Марафон «Двенадцать коллегий»: развивая агентность и университетские ценности

The studies were conducted in Krasnodar and Leningrad Oblast s in order to clarify the species composition of wheat septoriosis pathogens and further characterize the populations of Parastagonospora nodorum and P. pseudonodorum for the presence of effector genes Tox1, Tox3, ToxA and Tox267 using associated molecular markers to create artificial infection backgrounds to identify sources and donors of leaf spot resistance. The material for the study was represented by samples of affected plants collected in 2023. In the Leningrad Oblast and Krasnodar Krai the species of Zymoseptoria tritici demonstrated predominance. It was detected on all of the examined plant samples (100 % occurrence). P. nodorum and P. pseudonodorum were noticed less frequently in the Leningrad Oblast, the occurrence of P. nodorum was 80 %, while P. pseudonodorum – 60 %. In Krasnodar Krai, the occurrence of P. pseudonodorum comprised 35.29 %, while P. nodorum – 11.76 %. In the present study the primer pair SnTox2DONRF/SnTox2DONRS was applied for the first time to test Russian populations of Parastagonospora spp. for the presence of the Tox267 gene. Molecular screening revealed the ToxA and Tox1 genes in P. nodorum and P. pseudonodorum, while the Tox3 and Tox267 genes were identified only in P. nodorum. Of the 28 P. nodorum isolates studied, the presence of the ToxA gene was found in 29 % (8 isolates from the Krasnodar Krai). The Tox1 gene was noted in 32 % (5 isolates from the Leningrad Oblast and 4 from the Krasnodar Krai). The Tox3 gene was identified in 64 % of 28 (8 isolates from the Krasnodar Krai and 10 from the Leningrad Oblast). The Tox276 gene was found only in the genotype of 8 isolates from the Krasnodar Krai, which amounted to 29 % of those studied. The study also included 87 isolates of P. pseudonodorum. Of these, 5 % had ToxA in the genotype (4 isolates from the Krasnodar Krai) and 23 % Tox1 (17 isolates from Leningrad Oblast; 3 from the Krasnodar Krai).

Statement of the problem. The relevance of the study is due to the need to find effective approaches to mechanisms for improving the process of training specialists for modern production, dictated by the growing demands of the labor market and technical progress in the economy. The purpose of the article: development of mechanisms for interaction with industrial partners on issues of increasing the practical orientation of the educational process. The research methodology is based on regulatory legal acts in the field of secondary vocational education, competence-based approach, analysis of scientific publications and educational experience in the field of the formulated problem, practical research methods (questionnaires, surveys, expert assessments), which made it possible to clarify the content and structure of training students in the secondary vocational education system and the methodology for assessing the main educational results within the framework of the mechanism of interaction with industrial partners developed by the authors. Results. Based on the proposals put forward, mechanisms were developed to improve the process of practical training of specialists in secondary and higher vocational education at the Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after M.F. Reshetnev, the content of the working programs of disciplines and practices, as well as funds of assessment tools were revised. Conclusion. The implementation of the developed mechanisms to improve the process of practical training of specialists in secondary and higher vocational education at the Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after M.F. Reshetneva has increased the percentage of graduates employed by more than 10%, directly in their specialty at enterprises in the high-tech sector of the economy (Roscosmos State Corporation, Rostec), which confirms the improvement in the quality of training of specialists in higher and secondary vocational education.

Agricultural intensification leads to higher diffuse environmental pollution. Successful pollution control requires the continuous monitoring of farming activities, reliable baseline data, and tested computational models for the quantitative assessment of diffuse loads. The study aimed to quantify the diffuse inputs of manure nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the marine environment from large livestock farms and to identify the lowering effect of the best available techniques of manure/organic fertiliser handling. The study area was the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions, found in the Russian part of the Baltic Sea catchment area. The total diffuse load in 2017 was estimated by the Russian and Belarus methodologies based on the calculations of the livestock density and the total field application of nitrogen and phosphorus with organic fertilisers. In the Leningrad Region, it was 4571.53 t N year-1 and 280.01 t P year-1; in the Kaliningrad Region-6132.48 t N year-1 and 372.32 t P year-1. The introduction of relevant best available techniques and the supply of all farms with waterproof manure storages and pads could reduce the diffuse load on the catchment in the Leningrad region by 1078.07 t N year-1 and 55.5 t P year-1 and in the Kaliningrad Region-by 1060.43 t N year-1 and 40.5 t P year-1. Such a reduction would provide a marked contribution to fulfilling the nutrient input ceilings set for the Russian Federation under the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Baltic Sea Action Plan.

