ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ФУНКЦИИ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ДЛЯ АНАЛИЗА ВАРИАБЕЛЬНОСТИ СЕРДЕЧНОГО РИТМА

Regulation of the circulatory system in hypertensive crises was studied using mathematical analysis of the cardiac rhythm. The study involved 166 patients from age 29 to 73 years with hypertension stage II–III. The cardiac rhythm variability was assessed for 10-min intervals by parameters of the regulatory system activity (according to R.M. Baevskiiet al.). In hypertensive crisis, the cardiac rhythm variability was decreased, and the activity of systems regulating blood circulation was increased, compared to both the normal and the crisis-free period. Therefore, the determination of parameters of cardiac rhythm variability has an additional diagnostic value. Changes in these parameters in hypertensive crisis depend on the duration of hypertension, the patients’ age, and dysfunction of target organs. Changes in the cardiac rhythm variability persisted after normalization of arterial pressure in the postcrisis period, and this indicates that the patients’ condition was not stabilized during hospital treatment and prolonged supervised hypotensive therapy was required.

Physiological mechanisms of cardiac rhythm variability (CRV) are reviewed. The results of original experiments are discussed together with the history of the problem and data available from the literature. Special emphasis is placed on the spectral analysis of cardiac rhythm. Various mechanisms of the generation of periodic and aperiodic components of CRV are considered. Although the variability of cardiac rhythm has been studied for many years in many laboratories worldwide, fine mechanisms of CRV remain obscure. However, a number of specific features of CRV are presently widely recognized. Periodic CRV components isolated from short-term records in patients at rest are represented by high-frequency, low-frequency, and very low-frequency oscillations. Fourier-transform spectral analysis of cardiac rhythm is the most appropriate method of the detection of these oscillations. High-frequency components are associated with respiration and represent the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on myocardium. Low-frequency components are due to the activity of the postganglionic sympathetic fibers and represent the processes of cardiac rhythm modulation by the sympathetic nervous system. Genesis of very low-frequency oscillations is still uncertain. Most probably, these oscillations are associated with the effects of suprasegmental (primarily, hypothalamic) centers of autonomic regulation. Aperiodic CRV components represent random events associated with the reflex regulation of the heart rate by external or internal factors. Because aperiodic components significantly modify the results of the CRV analysis, the effects of these factors should be eliminated. It is concluded that because many problems associated with cardiac rhythm variability remain to be solved, extensive research in this direction should be continued.

In the last decade the health of young people inUkraineas well as in many other countries of the world significantly deteriorated according to the results of screening tests. Because of this the main task of prophylactic medicine is development and introduction of new methods of early diagnostics of diseases. The aim of the work to assess the peculiarities of adaptation of students with different types of vegetative regulation.Material and methods: 415 second year students ofLuganskStateMedicalUniversitywere tested. The mechanisms of physiological functions of the body regulation were assessed by registration of cardiac rhythm variability (CRV). Analysis of CRV was performed by three methods: statistical, geometrical, and spectral analysis. The express method proposed by Shlyk, N.I. (2009) was later used to determine the prevailing type of vegetative regulation. To assess adaptability the method of R.M. Baevskij (1979) was used.Results: In the result of investigation 4 types of functional states of regulatory systems were determined: I type – 295 (71 %) of tested, II – in 14 (3 %), III – in 96 (23 %) and IV – only in 10 (2%). I type of functional state of regulatory systems in the wakeful state at rest was characterized by moderate prevalence of central regulation of heart rhythm (MPCR), decreased activity of autonomic regulation. It was noticed that some of the parameters of CRV (like R-R, SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50) which characterize autonomic regulation, were statistically lowere (р≤0.01) compared to type III, and some (like AMo and SI) higher, in both female and male students. Summarized spectrum capacity and components of its wave structure (HF, LF, VLF) which characterize central regulation were statistically significantly lower (р≤0.01) for the I type of regulation compared to the III one which is characterized by moderate prevalence of autonomic regulation of the heart rhythm. In female students with type I autonomic regulation compared to male students such CRV parameters as R-R and AМo were statistically significantly lower (р≤0.05), while the parameters of total potency (TP) and high frequency waves (HF) were higher (р≤0.05), which could point to more centralized heart rhythm regulation in male compared to female. The evaluation of regulatory systems overstress allowed to determine the state of adaptation and risk of overstress or breakdown in students with different types of autonomic regulation.Conclusions: Thus, evaluation of adaptation state in students with different types of autonomic regulation allows to characterize the current functional state and uncover the risk of disease development.

