Печеночники среднего Сихотэ-Алиня (юг российского Дальнего Востока)

Summary 1 The geographical variation of seed production, predation and abortion was analysed in Juniperus communis for 31 populations in seven distinct regions throughout the species’ distribution range in Europe, including both the northern and southern boundaries. 2 The number of seeds per cone and the number of filled seeds per cone varied significantly between geographical regions and among populations within regions. Populations from the Mediterranean mountains (south‐east Spain) showed the highest values in the number of seeds per cone but the lowest values in the number of filled seeds per cone. 3 Losses due to predispersal seed predation varied significantly among populations within a region but not between regions, suggesting that predation incidence depends on local‐scale factors. Seed abortion rates were higher in southern Iberian populations than in the other regions, and varied significantly among populations and regions. As a result of predation and abortion, seed production was lowest in the Iberian regions. 4 Seed abortion showed a significant quadratic relationship with latitude, with higher values of abortion at either end of the gradient, but particularly at the southern limit. 5 The production of filled seeds declined gradually towards both northern and southern distribution limits. In the Mediterranean mountains (southern limit), low seed production coincided with a marked limitation placed upon natural regeneration by summer drought, leading to a demographic bottleneck in populations. Although seed abortion levels were relatively high in the subarctic tundra (northern limit) populations, they were free from predispersal seed predators, suggesting that population viability here may be under less pressure.

The total numbers of tetrad records in the BSBI database collected for 20 species of British orchids in the period 1970-86 were compared with those collected in 2010-19. The species chosen had a northern limit to their distributions somewhere in Britain and comparisons were restricted to changes close to their northern and southern distribution limits. In a 100 km band close to their northern limit, recorded tetrad occupancy decreased for 14 species by a mean of 34% between the two date-classes. Despite Britain warming by 0.9 C° over this period, four species had retreated southwards, and only Ophrys apifera (Bee Orchid) and Anacamptis pyramidalis (Pyramidal Orchid) had significantly extended their distributions northwards. Changes in tetrad occupancy were also explored in a similar band immediately to the north of the southern tip of the Isle of Wight. Here, tetrad occupancy decreased for 10 of the 20 species by a mean of 33%. In both the northern and southern bands, where a species was recorded in 1970-86, on average in 2010-19 it was re-recorded in only c.40% of tetrads. There were large differences between species in apparent rates of colonization of new tetrads. This accounted for most of the differences between species that increased their tetrad occupancy between the two date-classes and those that declined. No account was taken of the increase in the intensity of recording between 1970-86 and 2010-19 but these results provide further strong evidence of the decline of many orchid species, especially in England.

Impending climate warming is expected to influence plant growth and distribution, and the distribution range limit of tree species is extremely sensitive to climate change. However, synchronous comparisons of responses of different tree species with overlapping ecological niches to climate at their distribution range limit in the same region have received little attention. In the present study, we assessed the discrepancy in radial growth responses of two dominant oak species to climate at their distribution range limit (southern range limit forQuercus mongolica, northern range limit forQuercus variabilis) in Beijing, China. Furthermore, growth–climate relationships were examined using linear mixed‐effects models, and growth trends up to the year 2100 were forecast based on future climate scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). Our results indicated that there were no significant differences in the growth response to climate betweenQ. variabilisat its northern limit andQ. mongolicaat its southern limit, and the growth of the two tree species was positively correlated with the minimum temperature and negatively correlated with the climatic moisture deficit of autumn. However, the growth response to climate variables varied at different sites. Additionally, the model forecast showed an increase in radial growth ofQ. variabilisat its northern limit andQ. mongolicaat its southern limit up to the end of the present century.