Statement of the problem. The relevance of the study is due to the need to find effective approaches to assessing the quality of training of specialists in secondary vocational education (SVE), dictated by the growing demands of the labor market and technological progress in the economy. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for determining the criteria and parameters for the diagnostic assessment of the quality of training of specialists in secondary vocational education in the framework of the implementation of the natural science and general professional cycles of disciplines using pedagogical measuring materials of the Federal Internet Exam. The research methodology is based on legal acts in the field of secondary vocational education, competence-based approach, analysis of scientific publications and educational experience in the field of the formulated problem, practical research methods (questionnaires, surveys, expert assessments). The study is based on the methodology of V.P. Bespalko on the levels of knowledge assimilation and the gradual ranking of students along educational trajectories through testing in the form of testing on certain pedagogical measuring materials (PMM), which made it possible to clarify the content and structure of training students in the SVE system and the methodology for assessing the main educational results within the framework of the level model developed by the authors. Research results. On the basis of the proposals put forward, proposals were developed for conducting a diagnostic assessment of the quality of training of specialists in secondary vocational education at the Aerospace College, the content of the work programs of the natural science and general professional cycles of disciplines and assessment funds were revised. Organizational and pedagogical conditions for the implementation of the level model were developed and tested. An experimental confirmation of the effectiveness of the model of level assessment of the quality of training of SVE specialists in the educational process of the Aerospace College was carried out using pedagogical measuring materials of the Federal Internet Exam. Conclusion. The implementation of the developed organizational and pedagogical conditions for a level model for controlling the formation of general and professional competencies of SVE specialists contributes to the enrichment of the content of the disciplines in natural science and general professional cycle with production and situational tasks and the use of integrative design in the educational process, which contributes to improving the quality of training of SVE specialists. The implementation of the developed proposals in preparation for the FEPO in 2021 made it possible to increase learning outcomes by more than 10%, according to the pedagogical monitoring based on the results of the FEPO for March-July 2021.

«Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Науки о Земле» — научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, обобщающий результаты исследований в области геологии, гидрогеологии и геохимии, петрологии и экологии, ландшафтного планирования и геоморфологии, экономической и социальной географии.

The article proposes a new biochemical approach for the reconstruction of the initial presence of fat-containing products in different archaeological contexts (ceramic vessels from burials, soil samples in different parts of the skeleton and cultural layers of archaeological sites) based on the study of qualitative and quantitative changes in the parameters of the soil microbial community, namely, specific groups of microorganisms (lipolytics), a number of lipolytic enzymes, as well as the utilization spectrum of readily available low molecular weight sub-strates. Ground samples of the studied objects were collected in the following regions: ceramic vessels — the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the Chechen Republic; burials — Krasnodar Krai; the cultural layer of the settlement — Lipetsk region. The number of lipolytic microorganisms and the level of enzymatic activity in the soil directly depend on the amount of the incoming substrate, in the decomposition of which they participate. After the decomposition of organic residues in the soil, a microbial and enzyme pools are formed, which can persist for a long period. The obtained preliminary data on the study of the decomposition dynamics of fatty substrates give us possibility for the reconstruction of the initial presence of fat in different archaeological contexts using the methods of soil microbiology and biochemistry. But, for a more accurate extrapolation of the results of a model experiment to archaeological objects, more points of observation in time are needed, since the introduction of substrates with different properties and composition can provoke microbial community succession in different ways. Hence, the equilibrium state of the microbial community in each variant of the experiment will be reached at different times. However, the results of the study of soils and cultural layers of archaeological sites of Bronze Age and early me-dieval time have convincingly shown the possibility of applying our approach. As we assumed, the maximum li-pase activity was found in the soil samples under the skull, chest and pelvis, i.e. in areas of human body with the highest content of fat tissues. This showed the possibility for reconstruction the original contents of the vessels from burials using the methods of soil microbiology and biochemistry. A high number of lipolytic microorganisms and lipase activity were detected only in 15–20 % of the vessels. We suggest that fat food may not have been as widely used in the funeral rite as ritual food. The study of lipase activity made it possible to clarify the features of the economic usage of the territory of archaeological site, to identify possible places for cooking.

