of danger at all stages of production. A step-by-step system for controlling the quality of livestock products, in particular meat, in the absence of modern technology of primary processing and quality veterinary and sanitary control, is complex. Therefore, to ensure the safety and quality of meat, it is necessary to improve and scientifically justify the methods of their control, bringing it closer to international requirements. The purpose of our research was to monitor the safety and quality of slaughter products for pigs obtained in the conditions of the Odessa region. The material of the research was reporting on veterinary medicine (Form No. 6-vet., Form No. 5- vet., Form No. 2a-vet.) In the districts of the Odessa region for 2014–2016, which was processed statistically. The analysis has established that for 2014–2016. In the investigated areas, only 28846 pigs were slaughtered, and 74.48% of the slaughter took place. It was found that according to the results of the pre-blast inspection and post-mortem veterinary examination of pig carcasses, 83 cases of diseases, echinococcosis, were detected during the reporting period. For the reporting years, 17103 carcasses of pigs were supplied to the agro-food markets of the study areas. Employees of laboratories for veterinary and sanitary examination in the markets conducted 65417 laboratory studies: all carcasses of pigs were examined organoleptically (including cooking breakdown), trichinoscopy and studies for phychosis and other parasitic diseases were performed; The determination of physicochemical parameters and bacterioscopy of mascara were carried out in individual cases; radiological and other studies were not conducted. During the veterinary and sanitary examination, 662 cases of diseases were detected in the laboratories of veterinary and sanitary examination in the markets: 65 cases of non-communicable diseases and 597 cases of invasive diseases. And draws attention to the fact that 99.83% of the identified invasive diseases was echinococcosis. Comparative analysis of the results on the detection of cases of echinococcosis, depending on the location of Veterinary control, found significant discrepancies– after post-mortem veterinary and sanitary control, only 7.26–26.27% of cases are detected, in comparison with the results of veterinary and sanitary examination of slaughter products in laboratories for veterinary and sanitary examination In the markets. This imbalance, in our opinion, can be related to homestead slaughter and poor quality post-mortem Veterinary control during it. Summarizing the obtained results of the analysis, we can conclude that the management system for the safety and quality of slaughter products in pigs in the regions of the Odessa region at the present stage still relies on the analysis of the final product, not taking into account the preventive approach.

The textbook, in accordance with the program approved by the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, deals with the history of surgery, the basics of operative surgery, the doctrine of wounds, the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of traumatic injuries in animals, issues of injuries with the peculiarities of military injuries, biology and pathology of open and closed injuries in animals, burns and frostbite. The features of the course of surgical infection, its prevention and treatment are given. Questions of diagnostics, surgical and pathogenetic treatment of surgically sick animals are reflected. In the presentation of the material, attention is paid to the results of modern scientific developments and new surgical technologies in productive animal husbandry. The textbook is intended for University students majoring in "Veterinary and sanitary examination" and the direction of training bachelors "Veterinary and sanitary examination".

The purpose of the research is analyze the localization of Trichinella sp. in animals muscle and to evaluate the methods of intravital and post-mortem diagnosis of trichinellosis in domestic, wild and game animals.Materials and methods. In order to prevent trichinellosis in human population and animals, life-time and post-mortem diagnosis methods for trichinellosis are widely used. Life-time diagnosis of trichinellosis is based on detection of specific antibodies in blood serum of sick animals. Modern immunological assays allow detecting specific antibodies (immunoglobulins J and M) at 10–12 days after infection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with fractionated antigen has the greatest real possibility of application for individual and mass seroepizootic studies of pigs and horses; ELISA is a highly sensitive and specific test. Veterinary and sanitary examination is conducted by methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and peptolysis (muscle tissue digested in artificial gastric juice). For the compression research method, in particular for pig carcasses, 2 samples of the diaphragmatic peduncles of 60 g each are taken. It is also possible to study samples from masticatory muscles, tongue, intercostal space or esophagus. Twelve sections are made from each sample (24 in total). A more sensitive and productive method is the digestion of muscle tissue using a set of diagnostic devices and instruments such as AVT. The method is based on peptolysis of crushed muscle tissue in technological reactors. Diagnosis of trichinellosis using such devices makes it possible to automate and mechanize all processes associated with the isolation of Trichinella larvae. The main application areas of the devices are meat processing factories, fur farms or veterinary and sanitary examination laboratories in the markets.Results and discussion. We presented data on the role of veterinary and sanitary examination for trichinellosis in susceptible animals as the core measure in the system of measures to prevent this infection. We analyzed indicators of diagnostic efficiency, performance and usability of methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion of muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice. Factors of diagnostic efficiency, performance and usability of methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion of muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice were analyzed. Information was given on localization of Trichinella larvae in various species of domestic and wild animals, optimal sampling sites and volumes of muscle tissue samples with the existing methods of examination for trichinellosis. To study fresh carcasses for trichinellosis at meat processing factories, the peptolysis method is recommended.