Climatic limitations of nearly endangered Juniperus rigida populations at their range edges in semiarid China

The Brachyura collected on the continental shelf of Northern and Northeastern Brazil understood between the latitudes 4o27'N and 3o43'S and the longitudes of 50o00'W-38o00'W, were represented by 133 species, 79 genera and 15 families. The studied material, belongs to the carcinological collection of the Department of Oceanography of University Federal of Pernambuco. The informations obtained in relation to the areas in which these species are found, were gathered from the carcinological files cited above and bibliographic rcferences published until 1991. The majority of the species (125) was found exclusively in the western Atlantic, except three Anfi-Atlantics, two Anfi-Americans, two Circuntropicals and one Indo-Pacific. With regards to the latitude, 11 species were gathered with southern limits in the studies area, 17 species with northern limits in the studied area, six species restricted to the studied area and 99 with northern and southern limits out of the studied area.

Directional northern element in the flora of vascular plants of Poland The directional element is a local determinant of spatial diversity of flora of a given country, within widely understood geographical elements. In Poland, a country situated in the middle of Europe, most species belong to the transitional element (with no range limit in our country). Besides the transitional element, the directional northern element (with its southern limit in Poland) is present. It can be divided into two distinct groups: species that have their absolute southern range limit in Poland and those that have both southern and northern limits with a significant disjunction in Central Poland. Although they are two different groups, they will be discussed within the combined study. The first one constitutes 1.9% of the directional element, the second one 1.3%. As far as general ranges are concerned, Circumboreal and Eurosiberian species prevail in the first group, with a significant share of the taxa of geographical connective element. European-temperate taxa are the most numerous in the second group. The two above-mentioned groups will also be distinguished by their species belonging to the higher syntaxonomical units. Such a small share of the northern element in the flora of Poland confirms that our country belongs to the Central European Province, where the North-European element is, to a large extent, a relict of the earlier periods of the Holocene.

The superfamily Lemuridae, which includes some of the most primitive extant primates, is confined to the island of Madagascar. The speciesL. septentrionalis lives in the north of Madagascar. The geographical distribution of each of the four recognized subspecies is fairly well defined except for the southern limits of the southernmost subspecies, namelyL. s. andrafiamenensis. Similarly the southern and northern limits of distribution ofL. mustelinus are uncertain. Two expeditions were carried out, one in the south of the Andrafiamena mountain chain, the other in the north of the eastern forest, south of Vohemar to gain new information concerning the present southern limits ofL. septentrionalis and northern limit ofL. mustelinus. L. s. andrafiamenensis was found to the left of the Ambilobe-Vohemar road from Betsiaka to Maromokotra and on the left bank of the river Loky, to the coast.L. mustelinus was found only on the right bank of the river Lokoho to the coast. Both survey indicate smaller ranges than those indicated in recent publications, probably a result of continued human encroachment.

Ongoing changes in global climate are having a significant impact on the distribution of plant species, with effects particularly evident at range limits. We assessed the capacity of Pinus sylvestris L. populations at northernmost and southernmost limits of the distribution to cope with projected changes in climate. We investigated responses including seed germination and early seedling growth and survival, using seeds from northernmost (Kevo, Finland) and southernmost (Granada, Spain) populations. Seeds were grown under current climate conditions in each area and under temperatures increased by 5 °C, with changes in precipitation of +30% or -30% with reference to current values at northern and southern limits, respectively, in a fully factorial controlled-conditions experimental design. Increased temperatures reduced germination time and enhanced biomass gain at both range edges but reduced survival at the southern range edge. Higher precipitation also increased survival and biomass but only under a southern climate. Seeds from the southern origin emerged faster, produced bigger seedlings, allocated higher biomass to roots, and survived better than northern ones. These results indicate that recruitment will be reduced at the southernmost range of the species, whereas it will be enhanced at the northern limit, and that the southern seed sources are better adapted to survive under drier conditions. However, future climate will impose a trade-off between seedling growth and survival probabilities. At the southern range edge, higher growth may render individuals more susceptible to mortality where greater aboveground biomass results in greater water loss through evapotranspiration.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE WARMING ON FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF THE EAST EUROPEAN TUNDRA