Introduction. The leading role of the human papillomavirus in the etiopathogenesis of malignant neoplasms of some localizations is generally recognized. Vaccines that are used in the world and in Russia for the prevention of papillomavirus infection create the basis for the elimination of diseases associated with the human papillomavirus in the future.
 The aim of the study is to determine the regional, gender and age-specific features of cancers associated with the human papillomavirus to substantiate the development of a unified system of epidemiological surveillance and vaccination.
 Materials and methods. The retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of cancers associated with the human papillomavirus and mortality due to these neoplasms in the regions of the North-Western Federal District of Russia in 20112020 was carried out based on data from Statistic Form 7 "Information on malignant neoplasms" and the Population cancer Registers of St. Petersburg (13,117 cases), Leningrad region (3204 cases) and the Kaliningrad region (2898 cases).
 Results. In the structure of cancers associated with the human papillomavirus in St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions, more than 90% of men had tumors of the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx, more than 60% of women had cervical cancer. Regional and age-specific features of the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality from this pathology have been established. Statistically significant differences in the incidence of cancer of the head and neck, anus and anal canal in different age groups of the male and female population were revealed.
 Conclusion. As a result of the study, regional, gender and age-specific features of the incidence of human papillomavirus-associated malignant neoplasms in the North-West of Russia were established. These data should be used to develop a system of epidemiological surveillance of papillomavirus infection and vaccination program.

The 21st Century is characterized with fast changes in the digital world and more and more talk about interactivity - The Future of the digital education. Digital innovations are more than necessary. Nowadays we are used to everything around us to change in seconds. From smartphones to holographic watches, we live increasingly in a world where the digital reality is prevalent. To enable pedagogic specialists to meet the requirements of these fast changes, they often need to go through additional training and qualifications to acquire additional skills and competencies, as well as share good practice to educate digital citizens. Pedagogical specialists should develop creativity, analytical thinking, and teamwork skills in children. The article discusses interactive pedagogical skills in the context of the modern qualification process. The technology of interactive training is based on the phenomenon of interaction, which gives the special importance of pedagogical communication, manifesting itself as an interaction, where the tendencies for "cooperation" or the active participation of the participants in the training programs deserve attention. The exemplary model of interactive technology for training pedagogical specialists includes the description of several groups of methods that help improve the interactive skills. Interactive communication involves the creation of a dynamic area, changing space, depending on the skills of pedagogical specialists. Interactive skills are presented in detail and show the variety of techniques and technologies used in the learning process. Technology is developed for specific pedagogical work and is based on a specific methodology to build a system of actions between teacher and student to increase efficiency and interactivity. The development of the individuality of each student and the upbringing of his personality are in a situation of play. The use of interactive learning methods allows the creation of life situations, joint problem solving. There is equal communication between learner and trainer based on dialogue and negotiation. For this reason, interactivity most often within one class is achieved through group work. Several interesting concepts are known about the stages in skill development. They outline five key stages in the gradual structuring of skills, which are detailed presented. The article ends with an example of good pedagogical practice, conducted with students in 3rd and 4th grade from Varna, Bulgaria. The Mind Map method is presented.