Introduction. Sexual dimorphism in rabbits is poorly expressed, which creates a number of difficulties in determining the sex of the animal. The need to determine sex arises during forensic veterinary examination, archaeological and special morphological studies, as well as in the study of age and breed variability of animals using craniological material. This issue is especially relevant for veterinary and sanitary examination, since the sex of the animal can affect the quality of wool or the taste of meat, which affects the quality of the products obtained.Objects and methods. The objects of the study were skulls (n = 4) of Californian breed ofrabbits and skulls (n = 4) of Soviet chinchilla breed. The stages of the study were: the creation of 8 bone preparations by boiling them in water with the addition of bicarbonate of soda, bleaching in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, comparison and morphometry.Results. Based on the study, it is possible to identify craniological features characteristic of male and female rabbits: the angle of the lower jaw in males is thicker and more massive, has a more pronounced masticatory fossa; supraorbital processes of male rabbits are more branched and wide; the zygomatic process of the zygomatic bone has a thin elongated shape in females, and a wide oval in males; on the horizontal plate of the palatine bone of femalerabbits there is large number of holes; in males, the lattice opening resembles a cello in shape, and the pituitary gland resembles an oval; the occipito-sphenoid fusion in male rabbits is convex, and the occipital crest has a thickening. Thanks to the use of several breeds of rabbits in the experiment, it can be proved that these patterns relate to sex, and not to breed. The results of the study can be used to determine the sex of an animal by the skull or its fragments, which is important for forensic veterinary examination when using a craniological method for determining the sex of various animal species.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects both humans and a wide range of mammalian species globally. Between July 2022 and January 2023, fifteen blood samples were collected from twelve different animal species during veterinary examinations, as well as for health control at Wilhelma Zoo, Germany. These samples were later analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The serum analysis from two gorillas indicated the presence of antibodies specific to the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting previous infection. These gorillas were sampled in August and September 2022, during which time they exhibited symptoms such as apathy, anorexia, vomiting, and moderate diarrhea-symptoms not typically associated with COVID-19. Given that several periods of other unusual signs have been observed in the gorillas kept in Wilhelma Zoo since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains uncertain whether these symptoms were directly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection or if these gorillas underwent clinically inapparent infection before. Nonetheless, this study underscores the importance of ongoing animal screening in zoos to better understand the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among different animal species.

Primorsky Territory is a platform for the intensification of the livestock industry in order to provide the population with high-quality meat products. However, the introduction of new species of animals (yaks, camels, highly productive breeds of cattle) to the territory of the region contributes to the emergence and spread of invasions among them. Fascioliasis, dictyocaulosis, piroplasmidosis are natural focal parasitic diseases of animals that are widespread in the Primorsky Territory. They are detected almost every day during the veterinary and sanitary examination of animal slaughter products. Despite the absence of a threat of infection with these diseases for humans through meat and by-products, there remains a risk of deterioration in the quality of such products and the development of defects in meat raw materials, which leads to the impossibility of further sale and consumption. Yaks were brought to the Primorsky Territory in 2010 as an experiment, and in 2015, farmers actively used these animals as beef cattle, since their simplicity in keeping significantly reduced the cost of the meat production process. The conditions of keeping yaks in the Primorsky Territory contributed to their infection with parasitic diseases, the extent of the invasion of which reached 60% and more.

The order of organization and holding of food fairs, veterinary and sanitary requirements for the sale of food products at the fairs and the features of their veterinary and sanitary examination are considered. Control studies of selected samples of meat of different species of animals, meat products, milk and dairy products, fish and fish products, honey and plant products, as well as feed for non-productive animals that were received at the fair for sale.