About 43Cladophora species inhabit the coasts of the northern Atlantic Ocean. These can be subdivided into seven distribution groups: (a) the tropical western Atlantic group (16 species); (b) the warm temperate Mediterranean-Atlantic group (9 species); (c) the warm temperate North American group (1 species); (d) the Arctic group (1 species); (e) the amphiatlantic tropical to warm temperature group (7 species); (f) the amphiatlantic tropical to temperate group (4 species), and (g) the amphiatlantic temperate group (5 species). These groups agree with general phytogeographic patterns. Thus, the high numbers of species restricted to the tropical western Atlantic region and the warm temperate Mediteranean-Atlantic region are in agreement with the richness and high degree of endemism of these regions. The fact that all species occurring in northeast America also occur in Europe agrees with the high floristic similarity of the boreal areas in America and Europe. The sediment coasts of the Carolinas are an efficient barrier to the south-north dispersal of benthic algae. The temperature bound phytogeographic limits are set in most cases by the species ability to survive adverse temperatures; for “northern” species to survive a high summer temperature in the south, and for “southern” species to survive a low winter temperature in the north. The limits in the Arctic region are all set by the species ability for sufficient growth and reproduction in summer. Conversely, only few northern species have a southern limit which is set by a winter temperature that is not too high for sufficient growth and reproduction. Most species of this group are winter-annuals at their southern limit, and summer-annuals at their northern limit. A comparatively small number of species with a tropical-to-warm temperate distribution have a northern limit at temperate latitudes which is set by a sufficiently high summer temperature for growth and reproduction. A high proportion of this group are lagoonal or quiet water species, which profit by higher summer temperatures in sheltered waters.C. vagabunda is an example.C. rupestris andC. sericea have an amphiboreal distribution and also occur in the southern temperate belt. They probably used a Pleistocene temperature drop to disperse, through the Atlantic along the African coast, from one hemisphere to the other. In the Pacific temperatures were not sufficiently low for this dispersal; and hence these two species reached the Pacific probably by way of the Bering Strait.

Four species occur on the Basque coast: I? lusitanica (I? rustica) in the upper levels of exposed areas, I? depressa and I? vulgata throughout midlevels, with the former the most abundant and showing much polymorphism, and I? aspera which is common only on the lower shore. Gonad indices were compiled from monthly samples of at least 50 individuals of each species taken from February 1983 until August 1985 at Fuenterrabia, San Sebastian and Zumaya. I? lusitanica, at virtually its northern limit of distribution, has a short breeding period beginning in July, with first spawnings in Aug/Sept and gonads declining rapidly in Oct/Nov or Nov/Dec. In I? vulgata, which reaches its southern limit in Portugal, the period of gonad activity has varied between three and five months over late spring/early summer. Gonad indices reached maxima in October and November, but also showed some evidence of re-ripening in Jan/Feb before final declines in March/May. Bij contrast, I? depressa and I? aspera which are in the centre of their range show irregular, high levels of activity for most of the year. There is a tendency for least activity in June/July, this being the most marked in I? aspera. The irregularities in the indices suggest continuous development and frequent small spawnings. These data for I? vulgata and I? depressa are similar to those of Miyares (1980) for the Asturian coast of Spain, and also to the Portuguese data (including I! aspera) of Guerra & Gaudencio (see this volume). They contrast strongly with data from Britain and Ireland (Orton & Southward, 1961; Thompson, 1979; Bowman, 1985; Bowman & Lewis, this volume) where gonad activity is of much shorter duration and usually confined to midsummer and/or early autumn. The decreased duration northwards may reflect a minimum temperature requirement by gonads, and it is possibly significant that I? lusitanica has as short a breeding period here, at its northern limit, as I? aspera has at its northern limit in Britain. The time changes support the expectation of a latitudinal progression in breedinghecruitment from midsummer/early autumn in the north, to the colder half of the year in the south. Problems remain, however; does the year-round activity in I? depressa in Spain contract towards its southern limit? When, during the apparently extensive breeding period in Spain, is recruitment most successful?