Purpose – to evaluate atorvastatin influence on cardiac hemodynamics and rhythm variability in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in remission. Materials and methods. One hundred fifty-seven subjects with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in full or partial remission were enrolled in the study. Atorvastatin at doses 20 mg/d and 40 mg/d were prescribed for patients with hypercholesterinemia, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease risk factors. All patients and control subjects underwent echocardiography, and 24-hour Holter monitoring with continuous time-dependent and spectral analysis of heart rate variability at baseline, after 1 year and after 3 years of observation period. Cardiovascular events were evaluated for 3 years observation period. Results. In one year after reaching remission of CLL in comparing with baseline there is a statistical decrease in E (0.98 ± 0.15 м/с and 0.89 ± 0.16 м/с; P < 0.001), A (0.98 ± 0.16 м/с and 0.92 ± 0.15 м/с; p=0.023). E/A (P = 0.011) were significantly lower in group of patients without atorvastatin treatment (P = 0.011) and in group treated with atorvastatin in dose 20 mg a day (P = 0.002). In three year EF decreased in comparing with baseline (55.43 ± 4.75 % and 51.52 ± 6.40 % і; P = 0.009) in patients without atorvastatin treatment. In three year global circular systolic strain (-17.42 ± 3.24% and -16.78 ± 3.56 %; P = 0.035), global longitudinal systolic strain (-18.13 ± 2.15 % and -17.04 ± 2.07 %; P = 0.008), global longitudinal systolic strain rate (-1.03 ± 0.23с-1 and -0.91 ± 0.33с-1; P = 0.024) were significantly decreased in patients without atorvastatin treatment. The LF values of group of patients treated without atorvastatin of patients were significantly lower than those of controls, and HF values of patients with CLL (P = 0.043) and HNL (P = 0.04) were lower. Conclusions. Among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in remission systolic and diastolic function, regional systolic contractility and variability of cardiac rhythm were significantly worse in three year especially in patients without atorvastatin treatment.

Aging and pathology result in changes in the dynamics of several physiological subsystems. Often, these changes are concurrent, altering the dynamics between subsystems. Cardiac and gait rhythms are one example in which patterns change during physical activity. The purpose of this research is to simultaneously monitor changes in cardiac and gait rhythms when participants complete various treadmill walking tasks-normal speed, fast speed, and while synchronizing steps with a blinking metronome. The cardiac and gait rhythms of younger and older healthy adults were examined in this study during treadmill walking tasks. Pre-test and post-test walking at a preferred walking speed were compared to fast walking and walking with a gait synchronization test. Cardiac and gait rhythms were observed to calculate the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, detrended fluctuation analysis scaling exponent alpha (DFA α), and sample entropy from each 15-min trial. Separate MANOVAs were used to examine the two experimental conditions for cardiac and gait rhythm variability. During the gait synchronization experiment, main effects for phase were exhibited for all gait variables, but none were shown during the fast walking task. Meanwhile, the cardiac rhythms demonstrated decreased mean and increased DFA α only during the synchronization condition. Participants, regardless of age, exhibited similar patterns of change in their cardiac and locomotor rhythms during the treadmill walking tasks. Cardiac rhythms were only altered during the gait synchronization task, suggesting it may be possible to simultaneously influence the variability and structure of cardiac and gait rhythms.

