ПАМЯТИ УЧЕНОГО: НАУЧНОЕ НАСЛЕДИЕ ФИЛОЛОГА-КЛАССИКА ЛЕОНИДА ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧА ПАВЛЕНКО

Pneumonology or Pneumology?: An Etymologic Approach

Focusing on Agnello and Orlando (1998), Elliger and Fink (1986), Weileder and Mayerhöfer (2013), Mihevc-Gabrovec (1978) and Keller and Russell (2012), I discuss attempts at introducing elements of Modern Greek into teaching its ancient predecessor. My analysis, which is based on the etymologies of LKN (Λεξικό της Κοινής Νεοελληνικής), shows that approximately half of the words in the textbooks investigated in this study retain the same written forms and meanings in Modern Greek as in Ancient Greek; the term word in this analysis subsumes headwords introducing lexical entries. On the other hand, words with the same written forms and different meanings in Ancient and Modern Greek are significantly less frequent, accounting for 5 to 11% of all words in the textbooks. Furthermore, these textbooks contain between 12 and 16% of words that retain the same meaning in Ancient and Modern Greek, and also show significant formal change. As a result, their written forms are different in Ancient than in Modern Greek. It is also found, however, that at least some inflected forms of the words belonging to the latter class retain in the modern language the same written forms and meanings as in Ancient Greek. These data suggest that it is possible to introduce elements of Modern Greek into teaching its ancient predecessor without drawing attention to grammatical and semantic differences between Ancient and Modern Greek. Based on these data I also evaluate at the end of the article existing attempts at incorporating elements of Modern Greek into teaching the ancient language.

The review examines the Textbook of the Ancient Greek Language by Marina N. Slavyatinskaya (2022), which is a valuable compendium as a proper methodological guide for studying the Ancient Greek language and at the same time an educational source containing a large amount of information on many areas related to Greek: the history of the Greek language, the Greek language in comparative historical linguistics and its significance for the development of this science, the dialect picture of the ancient period, Greek literature, comparison of Greek and Latin languages and Greco-Roman literature, Greek-Slavic relations, their importance in the development of the Church Slavonic language and church literature. The range of directions and topics corresponds to the concept of the textbook: it is actually didactics with the main task of mastering the Greek language, its grammar, necessarily in connection with the history of society. The book has interdisciplinary significance and can be productively applied in the study of the Greek language for all humanitarian specialties.

Modern Greek identity is heavily based on the idea of the continuity of Greek culture and the Greek language. Most specialists in Modern Greek regard Ancient Greek and Modern Greek as different stages of the same language despite multiple differences and innovations at all levels. During the 19th century, a number of European classical philologists tried to find Ancient Greek features in Modern Greek dialects. As a result, they have singled out Tsakonian as the sole dialect which descends directly from Ancient Doric Laconian but not from Hellenistic Koiné as the rest of the modern dialects. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that Tsakonian is not the only Modern Greek variety with some unique peculiarities inherited from Ancient Greek. This contribution analyzes the phenomena of the Ancient Greek origin in vocabulary, phonetics, morphology and syntax in Modern Greek dialects. The research is focused on those archaisms which exist in the dialects but are absent from Standard Modern Greek. The data was mostly collected by the author of this paper and his colleagues between 2000 and 2023. The analysis demonstrates that the majority of unique peculiarities of the Ancient Greek origin are found in Pontic and Tsakonian, although most varieties of Modern Greek have some archaisms. However, the quantity of archaisms is not a consistent indicator of the antiquity of the dialect since the history of Modern Greek dialects is still terra incognita and there is no good explanation why some dialects keep their archaisms better than the others.