The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of studying the specifics of implementing secondary vocational education in higher education institutions on the example of the Mari State University. The purpose of the study is to consider the trajectory of training middle–level specialists in a higher education institution on the example of the Mari State University as a modern educational trend. Materials and methods. When writing the article, both general scientific (analysis, description) and special historical methods (historical-comparative, historical-statistical) were used. The use of various methods makes it possible to carry out a qualitative analysis and generalization of information about secondary vocational education at the Mari State University and its branch. The work is based primarily on the analysis of previously unknown archival documents extracted from the funds of the Council of Ministers of the Mari ASSR, the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El and the funds of the Museum of the Mari Agrarian College. Materials from published sources and scientific literature on the problems of secondary vocational education were also used. Study results. In the modern domestic research field, there are not enough works considering training of middle–level specialists at a classical university, as well as the multifaceted history of the Mari Agricultural College – the “forge of personnel for the Mari Nonblack Soil Zone.” The work uses previously unpublished documents on the activities of the Mari Agricultural College from the fund of the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El and the funds of the archive and the museum of the Mari Agricultural College (branch) of the Mari State University, as well as modern statistical data on secondary vocational education at the Mari State University. Conclusions. It is concluded that secondary vocational education in the university structure is an important component for any developing higher education institution. The Mari State University, engaged in training middle-level specialists at faculties, institutes and its branch, maintains its status as a multi-level educational institution and confirms the importance of secondary vocational education in the Russian education system.

The severity of wheat yellow rust, which is caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), has increased worldwide in the past decades. The aim of this work was to characterize the virulence and molecular polymorphism of Russian Pst populations in 2023. Leaves with Pst urediniopustules were collected in the Northwestern (Leningrad oblast), North Caucasian (Dagestan and Krasnodar Krai) and Lower Volga (Saratov oblast) regions. Fourteen isogenic lines (AvocetNIL) and 15 differentiator varieties served as virulence testers. Twenty markers recommended by the Global Rust Reference Center were used in microsatellite analysis. SCAR markers (SCP19M: 24a1, 24a2, 26a1, and 26a2) were involved to a search for the invasive races PstS1 and PstS2. Virulence analysis included 70 isolates: 34 from Dagestan, 12 from Krasnodar Krai, 6 from Saratovoblast, and 18 from Leningrad oblast. The genes Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, and Yr26 showed a high efficiency. An increase in virulence was noted for the Yr17 gene, which was previously efficient in Russia. No significant changes in virulence frequencies were detected for the other Yr genes. High phenotypic diversity was characteristic of the regional Pst populations in 2023, like in 2019-2022. In total, 45 phenotypes (races) were detected (23 in the Dagestan, 3 in the Krasnodar, 2 in the Saratov, and 17 in the Leningrad collection). Two common virulence phenotypes were observed in the Krasnodar and Leningrad Pst collections. According to the Fst index, the Dagestan, Krasnodar, and Leningrad populations were highly similar, while the Saratov population was moderately differentiated from them. Microsatellite analysis included 55 (28 Dagestan, 18Leningrad, 6 Krasnodar, and 3 Saratov) isolates. Ten out of 20 loci were found to be polymorphic, each having two alleles. Significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed for 11 loci. Genotypic diversity of the geographic populations by microsatellite loci was lower than by virulence tests. Twenty multilocus genotypes (MGs) were detected in total (14 in the Dagestan, 7 in the Leningrad, 2 in the Krasnodar, and 1 in the Saratov collection). Common MGs were found in the Dagestan, Krasnodar, and Leningrad Pst collections (MG_1); the Dagestan and Leningrad collections (MG_2); and the Dagestan and Saratov collections (MG_3). Three MGs (MG_4-MG_6) were each observed in at least two isolates; the others, in a single isolate. As in the virulence analysis, the Dagestan, Krasnodar, and Leningrad populations were highly similar in SSR markers (Fst index), and the Saratov population differed moderately. Mantel's test showed a high correlation between the virulence and microsatellite results (r = 0.93). Using the SCAR markers, single PstS2 isolates of were identified in the Leningrad and Dagestan populations, like in previous years. A high variability of the Russian yellow rust populations was thus established in the combined analysis, warranting annual studies of their polymorphism for virulence and the SSR loci. Donors of highly efficient Yr genes were recommended to use in breeding for yellow rust resistance. Lack of differentiation between the North Caucasian and Northwestern Pst samples indicates that a single population occurs in the regions.