Summary Introduction. Determination of the state of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity has been widely used in various disorders in neonatal practice. Hypoxia is known to have a significant adverse effect on myocardial function and autonomic cardiac control processes. Early detection of the development of posthypoxic damage to the autonomic nervous regulation of cardiac activity by analyzing the variability of cardiac rhythm and finding its relationship with other characteristics of cardiac rhythm variability (CRV) may be useful for determining the subsequent therapeutic approach for such infants. The aim of the study is to improve early diagnosis of posthypoxic myocardial damage by studying cardiac rhythm variability of (CRV) in newborns following hypoxia and comparing its characteristics with laboratory-instrumental indicators of cardiovascular system. Material and methods. 187 newborns were examined in the early neonatal period. The study involved assessment of medical records, biochemical blood test (AST, ALT, KFK, KFK-MV, LDH, GGTF),daily monitoring of ECG according to Holter (HMEGG) with determination of the main temporal indicators of heart rate variability, Doppler echocardiography (DEchoCG) and statistical processing. Results and discussion. Depending on the Apgar scale at the 1st minute, the children were divided into 2 main groups: newborns with Apgar score less than 6 points which comprised the 1st group (n=132), newborns with Apgar score of 7 points or more were included into the 2nd group (n=55). Depending on the gestational peculiarities at birth, children were subdivided into subgroups of full–term and preterm infants: group 1a (n=15) were full–term infants with hypoxia at birth, group 1b (n=117) were premature newborns with hypoxia at birth, group 2a (n=43) were full– term neonates without hypoxia at birth, group 2b (n=12) were prematurely born without hypoxia at birth. According to HMEGG findings, the mean, mean minimum and mean maximum heart rates were higher in the group of infants who underwent hypoxia, with the highest rates in the group of premature infants. Circadian index scores were lower in the group of newborns who underwent hypoxia, with the lowest in the group of preterm infants. Assessment of correlation dependencies of CRV time parameters with laboratory parameters and DECHOCG parameters showed that SDANN had the highest percentage of relationships with laboratory and instrumental indicators of CVS status. With the parameters of DECHOCG in all groups, rMSSD and pNN50 indicators had the highest number of relationships, which most fully characterized the state of hemodynamics in the group of newborns with existing disorders of adaptation at birth secondary to hypoxic events (group 1) and in the subgroup of premature children (group 1b). SDNN was associated with CPK-MB and gammaglutamyltransferase values, as an indicator of the antioxidant system of body protection in newborns with impaired adaptation at birth following hypoxia, including in the group of premature infants. Conclusions. Prematurely born children who undergo hypoxia have a more pronounced autonomic imbalance in the regulation of cardiac activity. Comprehensive CRV assessment with determination of all parameters characterizing the state of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation in comparison with biochemical parameters of CVS and DECHOCG will allow to improve the early diagnosis of posthypoxic myocardial injury and to develop further approach of patient management.

Regulation of the cardiac chronotropic function was studied by spectral analysis of cardiac rhythm variability in HF, LF, and VLF bands in rats at various stages of the early postnatal ontogeny. The inadequacy of the regulatory mechanisms during the first days of life manifested by low power of all waves (particularly HF) in the cardiac rhythm variability spectrum. On day 14 of life, the cardiointerval variability was formed by HF waves, their low power together with increasing heart rate indicating more intense sympathetic effects. On day 21 of life, a potent elevation of the VLF power reflected a stronger centralization of regulation from higher autonomic centers. The age of 28 days was characterized by a sharp increase of HF activity and could be regarded as the turning point in the development of parasympathetic effects and activity of the autonomic regulation contour. From the age of 35 days, the wave power and the proportion of the spectral components of cardiac rhythm variability in albino rats corresponded to the adult pattern; a trend to the central regulation predominance and to greater rigidity of cardiac rhythm formed only with the onset of sexual maturation.

The article presents the research results of a regulatory profile of cardiac rhythm in a situation of examination, depending on the level of personal and state anxiety. In order to identify the characteristics of a psychosomatic response to the situation of examination stress the level of anxiety was assessed, which made the basis for ranking groups (low-, moderate-, high - anxious cadets). Cardiac rhythm variability was investigated by the method of R. M. Baevsky, and the statistical and spectral analysis was estimated. The study involved 42 apparently healthy cadets of the first course, 35 girls and 7 boys. The average age was (17.5 ± 0.5) years. A cross-sectional (transverse) study was carried out which protocol included 2 stages: the first stage: anxiety level was determined before the exam, functioning parameters of cardiovascular system and cardiac rhythm variability were registered. The second stage: registration of above mentioned parameters immediately after the examination. The analysis of the research results showed that the level of state anxiety before the exam in all groups was above the level of trait anxiety, which was seen as a natural reaction to the situation of the examination. The reaction of the cardiovascular system and the mechanisms of the autonomic regulation of heart rhythm in a standard situation such as examination were provocative depending on the level of anxiety. Highly anxious examinees showed a higher activation of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system which indicated the generalization of anxiety and possibilities of its somatization.

