Экологическая и промышленная безопасность при реализации программ энергосбережения

GHG emissions caused by energy generation and consumption is both a global as well as localised issue. Especially for Kazakhstan, which is one of the most significant coal reserves and mining countries. Kazakhstan is the 9th biggest country worldwide and the biggest country in Middle Asian (MA), is a gateway to the west for China. It has been playing a significant role in the “Belt & Road” strategy. It is essential to specify GHG emissions in Kazakhstan, especially that from energy consumption, which has not been studied deeply so far. To fill that gap, this study analysed the GHG emissions from the main types of energy in Kazakhstan from 2006 to 2016, based on the GHG emissions assessment methods defined by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The GHG emissions characters of Kazakhstan and the whole world were also compared. Results showed that: 1) the energy consumption structures of Kazakhstan and the whole world are visibly different. Coal accounted for a significant proportion in Kazakhstan; 2) the consumption changes of different types of energy ranged widely; 3) the change trends of GHG emissions from Kazakhstan and whole world are similar, first upward then downward; 4) the GHG emission sources structure of Kazakhstan is visibly different to that of the whole world, coal accounted for more than 58 % of whole GHG emissions in Kazakhstan. This study can contribute to understanding energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kazakhstan.

Facing the double pressure of soaring price of international crude oil and the execution of Kyoto Protocol, the Taiwanese government is now aggressively seeking new direction on energy policy in terms of raising energy efficiency and searching for alternative energy sources. The main concerns are how to increase the utilization proportion of biomass energy and how to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Even though without economic incentives for bio-diesel fuel and RDF-5, these two energy sources are still beneficial to lower greenhouse gas emissions and should be encouraged for further development as alternative energy resources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the greenhouse reduction effect of the two alternative energies based on IPCC model. Our research also focuses on understanding the potential production situation of bio-diesel and RDF-5 in Taiwan based on data collection and analysis. Accordingly, pertinent suggestions to Taiwan's energy policy are proposed. Biomass Energy Development and Greenhouse Gas Reduction: An Application of IPCC Model

Avoiding the Doldrums: Evaluating the Need for Change in the Offshore Wind Permitting Process

Koh Mak Island was promoted as the low carbon destination in Thailand. Transportation represents the main contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which is linked to climate change. These GHG emission from surface transport is quite complicated as data is scarce on the distances travelled for tourism purposes. The aim of this study is to estimate the amount of CO2 emission from energy consumption by tourist transportation in Koh Mak Island, Trat province, Thailand. The methodology of a bottom up approach was observed by using questionnaire surveys. Firstly, the questionnaire design ensured the validity of the questionnaire by calculating the Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) index which was found to be 0.96 which is acceptable. Secondly, CO2 emission from energy consumption by transportation was calculated by the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) criteria. The CO2 emission of local transportation was estimated by using the 465 copies of questionnaire that were distributed to the tourists. The tourism demographic information of male and female in Koh Mak Island were 42 % and 58 %. Most of the tourist age was 26-35 years old. The average local transport between beginning of the journey in Thailand and Koh Mak destination was 468 ± 139 km person-1. The total consumption of gasoline and diesel for road transportation of the 465 tourists were 7,954.01 and 15,199.80 L. Gasoline used in boat transportation was 1,357.80 L. The total CO2 emissions in transportation due to consumption of gasoline and diesel were 20,389.14 and 23,715.83 kg CO2-eq. The average CO2 emission was 23.83 kg CO2 person-1. The alternative to reduce CO2 emission in transportation by low carbon tourism is to ride bicycles on the island as the distance between landmarks are quite short and there is very good scenery between the roads.