In different countries of the world, including the Russian Federation, echinococ- cosis has been found in many species of agricultural and wild animals. In the arti-cle are disrcibed survey facts on features of epizootic process, aspects of a natural outbreak of echinococcosis of animals in the different countries, and results of study-ing of contamination Echinococcus granu-losus (larvae) of sheep and cattle in the Re-public of Tajikistan. According to the results of studies of cattle and sheep, echinococcosis and its mixed forms with other helminthoses are widespread in the Republic of Tajikistan, in some cases with complications of bacterial and viral infections.Depending on the natu-ral-geographical zone of the Republic of Tajikistan, the causative agent of echinococ-cosis circulates in the following parts of the epizootic chain: "cattle - dogs", "sheep - dogs", "sheep - dogs - rodents", "sheep - wild carnivorous Canidae families - synan-thropic rodents". For a clearer picture of the epizootic situation of echinococcosis in the farms of various regions of the Republic of Tajikistan, a statistical analysis for 2005 - 2015 of the results of the post-mortem veter-inary sanitary examination of cadavers and organs of sheep and cattle was carried out.The article presents facts on basis of epizootic and epidemic situation of echino-coccosis is retrospective monitoring of inci-dence, diving the data of post slaughter vet-erinary and sanitary examination of hulks and bodies of animals, carried out at the meat-processing enterprises, and statistics on cases of surgical treatment of a cystic echinococcosis in animals. Analysed de-tailed information on epizootic and epidem-ic process of echinococcosis are used when holding complex preventive, veterinary and sanitary and improving mesures in livestock farms, and settlements of the Republic of Tajikistan.

Kobuviruses have been detected in humans and several animal species, including cattle, swine, sheep, canines, mice, and probably bats. While investigating the possibility of Kobuviruses infecting additional animal host species, we detected kobuvirus in three fecal samples from domestic Korean black goats. In a maximum parsimony tree and a Bayesian tree, the 08KG680 strain fell within the bovine kobuvirus lineage, but the 09KG172 and 10KG056 strains did not fall within any of the known animal kobuvirus lineages. Comparative analysis of the partial nucleotide sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the 08KG680 strain also revealed high amino acid sequence identity and a close genetic relationship with bovine kobuvirus, but the amino acid sequences of the other two strains had low similarity to those of known kobuvirus isolates from any animal species. The similarity of the sequence of the 08KG680 strains with the bovine kobuvirus indicate that the infectious may have originated from cattle, but the possible source for remaining strains could not be classified.

Solving the issue of establishing the sex of animals by the skull is a practically unexplored topic, but it is of great practical importance in the field of veterinary medicine. The need to determine sex arises during forensic veterinary examination, archaeological and special morphological studies, as well as when studying age and breed variability of animals on craniological material, and conducting veterinary and sanitary examination of meat. In male rabbits, the meat is tougher and may have a specific smell, unlike females, in which it is very tender and juicy. In order to save money, some entrepreneurs, farmers or other organizations replace animals of one sex with another. At the same time, the quality of the product is greatly degraded. To understand this issue, resort to the examination of the bones. Unfortunately, at the moment there is not a single valid method for determining the sex of an animal from the skull, but thanks to this study, we can establish the gender of those animals that were used in the production of rabbit meat. The purpose of our further research will be the creation of a craniological method for determining sex in various animal species, which, in turn, can have a significant impact on the conduct of a forensic veterinary examination. It is worth noting that similar techniques are used daily in medical practice, which facilitates the work of forensic experts.