The objective of the present work was to study variability of cardiac rhythms developing under the influence of the 10 day-long course of low-intensity ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation (UHF EMR). It was shown that the courses of UIHF EMR have corrective effect on the cardiovascular system of the volunteers, in the first place by means of reducing the level of centralization of the regulatory mechanisms. The intensity of the influence of this therapy on the cardiac rhythm variability depends on the number of treatment courses and the initial functional state of the volunteers. Moreover, low-intensity ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation decreases the intergroup dispersion of the characteristics of cardiac rhythm variability in the volunteers of different groups.

The present study included 71 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (41 boys and 30 girls) at the age from 9 to 18 (mean 15.2 (13.6; 16.5)) years, duration of the disease 5.0 (2.5; 9) years, and the HbA1c level of 9.1% (7.0; 10.2). All the patients underwent continuous ECG monitoring with the assessment of the cardiac rhythm variability (CRV) characteristics and the QT interval duration over 24 hours. These studies were supplemented by cardiovascular tests and the PWC170 test with the evaluation of CRV and the heart rate (HR) during testing and the rehabilitation period. Autonomous dysfunction was documented in 22 (30.9%) patients. It was shown that the children and adolescents presenting with the cardiovascular form of autonomous neuropathy (KAH+) had lower CRV values during physical exercises than the patients without KAH+ , and their CRV and HR characteristics failed to be fully normalized after the cessation of loading. This fact may be responsible for the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rate among the patients with DM1 in the mature age.

In the context of the booming construction of smart cities, multi-source data fusion and analysis algorithms play a key role in optimizing real estate management and improving urban efficiency. In this review, we comprehensively and systematically review the relevant algorithms, covering the types, characteristics, fusion techniques, analysis algorithms, and their synergies of multi-source data. We found that multi-source data, including sensors, social media, citizen feedback, and GIS data, face challenges such as data quality and privacy security when being fused. Data fusion algorithms are diverse and have their own advantages and disadvantages. Data analysis algorithms help urban management in areas such as spatial analysis and deep learning. Algorithm collaboration can improve decision-making accuracy and efficiency and promote the rational allocation of urban resources. In the future, algorithm development will focus on data quality, real-time, deep mining, interdisciplinary research, privacy protection, and collaborative application expansion, providing strong support for the sustainable development of smart cities.

Purpose: Conduct an analysis of cardiac rhythm variability in the cows of the Jersey breed with a different vegetative status.Materials and methods. Indicators of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac rhythm variability studied on cows of the Jersey breed (n = 103). For the analysis and removal of ECG, the animal studied used the program «Conan-4.5» in the system of frontal administrations according to the method of P. M. Roshchensky. Clinical research methods were carried out according to the methods of clinical inspection of animals B. V. Ears and included — inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of the heart area.Results. Among the entire studied array of animals, the largest amount was sympathyone — 50,5%, normotonics — 24,3%, hypersympathicotonics — 16,5%. The smallest amount — vagotonic — 8,7%. For the vagotonic, the respiratory modulation index was 8,16±0,02%, the index of the sympathetic system is 43±0,1%, and the index of slowly wave arrhythmia is 0,8±0,1%. This group of cows parasympathetic (software) prevails over the sympathetic department of the vegetative nervous system. For normotonics, the value of the respiratory modulation index was 4,14±0,03%, the index of the sympathetic system is 96±0,2%, and im is 2,5±0,2%. This group is characterized by an equilibrium state between sympathetic department and VNS. The ids for sympathicotonists amounted to 2,78±0,03%, the index of the sympathetic system is 195±0,2%, and im is 8,2±0,1%. At sympathicotonists, which are characterized by a predominance with VNS above software. The hyper smpathetical respiratory modulation index was 1,34±0,02%, ICAS — 588±0,1%, and im is 11,4±0,3%. In hypersympathicotonists, which are characterized by the predominance of the super-viper vehicle of the vegetative nervous system over parasympathetic.Conclusion. The separation of the entire array on the subgroups based on the vegetative status of animals was based on the indicators of the voltage index of regulatory systems. To confirm the correctness of the separation of the studied array of animals on the subgroup, statistical processing was carried out and a classification matrix was built. Also, to confirm the classification separation matrix, additional statistical processing of the material of the differences between the obtained groups in the square of the distance of the Mahalonobis D2 was carried out. In the course of further registration and mathematical analysis of the variability of the heart rate of cattle (cows of the Jersey breed) with the help of a modern complex electrophysiological laboratory «Conan-4.5» features of indexes of A. Ya. Kaplan were established.