Pemanasan global telah menyita perhatian dunia bahkan akan semakin bertambah besar dimasa yang akan datang mengingat akibat yang ditimbulkannya UNO, melalui program lingkungan UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) dan Organisasi Meteorologi Dunia (World Meteorological Organization, WMO) membentuk The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pada 1988 untuk meneliti dan menganalisa isu-isu ilmu pengetahuan yang muncul. Makalah ini akan membahas tentang emisi GRK dari empat industri yaitu baja, aluminium, semen dan kimia.Guna mengantisipasi meningkatnya emisi GRK maka keempat industri ini perlu melakukan kerjasama. Model kerjasama apa yang paling tepat juga akan dibahas pada makalah ini.Selanjutnya alternatif solusi yang bisa. Ada beberapa emisi GRK dari sektor industri, mulai dari industri kimia, baja, semen dan alumunium. Dalam Protocol Kyoto, tersedia tiga mekanisme fleksibel dalam upaya pencapaian target penurunan emisi GRK, yaitu Emissions Trading (ET) atau perdagangan emisi antar negara maju, Joint Implementation (JI) atau pelaksanaan penurunan emisi secara bersama sama antar negara maju, dan Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) atau kerjasama antara negara maju dan negara berkembang. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa salah satu cara yang strategis untuk melindungi atmosfir adalah dengan cara mengontrol penggunaan sumber daya alam melalui emisi GRK.

Better information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potential in the agricultural sector is necessary to manage these emissions and identify responses that are consistent with the food security and economic development priorities of countries. Critical activity data (what crops or livestock are managed in what way) are poor or lacking for many agricultural systems, especially in developing countries. In addition, the currently available methods for quantifying emissions and mitigation are often too expensive or complex or not sufficiently user friendly for widespread use.The purpose of this focus issue is to capture the state of the art in quantifying greenhouse gases from agricultural systems, with the goal of better understanding our current capabilities and near-term potential for improvement, with particular attention to quantification issues relevant to smallholders in developing countries. This work is timely in light of international discussions and negotiations around how agriculture should be included in efforts to reduce and adapt to climate change impacts, and considering that significant climate financing to developing countries in post-2012 agreements may be linked to their increased ability to identify and report GHG emissions (Murphy et al 2010, CCAFS 2011, FAO 2011).

The Carbon Footprint (CF) calculates the amount of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by direct and indirect human activities in a certain time frame. CF provides a measure of effect of human activity on the earth's climate and provides guidance on mitigation potential. This study aims to measure the carbon footprint per household in two Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions and aims to establish relationship between the CF and socioeconomic parameters of the households. Primary data were collected from a survey carried out in Gangodawila South GN division of Colombo District and Galbada GN division of Galle District. Households were selected using random sampling technique and data on activities that emit greenhouse gases including energy use, transport were collected. In addition, secondary data was collected from various sources. Carbon footprint was calculated by using emission factors obtained from 2006 IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Most relevant and appropriate emission factors for Sri Lankan conditions were selected to increase the accuracy of the study. Results indicate that the CF estimated for Galbada is lower than that of Gangodawila GN division. CF is significantly influenced by income in both locations. Carbon foot print estimations are useful in guiding households towards the choice of options with lesser emissions. Keywords: Carbon footprint, Greenhouse gas, Ecological footprint, Emission factors

The increased availability of reliable and efficient energyservices stimulates new development alternatives. This article discusses thepotential for such integrated systems in the stationary and portable powermarket in response to the critical need for a cleaner energy technology.Throughout the theme several issues relating to renewable energies,environment, and sustainable development are examined from both current andfuture perspectives. It is concluded that green energies like wind, solar,groundsource heat pumps, and biomass must be promoted, implemented, anddemonstrated from the economic and/or environmental point view. Biogas frombiomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which ispotentially rich in biomass resources. This is an overview of some salientpoints and perspectives of biogas technology. The current literature isreviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts ofbiogas technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use ofbiomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and othermaterials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, highervalue products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must beencouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especiallyin remote rural areas. Anticipated patterns of future energy use and consequentenvironmental impacts (acid precipitation, ozone depletion and the greenhouseeffect or global warming) are comprehensively discussed in this article. NationalCentre for Research, Energy Research Institute (ERI), between January 2011 andJuly 2011. An approach is needed to integrate renewable energies in a way tomeet high building performance. However, because renewable energy sources arestochastic and geographically diffuse their ability to match demand isdetermined by adoption of one of the following two approaches: the utilisationof a capture area greater than that occupied by the community to be supplied, orthe reduction of the community’s energy demands to a level commensurate withthe locally available renewable resources. The adoption of green or sustainableapproaches to the way in which society is run is seen as an important strategyin finding a solution to the energy problem. The key factors to reducing andcontrolling CO2, which is the major contributor to global warming, are the useof alternative approaches to energy generation and the exploration of how thesealternatives are used today and may be used in the future as green energysources. This study highlights the energy problem and the possible saving thatcan be achieved through the use of renewable energy technologies. Also, thisstudy clarifies the background of the study, highlights the potential energysaving that could be achieved through use of renewable energy technologies anddescribes the objectives, approach and scope of the study. The move towards ade-carbonised world, driven partly by climate science and partly by thebusiness opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentallyfriendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmosphericcarbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use ofnatural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases andprovides comfortable coexistence of human, livestock, and plants. The increasedavailability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates newdevelopment alternatives. We present and focus a comprehensive review of energysources, and the development of sustainable technologies to explore theseenergy sources. We conclude that using renewable energy technologies, efficientenergy systems, energy savings techniques and other mitigation measuresnecessary to reduce climate changes.