Disinfection, both today and in the past, is an integral part of the complex of sanitary and veterinary measures aimed at preventing new diseases; blocking, preventing the spread and, if possible, eliminating existing diseases; reducing the pressure of pathogenic, conditionally pathogenic or saprophytic microflora on productive animals throughout the entire production cycle, and especially during its critical periods. The purpose of the study is to assess the safety and quality of pig products (chemical composition and physical and technological properties of pig meat) using complex disinfectants. Research materials. The studies were carried out during 2022–2023 in the scientific research laboratory "Veterinary and sanitary examination of livestock products" of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Examination, Hygiene of Livestock Products and Pathology named after Y.S. Zagaevskyi of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University and the certified laboratory of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Examination and Laboratory Diagnostics of the Institute of Veterinary and Sanitary Examination of the State Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. Experimental experiments and scientific and practical observations were carried out in the conditions of AF LLC "DIM" - a pig farm in the Bila Tserkva district of the Kyiv region. Research methods: analytical, physical, morphological, biochemical, organoleptic, veterinary and sanitary and variational and statistical. As a result of the research, it was found that when using complex disinfectants, the air temperature in the control and experimental premises of the pig farm was observed within 18.50±3.16–20.50±2.36 ºС. Relative humidity ranged from 70.24±5.16 to 74.20±5.12 %, which corresponds to the norms of the State Standard for Animal Husbandry. Minor moisture condensation was observed on the walls, ceiling and enclosing structures. When studying the microclimate in the control and experimental rooms, it was found that the hygienic indicators practically did not differ. The disinfectant "Multiclin Aqua" at a concentration of 0.25 % has a bactericidal prolonging effect compared to the drug "Ecocid C" at 1 %. The use of the disinfectant "Multiclin Aqua" in experimental rooms does not cause a negative effect on the morpho-biochemical composition of the blood of animals. No diferences were found compared to animals in the control groups. At the end of the studies, the live weight of piglets during growth was significantly higher by 4.3 kg in the experimental groups. The average daily gain in the experimental groups of animals was 12.1% higher than in the control groups. In piglets of fattening age on the 180th day of the study, it was found that the average daily gain in the experimental groups was 12.7 % higher than in the control groups (p<0.05). The use of the disinfectant preparation "Multiclin Aqua" in the experimental premises did not cause a negative effect on the weight of the internal organs of pigs - the heart, lungs with trachea and kidneys, biochemical indicators of pig meat. The compar ative biological value (CVB) of pork for the use of ciliates infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis showed a high biological value of pork obtained from animals of the experimental group (100.5 %). According to the main organoleptic, physicochemical indicators, fat obtained from carcasses of experimental and con trol groupsof animals did not differ significantly from each other both in a fresh state and after storage. Key words: pig farming, disinfectant, safety, quality, organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiolog ical indicators, biological value, consumer.><0.05). The use of the disinfectant preparation "Multiclin Aqua" in the experimental premises did not cause a negative effect on the weight of the internal organs of pigs - the heart, lungs with trachea and kidneys, biochemical indicators of pig meat. The comparative biological value (CVB) of pork for the use of ciliates infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis showed a high biological value of pork obtained from animals of the experimental group (100.5 %). According to the main organoleptic, physicochemical indicators, fat obtained from carcasses of experimental and control groupsof animals did not differ significantly from each other both in a fresh state and after storage. Key words: pig farming, disinfectant, safety, quality, organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiological indicators, biological value, consumer.

This paper presents the results of veterinary and sanitary examination of fish caught in Ust-Yansky Municipality, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Subject to examination was broad whitefish. The goal was to see if the catch was in line with the safety regulations per GOST. To that end, fish freshness was tested organoleptically, physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Veterinary and sanitary examination concluded that all the broad whitefish caught in the Ust-Yansky Municipality was “dubiously fresh” in terms of organoleptic indicators applicable to the mucus, scales, mouth, eyes, gills, fins, anus, muscles, abdominal cavity, and internal organs. Physical and chemical tests (pH, peroxidase reaction, copper sulfate reaction, ammoniacal nitrogen content, and hydrogen sulfide content) returned indicators that matched the category of ‘fresh fish’. Microbiological tests showed that TVC, CFU/g was within the acceptable limit of 1*105, coliforms, S. Aureus, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes were not isolated. Parasitological testing did not detect helminths or their larvae in the muscles. Reason being, fish carry many species of helminths that threaten humans. Toxicological testing revealed Pb content of 1.1±0.2 mg/kg, which did not correspond to the maximum acceptable concentration. HCH and DDT levels were within acceptable limits as well. Radionuclide testing reveled cesium137 and strontium90 contents within the acceptable concentrations per TR TS 021/2011 Food Safety. Broad whitefish was subjected to all veterinary and sanitary tests, one of which indicated dubious quality.