This article analyses the differentiation of municipalities at the municipal and urban district levels in the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions based on their economic development and the response of their economies to the crises of 2020 and 2022. Emphasis is placed on the possibilities of conducting such assessments by merging Rosstat statistics with publicly available accounting and tax reporting data from the Federal Tax Service. The contribution also assesses the role of small businesses in municipal economies and their effect on employment, income levels of the population, and business activities. It is shown that over the ten years from 2012 to 2021, municipalities in the Kaliningrad region became more homogeneous in terms of the level of taxable income for individuals and individual entrepreneurs. In contrast, in the Leningrad Region, the level of differentiation remained unchanged, albeit with diverse income trends across municipalities. The study highlights municipalities’ specialization as a factor influencing changes in local companies’ revenue, particularly in 2022. The research illustrates that small businesses have a significantly smaller impact on the official income of the population compared to their role in employment. Furthermore, there are no discernible patterns in how municipalities differentiate based on the contribution of small businesses, as this can vary depending on the local economic development level and the ratio of urban to rural population. In particular, the decline of small businesses is noticeable in regions with high incomes and abundant employment opportunities at large organizations. This trend is also observed in economically challenged peripheral areas characterized by low demand for the products and services provided by small businesses.

Introduction: Exposure to adverse environmental factors has been proven to induce additional cases of disease and death in the population. In the absence of effective measures taken to improve environmental quality, the levels of these factors rise, thus causing a potential increase in related human health outcomes. The concept of "prevented" morbidity and mortality cases is used to describe contribution of such measures to improving health of the population. Objective: Theoretical computational study of regional possible prevented health losses as a result of control and supervisory activities of Rospotrebnadzor. Materials and methods: Using the methods of neural network modelling, factor analysis, multiple linear regression theoretically presented the previously developed cascade model in a triple system of links: ‘control and supervisory activities (CSA) of Rospotrebnadzor – habitat quality indicators – public health’. As an additional response from population health (in addition to morbidity and mortality), life expectancy is used. Specific planned and unscheduled actions of Rospotrebnadzor, including imposed liability measures, in relation to business entities that are sources of environmental pollution are considered as affecting the quality of the living environment. Results: There is a pronounced territorial differentiation in prevented cases of disease, so the largest number of prevented cases of disease for the entire population (from 4574 to 19047 per 100,000 population) is observed in the regions: Republic of Dagestan, Kaliningrad region, Saratov region, Sevastopol, Murmansk region, Altai Republic, Belgorod region, Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The smallest number of prevented morbidity cases (from 1976 to 2528 per 100,000 population) due to control and surveillance in the following regions: Sverdlovsk region, Altai region, Krasnoyarsk region, Tambov region, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Karelia, Ryazan region, R. North Ossetia – Alanya. The largest number of prevented deaths for the entire population (from 55.6 to 101.7 per 100,000 population) is observed in the regions: Sevastopol, Kaliningrad region, Republic of Dagestan, Saratov region, Tula region, Belgorod region, Krasnodar region, Chechen Republic. Some of these regions were also among the leaders in prevented morbidity. The smallest number of prevented cases (from 17.8 to 26.6 per 100,000 population) due to control and surveillance activities in the regions: Sverdlovsk region, Chelyabinsk region, Krasnoyarsk region, Transbaikal region, Altai region, Tyumen region, Murmansk region, North Ossetia – Alania, Nizhny Novgorod region. He largest number of prevented losses in life expectancy (from 1.61 to 3.73 years) is observed in the regions: Republic of Dagestan, Kaliningrad region, Sevastopol, Saratov region, Belgorod region, Bryansk region, Lipetsk region, Karachay-Cherkess. Many of these regions are also among the leaders in prevented morbidity and mortality. The smallest prevented losses of life expectancy are observed in the regions of the Central, Ural and Siberian federal districts. High values of prevented losses of life expectancy are observed in the Southern and North Caucasus federal districts. Conclusions: Thus, a theoretical computational study of regional possible prevented health losses as a result of control and supervisory activities of Rospotrebnadzor has been carried out; the losses are structured and differentiated by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, by age groups of the population, causes of morbidity and mortality, and indicators of the quality of the living environment. The next stage of work may be the identification of priority activities and control and supervisory activities.