The paper presents an attempt to reconstruct the original method of mastering the Modern Greek, created for classical philologists by a talented researcher and classical philologist Jules David. Jules David (Charles-Louis-Jules David, 1783–1854) was the son of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825), apparently the most successful and well paid artist in the entire history of France, the creator of neoclassicism. We will try to show that his scientific conception presents an interesting attempt to establish a connection between the ancient and modern state of the Greek continuum. Jules David’s linguo-didactic approach is innovative and unexpected – while discussing the standard of the Greek language, he managed to combine elegantly the descriptive and prescriptive aspects of the language analysis. His main work, the Comparative description of the Ancient Greek and Demotic Languages (Συνοπτικός παραλληλισμός της ελληνικής και γραικικής απλοελληνικής γλώσσης) is a fascinating attempt to establish the parallels of the Ancient Greek and Modern Greek languages. In addition Jules David set himself another and not trivial task indeed – to make classical philologists, dealing with the Ancient Greek, feel that they are dealing with a living language, and not with a dead scheme. We believe that this strategy of David, due to its originality, has not been fully understood by researchers and can be compared with the views of another outstanding neo-Hellenist and philosopher Nikolaj Bakhtin, the brother of philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin (1884–1950).

The Greek language, the root of most Latin anatomical terms, is deeply present in the Anatomical Terminology. Many studies seek to analyze etymologically the terms stemming from the Greek words. In most of these studies, the terms appear defined according to the etymological understanding of the respective authors at the time of its creation. Therefore, it is possible that the terms currently used are not consistent with its origin in ancient Greek words. We selected cardiologic anatomical terms derived from Greek words, which are included in the International Anatomical Terminology. We performed an etymological analysis using the Greek roots present in the earliest terms. We compared the cardiologic anatomical terms currently used in Greece and Brazil to the Greek roots originating from the ancient Greek language. We used morphological decomposition of Greek roots, prefixes, and suffixes. We also verified their use on the same lexicons and texts from the ancient Greek language. We provided a list comprising 30 cardiologic anatomical terms that have their origins in ancient Greek as well as their component parts in the International Anatomical Terminology. We included the terms in the way they were standardized in Portuguese, English, and Modern Greek as well as the roots of the ancient Greek words that originated them. Many works deal with the true origin of words (etymology) but most of them neither returns to the earliest roots nor relate them to their use in texts of ancient Greek language. By comparing the world's greatest studies on the etymology of Greek words, this paper tries to clarify the differences between the true origin of the Greek anatomical terms as well as the origins of the cardiologic anatomical terms more accepted today in Brazil by health professionals.

A question which occurs frequently to classical students and others concerns the relation between ancient and modern Greek. It is the purpose of the present article to indicate in as brief a fashion as possible the lines on which the question might be approached.Perhaps the most amazing thing about Greek is that in the period over which our written records extend—in over three millennia, since the decipherment of Linear B—it has changed so little. Whereas a student of Latin would be ill-equipped to read a modern Italian newspaper, a person with a good working knowledge of classical Greek would not only find an Athenian newspaper intelligible for the most part, but would be amazed at the remarkable likenesses between the ancient and the modern languages. For the vocabulary of a Greek newspaper is probably 99 per cent, of classical origin and modern Greek has retained much of the cumbersome grammar of the ancient language—and ancient Greek has got a cumbersome grammar, when we consider that its verb has over four hundred forms as compared to sixty or so in French and two in Afrikaans. Thus the declension of φίλος is precisely the same now (except for the absence of the dual, which was obsolescent in Xenophon's day, and of the dative) as it was in the fifth century B.c. The conjugation of the present of ἒχω is identical with that of the classical verb, although the third plural ending -ουσι occurs mostly dialectically, e.g. in Cypriot, and has been largely replaced by -ουν.