Studies of the psychophysiological status and func� tional resources of schoolchildren have become very important under contemporary conditions of increasing education load and new technologies of education. The cardiovascular system is an indicator of the functional state of the human brain [4, 7, 9], while cardiac rhythm changes represent dynamics of nerve processes. Heart rate can be regarded as an indicator of socially important events, including educational efforts. The functional resources of the human body can be assessed using tests for variability of cardiac rhythm (VCR). Control over physiological reactions depends on the level of functional load [3]. Spectral analysis of car� diac rhythm reveals a correlation between spectral com� ponents and stages of the regulatory mechanism. Orthostatic tests are routinely used in most studies of functional resources [2, 6]. Postural tests are more appro� priate for studies of children’s adaptation to school con� ditions [1, 4, 10]. The goal of this work was to study spectral character� istics of cardiac rhythm in children of primary school age during mental activity. Primary school age is a critical period of development. It corresponds to qualitative rearrangement of many brain structures, physiological systems, and adaptive reactions. At early stages of devel� opment inconsistency between environmental factors and adaptive capacity is particularly detrimental [8].

Objective: to evaluate the neonatal autonomic nervous system, by analyzing cardiac rhythm variability (CRV). Subjects and methods: Examinations were made in 7 full-term neonates with the physiological course of the early adaptation period on days 2 and 5 after birth (a control group) and in 11 neonatal babies with various surgical pathology during surgical interventions (a study group). Results. Just in the preoperative period, the neonatal infants with surgical pathology showed a comparatively higher activity of the sympathetic nervous system than did the healthy infants, which determines the intensive performance of most systems of the body. The anesthesia introduction period and tracheal intubation were accompanied by a predominance of very low frequency (VLF) fluctuations associated with energy metabolic regulation. A drastic increase in stress index by almost 2 times and a reduction in spectrum power are indicative of the considerable tension of regulatory systems. The basic stage is characterized by a preponderance of high-frequency (HF) fluctuations and an increase in VLF ones by the end of surgery with lower low-frequency (LF) power fluctuations and by the maximum SI values, which indicates the enhanced activity of the subcortical autonomic centers in the hypothalamo-pituitary system and cerebral cortex. Conclusion. The CRV indicators recorded at all surgical stages in neonatal babies with surgical pathology reflect a critical increase in the activity of autonomic cardiovascular system regulation, which are undetectable by conventional anesthesiological monitoring techniques, in which the changes in hemodynamics (blood pressure and heart rate) were characterized by the relative stability of the indicators. The studies supported the informative value of – using the methods for statistical and spectral analyses of CRV in neonates at surgery to optimize anesthesiological defense and to make a timely correction of impaired homeostasis.

The investigation was undertaken to study the adaptive capacities of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in physiological full-term pregnancy, by using the active orthostatic test (AOT) and to analyze cardiac rhythm variability (CRV). The study covered 49 low-risk group females during 38—39-week physiological pregnancy, who had indications for planned surgery -cesarean section. Before surgery, during an anesthesiological examination, all the pregnant females performed AOT during which ECG was continuously recorded. For CRV estimation, 5-min ECG fragments recorded in the standing and lying positions. AOT could reveal a normal orthostatic response (NOR) in 37 pregnant females, postural orthostatic tachycardia (POT) in 8 and orthostatic hypotension in 4. No relationship was found between the clinical characteristics and the types of responses to AOT. At the same time, comparison of CVS demonstrated that the baseline enhanced activity of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system was typical of females with POT as compared with females showing a NOR. Thus, estimation of CRV parameters in pregnant females permits predetermination of adaptive CVS capacities, which is important to be taken into account in choosing an anesthesiological support and modes of hemodynamic correction when cesarean section is performed.