Climate change issues in the world is a problem that needs attention. In the last three wasrsa dasa, has been an increase of carbon dioxide in the air is very large, reaching about 70%. Carbon dioxide emissions have resulted in the Greenhouse Effect, which causes climate change, both in local and global scale. Meriupakan transport sector one of the sectors that contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that there are three main sectors that affect the increase in carbon dioxide emissions within 30 years, namely the transport sector, energy supply sector, and industrial sectors. Carbon dioxide emissions can be calculated using various methods available and seytiap method requires the data obtained in various ways. In this study the selection method of calculating carbon dioxide emissions generated by the transportation sector. From this study found that the method of using vehicle kilometer travel is the most suitable method for the conditions in Indonesia. Keywords: transport emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, vehicle kilometer travel

Debate over climate change is nothing new. Scientists have been arguing about whether greenhouse gases released by human activity might change the climate since the late nineteenth century, when Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius first proposed that industrial emissions might cause global warming.1 Fueled by partisan bickering, this dispute now is more bellicose than ever.

Indonesia has targeted 29 % Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in 2030 and Industry is one of the big two contributors for GHG emissions. As an industry, mining is an energy-intensive industry, and reducing energy consumption is one of the strategies to improve mining environmental performance. The aim of this paper is to estimate the GHG emission reduction in a mining project through energy reduction initiatives. A copper mine in Indonesia with processing plant capacity of 120,000 t/d and operate 111 Caterpillar 793C Haul Truck was taken as a case study. This mine site has two sources of an electricity namely coal-fired power plant with 112 MW output and diesel power plant with 45 MW output. The analysis method for calculating CO2 emission is using IPCC method where fuel consumption and emission factor are two main variables for GHG emissions. Business as usual scenario (TIER 1) showed that the average of diesel fuel consumption for fleets operation generated 294,006 t CO2-eq/y. A coal-fired power plant with average coal consumption of 350 t/d/unit generated 1.15 Mt CO2-eq/y and diesel power plant consumed 4.35 ML/y produced 11,632 t CO2-eq/y. Two energy initiative programs were identified namely fuel conversion and used oil utilisation program. The initiative scenario focused on substituting, reducing and reusing of fossil fuels including coal, diesel fuel, and used oil. This scenario was estimated to contribute the carbon emission reduction (t CO2-eq) of 258,381 annually. The involvement of mining industry in carbon emission reduction is not only helping Indonesia in achieving its GHG emissions reduction target but also increases mine site environmental performance and company image.