Reviewed by: A History of Ancient Greek. From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity Vit Bubenik A.-F. Christidis. A History of Ancient Greek. From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xli+1617. US $250.00. ISBN 9780521833073. This massive volume (1617 pages) is a revised and augmented translation of the Greek edition Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας από τις αρχές έως την ύστερη αρχαιότητα, published by the Centre of the Greek Language and the Institute of Modern Greek Studies (Manolis Triandafyllidis Foundation), Thessaloniki in September 2001. The present volume was edited by the late Professor Anastassios-Fivos Christidis (1946–2004) with the assistance of Maria Arapopoulou and Maria Chriti, and is the product of international cooperation involving 81 scholars (linguists, philologists, historians, jurists, theological scholars and archaeologists) from 13 European and North American countries (Greece, Cyprus, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Austria, Germany, Northern Ireland, USA and Canada). It is organized into nine parts with three appendices; each of the nine parts is introduced by the editor Christidis: Part I: The Language Phenomenon (8 chapters) Part II: The Greek Language: Language and History (25 chapters) Part III: The Ancient Greek Dialects (11 chapters) Part IV: Ancient Greek: Structure and Change (15 chapters) Part V: Greek in Contact with Other Languages (17 chapters) Part VI: Translation Practices in Antiquity (7 chapters) Part VII: Language and Culture (19 chapters) Part IX: The Fortunes of Ancient Greek (9 chapters) The volume as a whole is introduced by Christidis (1–23) with some thoughts on the historiography of the Greek language starting with D. Mavrofrydis’s Δοκίμιον Ιστορίσας της Ελληνικής Γλώσσης (1860) all the way down to the impact of modern linguistics (esp. in the study of syntax), achievements in Indo-European linguistics (the discovery of Tocharian, the decipherment of Hittite), and the study of the relationship between Modern Greek and the Balkan languages (the Balkan Sprachbund). [End Page 73] Part I (27–152), written by the Greek scholars T.-S. Pavlidou, E. Kouvelas, S.L. Tsohatzidis, K. Kotsakis, D. Kati and K. Nikiforidou, is devoted to general issues of the phenomenon of language: its nature, the units and levels of its analysis, language and the brain, the acquisition of language and the nature and causes of its change. In Part II (153–382), J.P. Mallory (Belfast) surveys in Chapter 2 (170–178) four general models which were proposed for the IE “homeland” and geographical dispersions: (a) the region from the southern shores of the Baltic as far as the Black Sea and the Caspian within the Mesolithic framework of 6000 B.C.; (b) Anatolia between 7000 and 4000 B.C., with the “wave of advance” of farming communities (famous Neolithic sites such as Çatal Hüyük are held as examples of PIE settlements); (c) the Danube region during the Late Neolithic Age; and (d) the popular “Kurgan” theory locating a homeland in the steppe lands of the Ukraine/South Russia between 4500–3000 B.C. The Indo-Europeanization of Greece could have taken place as early as between 3500–3000 B.C. (after the establishment of a Neolithic economy in Greece) or in the break between Early Helladic II and III (2300–2200 B.C.) or as late as the period immediately prior to the emergence of the Mycenaeans (ca. 1600 B.C.) According to Mallory, it is possible to correlate the hypothesis of the three successive “waves” of Achaeans, Ionians and Dorians with changes in material culture around 2200 B.C., 1600 B.C., and 1200 B.C. Y. Duhoux (Louvain) examines the vexed problem of the rich linguistic substratum for the formation of the Greek language (Chapters 8–10) in terms of direct (inscriptional evidence in Cypro-Minoan, Eteocypriot, Eteocretan, the stele of Lemnos, Linear A tablets) and indirect evidence in the Greek lexicon: words with the endings -ινθοϲ (e.g., ἀϲάμινθοϲ; cf. Linear B a-sa-mi-to “bath-tub”), theonyms (e.g., Ἀθήνη; cf. Linear B a-ta-na-), toponyms and hydronyms with endings -α/ι/υνθοϲ, -ϲϲόϲ, -ττόϲ. Ten chapters (15–25) in this part are devoted to the long history of the Greek language: Linear B (by J. Chadwick), the Dark Ages, the introduction and history of the alphabet, the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, the rise of Koine, and the Greek world...