Clustering of economic activity is an issue of particular interest for regional studies and economic geography, as well as an important practical task faced by Russian regions and related to the enhancement of competitive capacities. The aim of the study is to capture the current trends in the formation and development of clusters across the coastal regions of the European part of Russia, to determine the nature and degree of interdependence between the innovation, coastal, and agglomeration factors. The study is focused on the methodological aspects of studying the interrelation of the agglomeration space and the dynamics of cluster initiatives under the influence of coastalization. The study takes into account institutionalized clusters and de facto operating ones which have formed over the past two decades in the Rostov, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, Krasnodar Krai, the Republics of Karelia and Crimea, Sevastopol and St. Petersburg. There have been identified the features (both advantages and problems) of the cluster development in coastal agglomerations, which are the foci of early clustering in the regions under consideration. In the context of increasing geo-economic instability, the factor of coastal location and external technological dependence initiated the innovation vector in shaping the cluster specialization, including in maritime sector, focused on import substitution.

The example of European countries, where the share of agricultural producers' revenue from tour-ism services can reach 75% and exceeds that from the average sale of agricultural products, in-spires domestic researchers to search for solutions for the implementation of similar practices in the Russian agro-industrial sector. Due to historical, cultural, territorial and other factors, agricultural tourism has significant prospects in our country. However, this type of activity is in its early stages of development, which is influenced by the fact that only recently the terms "rural tour-ism" and "agritourism" themselves have been reflected in the statistical and legislative activities of government agencies. Although the existing difference in the understanding of these terms by various federal bodies introduces some inaccuracy in the formation of statistical data sets, we nevertheless tried to outline the general contours of the development of agricultural tourism in Russia and assess the dynamics of its development in recent years. In the course of the work, it was established that, in general, the interest of citizens in domestic recreation has increased significantly over the past 10 years due to various factors. However, according to available statis-tics, rural tourism is growing more slowly than the popularity of recreation in the country's cities. The leaders in rural recreation are the Leningrad Region, Krasnodar Krai and Bashkiria. By the number of places in rural hotel rooms - the Leningrad Region, Crimea, Altai, Khakassia and Karachay-Cherkessia. An analysis of cash flows using the example of the Nizhny Novgorod Region showed that other income, which includes income from tourism, does not play a significant role in the financial position of agricultural producers and peasant farms.

For a long period of time, the Kirov oblast acts as a donor region in internal migration. The aim of the work is the analysis of migrations from the Kirov region to Baltic in 1946–2020. It is relevant to consider the migration interaction of the two territories with the involvement of an inseparable array of archival data over a long period of time. The work provides a review of data sources on internal interregional migration in the period after the end of World War II to the present. The conclusion is drawn on the incomparability in time of the indicators of the volumes of relocation and the need to use additional tools for a retrospective analysis of inter-regional migration ties. For this purpose, it is proposed to calculate the coefficients of the intensity of migration ties and the coefficients of the effectiveness of migration exchange. Based on the current accounting data, a periodization of population migration is proposed, for each period the intensity and effectiveness of migration ties of the Kirov region with St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, the Kaliningrad region, as well as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia during their entry into the USSR are determined. Analysis of interregional migration in 1989–2015 supplemented by census and microcensus data. The most intensively and effectively for the Baltic regions the resettlement was carried out in the period after the end of the war until the end of the 1980s. Subsequently, the intensity of departures from the Kirov region and the proportion of natives in the population of the Baltic regions decreased. Migration ties with the Kaliningrad region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region were more intense than with Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, even during their entry into the USSR.