The Ecology of Meat

In Italy and many European countries energy production from biomass is encouraged by strong economic subsidies so that renewable energy plants, anaerobic digestion plant producing biogas in particular, are getting large diffusion. Nevertheless, it is necessary to define the environmental compatibility as well as technological and economic issues dealing with the emerging renewable energy scenario. This evaluation should take into account global parameters as well as environmental impacts at regional and local scale coming from new polluting emissions. The environmental balances regarding new energy plants are of primary importance within very polluted areas such as Northern Italy where air quality limits are systematically exceeded, in particular for PM10, NO2 and ozone. The most important environmental shortcomings that should be solved or at least minimized as far as biogas production and utilisation are concerned are: 1. macro-pollutants emissions from biogas engine at the local scale and low fuel utilization index (biogas plants generally don't recover all thermal energy at disposal); 2. indirect GHG emissions, mainly involving post-methanation emissions from the digestate storage; 3. ammonia emissions from the storage and land spreading of digested materials, low fertilising efficiency of manure and digestate, nitrate contamination of groundwater. The described emissions and energy inefficiency could involve negative environmental balances at the local scale, conflicting with the possible benefits arising from biomass energy production. An alternative technological choice for biogas valorisation could be biomethane production (also called green gas) through biogas purification and upgrading processes in order to remove CO2 and trace components. Biomethane production and its injection into natural gas grid (or its use as a transport vehicle fuel) could bring about strong energy and environmental benefits such as higher energy efficiencies and lower specific emissions (district heating CHP units, combined cycle gas turbines, methane powered vehicles). The present study mainly aims at analysing biogas upgrading techniques under the aspects of energy consumptions and environmental sustainability, with a specific focus on minimizing methane losses from the process by means of suitable design and operative choices (temperature, pressures, sorbents, recirculation strategies, etc.) that are fully described and simulated. The considered upgrading techniques are based on the principles of physical and chemical absorption and pressure/vacuum swing adsorption (PSA). The analysis highlights that there are strong differences among the examined upgrading techniques, as far as specific sorbent flows, absorbing tower dimensions, methane losses, power required, recoverable heat and environmental impacts (use of resources, gaseous releases of odorous and polluting molecules, GHG balances) are concerned. In particular, all the analysed upgrading techniques could be designed in order to achieve very low methane slip, below 0.1%, except PSA for which methane losses are hardly reducible below 2%, even at very high energy consumptions. The actual range of methane slip for the considered technologies is 0.1÷5% whereas the energy consumption to upgrade biogas lies in the range 0.05÷0.54 kWhe/m3 of raw biogas. The following analysis reports also some economic evaluations including electric energy costs, thermal energy requirements, biomethane sale incomes and external costs due to environmental impacts of biogas production+upgrading techniques. Within the described cost-benefit approach, the best overall balances seems to be assured by absorption with DEPG and chemical absorption with MEA. Finally, the last part of the present work shows a technical analysis of a specific digestate treatment process that could help reaching both the reduction of GHG and ammonia emissions and, at the same time, the production of fertilizers. The present analysis therefore confirms that biogas/biomethane technology is absolutely ready and suitable to reach very high levels of productivity, efficiency and environmental performances at sustainable costs and the right technological approach could solve many environmental problems regarding nitrate contamination of groundwater, ammonia emissions and global warming issues