The purpose of the article is to highlight the problem related to the cultural and historical aspect of Greek-Latin medical terminology in the learning process, the purpose of which is to form terminological literacy among students of a medical university. This problem is directly related to the peculiarities of the language of medicine, as well as to the understanding of the relationship between the "term↔object". Material and methods. Taking into account the fact that medical terms represent a lexical symbiosis of ancient Greek and Latin languages, the use of etymological analysis of terms has led to a cultural and historical approach in choosing and working with sources of different times, the authors of which relate mainly to ancient Greek, European and Russian cultures. Discussion. The article outlines the features of the language of medicine, the structural unit of which is the term as a means of judgment, beginning with the name of the object (according to Aristotle). The peculiarity of the language of medicine is the fact that the lexical Greek-Latin resource is not replenished with new words, since the cultures that used these languages have disappeared from the historical scene, and the speakers of these languages have left their legacy in the form of treatises and other written monuments. In addition, a lexical resource also preserved in the corresponding dictionaries (Ancient Greek-Russian, Latin-Russian), where the meanings of the etymons of medical terms are presented with an indication of the authors who used them, the lexical resource is preserved in the relevant dictionaries (Ancient Greek-Russian, Latin-Russian). In other words, the appearance of new words in these ancient languages is impossible, therefore it is necessary to instill in students respect for the heritage of past cultures and, accordingly, for respect for Russian culture represented by carriers of medical knowledge (M.V. Lomonosov, M.Ya. Mudrov, N.I. Pirogov, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky (St. Archbishop Luke of Simferopol and Crimean), N.V. Sklifosovsky, S.P. Botkin, etc.). Conclusion. The article actualizes the cultural and historical aspect of some terms, which is an analysis of the content of the etymons of terms, explaining the reasons for the terminologization of words in common ancient Greek and Latin languages and justifying their transition into the language of medicine. Taking into account the cultural and historical aspect in teaching medical terminology contributes to the development of motivation for further study at the university and corresponds to the propaedeutic role of the discipline "Fundamentals of medical Terminology" in the process of medical education.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the study of relict Paleo-Balkan languages in their connection with other Indo-European languages in linguistics of the second half of the XIX century – the beginning of the XXI century. It is noted that when identifying a group of Paleo-Balkan languages, a single criterion has not yet been clearly established: both areal and genetic principles are involved. At the same time the material of Paleo-Balkan languages is not fully taken into account in the genealogical classification of Indo-European languages; if Thracian, Phrygian, and Illyrian languages are included in this classification as separate groups, then the place of old Macedonian, “Pelasgian”, and other Paleo-Balkan languages in the classification is not defined. In addition, the traditional genealogical classification does not take into account the special proximity of Paleo-Balkan languages to Armenian, Albanian and Ancient Greek. The discovery and study of Paleo-Balkan languages are briefly described. The connections of Paleo-Balkan languages with Albanian, Armenian, Ancient Greek, Hittite, Luvian, Baltic, Germanic, Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages are revealed. The author of the article focuses on the fact that Paleo-Balkan languages are mainly reconstructed at the phonological, lexical, derivational levels (to a lesser extent – at the morphological and syntactic levels), although due to the limited and uneven corresponding data, such reconstruction is also limited, and in some cases contradictory. From the point of view of Indo-Europeanists, lexical elements of Paleo-Balkan origin are recorded in modern Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian and Armenian. The article emphasizes that Paleo-Balcanistics provided significant factual material important for substrate theory and contributed to the development of the linguistic stratigraphy method.