A number of liverwort species are known to emit volatile terpenoids and simple aromatic compounds when crushed. The characteristic odour of these spore‐forming plants is associated with oil body constituents. Secondary metabolites, which constitute the oil bodies, are also of value for taxonomic investigations. Liverworts have yielded a rich array of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds are characterized by unique structures, and some of them have not been found in any other plants, fungi, or marine organisms. Gas chromatographic profiling of the volatile extracts obtained from the liverworts has been applied with success in differentiating liverworts species, and also used to resolve the taxonomic problems at genus and family level. Due to the fact that liverworts are morphologically very small and it is difficult to collect a sufficient amount of plant material, there are few research data on the composition of the essential oils obtained from these plants. Nevertheless, the available data indicate that, as in the case of aromatic plants, the components present in essential oils obtained from the liverworts can be used in chemosystematic studies of this plant group. The aim of this paper is to show whether: (i) there are differences in the essential oils composition between different liverwort species; (ii) it is possible to find chemical markers characteristic for the analysed liverwort species; and (iii) the data derived from an analysis of the essential oils are in accordance with the data received from volatile extracts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Objective: The present study aims to identify and taxonomically describe the bryophyte species present on the trails of the Raimundo Paraguassu de Oliveira Municipal Natural Park (PNMPVH) in Porto Velho (RO), with a view to contributing to the conservation and knowledge of the local flora. Theoretical Framework: Bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, are small, non-vascular plants that perform important ecological functions in forest ecosystems, serving as shelter and a source of resources for organisms such as lichens, arthropods, and other insects, in addition to contributing to the local ecosystem balance. Method: A total of 128 bryophyte samples were collected from three trails in the park, identifying 18 species of mosses (Bryophyta, distributed across 10 families) and 7 species of liverworts (Marchantiophyta, belonging to two families). Identification was carried out at the João Geraldo Kuhlmann Herbarium (UNIR), with the aid of specific references. Descriptions included morphological aspects, reproductive structures, geographical distribution, and observed ecological interactions, such as associations with other plants and animals. Results and Discussion: The study in PMNPVH identified a predominance of bryophytes of the phyla Bryophyta (mosses) and Marchantiophyta (liverworts), mainly in corticolic environments (on tree bark and palm trees). There were also records in terrestrial, rupicolous, and epixylous substrates. Eighteen species of mosses (12 genera, 10 families) and seven species of liverworts (six genera, two families) were found, with two new occurrences of each group for the state of Rondônia. Implications of the research: The study offers a significant contribution to knowledge of bryophyte biodiversity in the Western Amazon and highlights the importance of preserving these organisms in conservation units, as well as supporting future floristic research in the state of Rondônia. Originality value: The taxonomic identification of bryophytes in a natural park generates information about their conservation status and opportunities for future research on bryophyte preservation in Brazilian park ecosystems.