IN THE FALL of 1960, Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from 10 of 10 specimens of soil collected in a small park in downtown Washington, D.C. In order to clarify and emphasize the significance of the demonstration that this pa.thogenic fungus grows freely in urban as well as rural habitats on the Atlantic seaboard, it is necessary to review some of the history of Histopltsma and histoplasmosis. H. capsulatfum was isolated from a saprophytic source for the first time in 1948 (1). Both the local site and the geographic area from which the first positive soil specimen came are historically and scientifically significant. This, specimen was collected near the entrance to a rat burrow under the edge of a chickenhouse in Loudoun County, Va. Later isolations of H. capsulatum from soil taken from many farm premises in both northern Virginia and eastern Maryland (2), the report of four fatal human cases of histoplasmosis in northern Virginia in 1946 (3), the discovery that in this area seven species of animals are natural hosts of H. capsulatum (4), and the observation that as many as 83 percent of persons in one intensively studied community a-re hypersensitive to histoplasmin (5) conclusively demonstrate that H. capsulatumn is a frequent contaminant of man's environment and that histoplasmosis is a common disease and an important medical problem on the Atlantic seaboard. Some workers, in discus-sing the epidemiology of histoplasmosis, have persistently ignored these facts. Epidemiologic studies of many cases of histoplasmosis in residents of the District of Columbia have included searches for H. capsulatum in the urban environments of the patients (2). Up to the time of this study no isolations of this fungus had been reported from soil collected within the District of Columbia. We had isolated the fungus many times from soil (usually around chickenhouses) to which District of Columbia resident patients had been exposed during visits or temporary residence in nearby Maryland or Virginia. Because of persistent confused or erroneous concepts expressed in the literature of the mycoses, the epidemiology of histoplasmosis cannot be discussed without reference to the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. The prese,nt study, although it re.sulted in isolations of Histoplasma, was directed toward a search for Cryptococcus neofor?nrwns. The first reported isolation of C. neoformans since 1896 from a source unrelated to human or animal infection was also from the Washington, D.C., area (6). This report was followed by the demonstration that C. neoformmans is a, frequent inhabitant of accumulations of pigeon droppings in old nests or beneath roosting sites under conditions in which this material has not become composted with soil (7). This purely saprophytic association between virulent strains of C. neofor?mans and pigeon droppings has been confirmed in several parts of the world and in Washington, D.C., by repeated examinations of such material collected from the attics of old school houses, cupolas on school houses and other public buildings, the ledges outside windows of office buildings, and many similar locations (8). Both H. capsulatum and C. neoDr. Emmons is head of the Medical Mycology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service. (Paper received Feb. 6, 1961.)

This article presents the results of the prevalence of sarcocystis invasion of cat-tle in the Kostanay region. The selection of cattle muscles and morphological studies were carried out from January to April 2023. In total, 100 carcasses, including 75 carcasses of bulls aged 2-3 years and 25 carcasses from cows aged 7-9 years, were examined at the slaughterhouses of the city of Kostanay, where cattle for slaughter come from different districts of the Kostanay region. During visual veterinary and sanitary examination of carcasses, macrocysts were not found. Microscopy of 300 samples of muscle tissue was carried out to determine the contamination of carcasses. During the research, it was found that sarcocysts were found in the muscles of steers and cows. The localization sites, shape, size of sarcocysts and their intensity were studied. According to morphological features the cysts correspond to the description of Sarcocystis bovicanis (S.cruzi).

Recently, the assortment and sales volumes of fish products have increased significantly. In the market, fish products are in stable demand among consumers, in order to ensure the safety of these products, it is necessary to conduct a highquality veterinary and sanitary examination. The purpose of our study was to study and analyze "Veterinary rules for the appointment and conduct of veterinary and sanitary examination of fish, aquatic invertebrates and fish products made from them intended for processing and sale." To establish this goal, a study of the draft order on the approval of these veterinary regulations was conducted. To solve the tasks, we used the method of documentary analysis. Veterinary and sanitary examination of fish, aquatic invertebrates and fish products is carried out in order to establish the suitability of hydrobionts for use for food purposes. These products must comply with the safety requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs and Eurasian Economic Union, in particular "On food Safety" (TR CU 021/2011) and "On the safety of fish and fish products" (TR EAEU 040/2016). Also, one of the tasks is to establish the welfare of the farm in veterinary terms. According to the results of the research, a decision is made on the condition for the release of fish, aquatic invertebrates and fish products into circulation: this can be an implementation without restrictions, a direction for neutralization (by freezing or another method of neutralization, and can also be directed to cutting, cooking) or a direction for disposal.