This project studies the conversion of CO2 into fuels and chemicals in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. CO2, H2 and CH4 have been used as reactants, and special attention has been paid on understanding the plasma-catalytic synergy when a catalyst is placed in a plasma discharge. CO2 and CH4 are major greenhouse gases, responsible for the global greenhouse effect and climate change. The overall aim of this project is to initiate CO2 hydrogenation and biogas reforming at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure by using plasma-catalysis. In this project, non-thermal plasma has been generated in a DBD reactor with and without a packed-bed of catalyst, enabling the CO2 conversion to be investigated under three conditions: Plasma alone, thermal catalysis and plasma-catalysis. Transitional metal catalysts such as Cu, Co, Mn, and Ni supported on Al2O3 and SiO2 have been screened, and their performance in the CO2 hydrogenation and biogas reforming have been compared under the three conditions. The synergy between non-thermal plasma and catalysts has been clearly identified. The effects of a catalyst’s properties and operational parameters on the reactions have also been studied. The project starts by the investigation of CO2 hydrogenation with H2. Results showed that reverse water-gas shift reaction and CO2 methanation were dominant in the plasma CO2 hydrogenation process. Compared to plasma CO2 hydrogenation without a catalyst, the combination of plasma with Cu/Al2O3, Mn/Al2O3 and Cu-Mn/Al2O3 catalysts enhanced the conversion of CO2 by 6.7% to 36%. The Mn/Al2O3 catalyst showed the best catalytic activity, as it increased the CO yield by 114% and the energy efficiency of CO production by 116%. The Ni/Al2O3 was even better than the Mn/Al2O3 catalyst, while its presence in the DBD reactor has clearly demonstrated a plasma-catalytic synergy at low temperatures. In addition, the introduction of argon in the reaction has enhanced the conversion of CO2, the yield of CO and CH4 and the energy efficiency of the plasma process. The formation of metastable argon (Ar*) in the plasma has created new reaction-routes which made a significant contribution to the enhanced CO2 conversion and CH4 yield. Biogas reforming has also been initiated at ambient temperatures by non-thermal plasma. The combination of plasma with the Co/Al2O3, Cu/Al2O3, Mn/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts significantly enhanced CH4 conversion and showed a plasma-catalytic synergy for CH4 conversion and overall energy efficiency of the process. The best CH4 conversion of 19.6% and syngas production have been achieved over the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst at a discharge power of 7.5 W and a gas flow rate of 50 ml min-1. Moreover, the addition of K-promoter into the catalyst has further improved the performance of the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. A conclusion of the findings of this project and outlook for further work is presented in Chapter seven, where it is concluded that non-thermal plasma has initiated the CO2 hydrogenation and biogas reforming at lower temperatures, comparing with thermal catalytic processes. The combination of plasma and catalyst has further improved the performance of the hydrogenation processes, in terms of conversion, yield, and energy efficiency, while significant synergy between DBD plasma and catalysts has been observed. By upgrading the catalyst and adjusting the operational parameters (e.g. molar ratio of feed gas, preparation method of catalyst, composition of catalyst, and promoters), the plasma-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation and biogas reforming processes can be further optimised.

So far, the climate on the Earth, from beginning to end, has been changing, making in circle and not stopping. About this point, the specialists seemly have no disagreement. However, About causes of climate change, they indeed have divergence, and as for whether carbon dioxide is or not main cause of global climate warming, their divergence is much more large. Some specialists considered that natural factors are main causes led to climate change, and influence of anthropological factors on climate change is very very small. However, the other specialists considered that anthropological factors are important cause led to climate change, and also emission of greenhouse gases is main causes led to climate warming and at which, emission of carbon dioxide is the most main cause led to global climate warming. Still also some specialists consisted that carbon dioxide emitted by human activities is a chief culprit led to global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the climate on the Earth is warming. Emission of greenhouse gases led to climate warming, and carbon dioxide is main cause led to climate warming, and especially the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities is the most main cause led to global warming. Now, the climate on the earth is getting more and more warming. If the people did not control emission of carbon dioxide, the global climate warming would bring ecological cataclysm to the mankind. The climate change theory described by IPCC is called “Global warming” theory, or “Greenhouse effect” theory. The global warming theory, or greenhouse effect theory, has had very large influence on the all over the world. In China, also there are a lot of people who believe that “global warming” is true, is right and is scientific. Especially in Chinese academic circles, there are many specialists who especially believe “global warming”, and they forcefully trumpeted that the global climate is getting more and more warming. The carbon dioxide was considered as a chief culprit resulted led to global warming. Still also there are some people who placed “ global warming” theory on the god altar, and accepted some people to prostrate themselves in worship. The “Global warming” theory put forward by IPCC, at home and abroad, all has received a lot of serious criticism. According to basic theory of classical physics and basic fact of climate observation, we can prove that emission of greenhouse gases is not main cause led to climate change, and also carbon dioxide is not most main cause led to climate warming, and still also carbon dioxide emitted by human activities was not a chief culprit led to global warming. Thus, large decrease of emission of carbon dioxide cannot control the greenhouse effect, and also cannot prevent climate warming, and still also cannot stop happening of climate cataclysm.