The known Montana flora of thalloid Hepaticae consists of 26 species in 17 genera and 11 families. The following five species are reported new to Montana: Riccardia multifida (L.) S. Gray, R. palmata (Hedw.) Carruth., Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dum., Riccia fluitans L., and Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda. This catalog of taxa is based upon the study of 800 collections. The species belong to several floristic elements: circumpolar, boreal montane (26.9% of the reported taxa); circumpolar, arctic-temperate alpine-montane (19.2%); circumpolar, boreal-temperate montane (19.2%); circumpolar, arctic-alpine (7.7%); circumpolar, temperate (19.2%); circumpolar, cordilleran (3.9%) and American, cordilleran (3.9%). Jones (1910) listed twenty-four species of liverworts in Montana. Among these species, Asterella ludwigii (under A. gracilis), Marchantia polymorpha and Metzgeria pubescens were thalloid liverworts. Actually these species were all collected by Holzinger from the Glacier National Park and were determined by Evans. Evans (1917) listed Riccia frostii, using the material collected from the Great Falls area. Clark and Frye (1928) listed the following nine species of thalloid hepatics in Montana: Asterella lindenbergiana, A. ludwigii, A. saccata, Conocephalum conicum, Marchantia polymorpha, Metzgeria pubescens, Pellia endiviifolia, Riccia frostii and Riccardia latifrons. In 1931 they listed Pellia neesiana from Glacier National Park, making a total of ten. In 1934 they listed an additional three species of hepatics as new to Montana flora. Among these, Clevea hyalina and Riccia crystallina were thalloid liverworts. In the same year Brinkman listed sixty species of hepatics in Montana of which the following eleven species were thalloid liverworts: Asterella lindenbergiana, A. ludwigii, A. saccata, Conocephalum conicum, Marchantia polymorpha, Metzgeria pubescens, Pellia endiviifolia, P. neesiana, Preissia quadrata, Riccardia latifrons and Riccia frostii. In 1937 he also listed eight species, including Pellia epiphylla and Riccia sorocarpa, as new to the hepatic flora of Montana. In the same year Clark and Frye also added Pellia epiphylla and Riccia sorocarpa to the thalloid hepatic flora of Montana. Later, Frye and Clark (1937-1947) listed the following fifteen species for the thalloid hepatic flora of Montana: Asterella lindenbergiana, A. ludwigii, A. saccata, Clevea hyalina, Conocephalum conicum, Marchantia polymorpha, Metzgeria pubescens, 1I thank President Msgr. Anthony Brown, Dean Dr. Francis DiRocco, Chairman Prof. Edward Peressini, Rev. Dr. Francis McInnis and Sister Maryann Benoit for their assistance. I especially wish to thank Drs. W. E. Booth, L. H. Harvey, F. G. Hermann and W. B. Schofield for the loan of herbarium material and for the use of their collections. ' Department of Biology, College of Great Falls, Great Falls, Montana 59405. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.162 on Thu, 11 Aug 2016 05:41:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1977] HONG: THALLOID HEPATICAE OF MONTANA 271 Pellia endiviifolia, P. epiphylla, P. neesiana, Preissia quadrata, Riccardia latifrons, Riccia crystallina, R. frostii and R. sorocarpa. Hong (1967, 1968a,b) listed eight new species of thalloid liverworts. In 1969 Hermann listed seventeen species of thalloid liverworts with seventy species of leafy liverworts from Glacier National Park. The above mentioned hepatic publications except those of Frye and Clark (19371947) are mainly concerned with leafy liverworts, and no papers were published dealing only with thalloid liverworts. The aim of this study is to report the taxa of thalloid liverworts which occur in Montana and to compare this flora to that of neighboring states and provinces of Canada. I have made over one hundred twenty collecting trips throughout the state since 1965 and have made over eight hundred collections of thalloid Hepaticae. This report is based on the above collections, herbarium specimens of the University of Montana (MONTU) and Montana State University (MONT) and literature reports from the previously mentioned papers as well as those in the following: Bird, 1973a; Bird & Hong, 1969, 1975; Evans, 1920; Hong, 1975, 1976, 1977; Porter, 1933, 1935; Schofield, 1968; Schuster, 1953. In general the arrangement of families follows the classification of Arnell (1956) and Schuster (1966). The species and genera are arranged alphabetically within the families. Collection numbers are mine and where more than two collections were made at a given locality, the number of collections is given in parentheses. The author listed in the last parentheses under each taxon indicates a record that is without a specifically named locality. The distribution element of each taxon is described through the system of Bird and Hong (1969, 1975) and Bird (1973b). Voucher specimens were deposited at the College of Great Falls. Counties within the state and bordering states and provinces are shown in Hong (1975).

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyse the genetic variability of the dioecious seagrass Cymodocea nodosa Ucria (Ascherson) in the Ria Formosa lagoon, Portugal, the species' northern limit in the Atlantic. Three individuals from each of 6 meadows were genotyped with 28 primers. Meadows described previ- ously as having flower marks were compared with meadows where flowers did not occur. A single polymorphic band, spe- cific for one meadow, was observed in a total of 177 fragments. The lack of genetic variability among meadows both with and without flower indicates that flower production is not associ- ated with a higher level of genetic variation. The genetic homogeneity of C. nodosa in the Ria Formosa suggests a founder effect, produced by a single or a limited number of migrants composing the colonising gene pool. This hypothesis is supported by the geographic isolation from other popula- tions as the nearest populations lie more than 300 km away from the Ria Formosa. The lack of reproductive success of C. nodosa in Ria Formosa natural park and its low genetic vari- ability are important factors in the conservation of this species since recolonisation can only occur through vegetative growth.