Reviewed by: A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity Pura Nieto Hernández A.-F. Christidis (ed.). A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xli, 1617. $250.00. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3. With the assistance of Maria Arapopoulou and Maria Chriti. The title of this book does not reflect the magnitude of this ambitious project (just the table of contents occupies eleven pages), since many of the topics discussed in its over 1600 pages are beyond the scope of a history of the Greek language. There are nine main parts, each containing several chapters (up to twenty-five in Part II), many written by very distinguished scholars, plus three appendices. After an introduction in which Christidis offers an honest and scholarly overview of the problematic relationship between modern and ancient Greek, Part I ("The Language Phenomenon") takes up problems of general linguistics, such as language acquisition or the genesis of human language, interesting in themselves, but whose presence in a volume on the history of the Greek language is not fully justified. In the 133 pages of Part I, only the chapter on language change is of interest to students of ancient Greek, but whoever knows anything about historical linguistics will find it elementary, though clear and well written. This is a general problem with this volume: there are so many chapters, so many different points of view (e.g., the alphabet is variously dated to the early eighth century B.C., p. 1000 or the "beginning of the ninth century, if not before," p. 282), and such diverse levels in it, that one wonders what kind of reader the editor had in mind when he conceived of this project. The specialist will feel disappointed by the brevity and superficiality of some chapters, while the amateur may get lost in others. Some topics may seem arbitrary: why is the word paradeisos given its own section, between philotimia and psyche? Another drawback is the complete lack of references to secondary literature in many essays (but not all: no uniform editorial criterion in this), at least to the main authors when referring the main positions on a certain issue. This greatly diminishes the usefulness of the book as a handbook for students. Part II ("The Greek Language: Language and History") contains twenty-five chapters which run from the Indo-European origins of the Greeks to the Greek world under the Roman Empire. Many of these contributions, again, are elementary, though written by prominent specialists (e.g. Joseph on the I.E. languages and Mallory on the homeland of the IE). One suspects this is due to space limitations imposed by the editor. On the other hand, some excellent chapters deal with the connection between writing and language, among which Brixhe (II. 18), on the introduction and history of the alphabet in Greece, is particularly notable. The 11 chapters of Part III ("The Ancient Greek Dialects") constitute a well-defined set, which give the reader quite a good overview of the state of the art for each dialectal group. References to secondary literature make of this one of the most useful sections, and some contributions are excellent [End Page 261] (e.g., Méndez Dosuna on Aeolic and Doric). No maps are given in this section (there are several in the history chapters), despite Brixhe's statement (p. 490): "It would be hard to conceive of a dialectological study which did not make use of a map, for often the location and geo-morphology of a particular place play a decisive role." Part IV ("Ancient Greek: Structure and Change") is much more varied, both in subject and in quality. It is disturbing, for example, that nothing is said here about verbal aspect (the chapter on syntax of classical Greek proper includes all other characteristics of the Greek verb: person, number, tense, mood), the exception being Horrocks, who, in an excellent, even if succinct, chapter on the syntactical changes from classical Greek to the koiné, at least mentions the collapse of distinctions in the aspectual system (p. 627). A set of appealing chapters on the relationships of Greek...

Analgesia and anesthesia: etymology and literary history of related Greek words.

<p class="ql-align-justify">After Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Phanariot scholar Skarlatos Vizantios (1798-1878) wrote the first modern Greek dictionary, which was published in 1835. This article provides a general overview of Greek lexicography and language studies in ancient Greek while also mentioning medieval, Byzantine, and modern Greek lexicography. Following this approach,&nbsp;we examine the contributions of Vizantios to Greek lexicography and his dictionary To Leksiko tis Kath’imas Ellinikis Dialektu (1835) lexicographically with emphasis on micro and macro structure. The other issues addressed are the loaning process, Turkish loanwords (Turkisms) in Greek, and relevant studies conducted specifically in Greece. A total of 581 Turkish loanwords are identified in the dictionary. These words are categorized under conceptual fields such as human, administration/organization, plant, animal, food/nutrition, materials, goods, space, and modes of transportation. Over a period of more than 180 years, approximately 310 words have been preserved in the Greek vocabulary and appear in current Greek dictionaries as keywords. Although phonological differences raise difficulties on the grounds that Greek and Turkish belong to different language families, Turkish loanwords seem adapted to Greek morphology and are intertwined with Greek literature, history, and social and cultural life.&nbsp;

Modern Greek studies as an independent research domain and academic discipline are relatively new. However, important centers of Modern Greek linguistics and philology can be found not only in Greece or in Cyprus, but in other countries as well. Russia is no exception here. The oldest department of Modern Greek studies was founded in 1984 in Saint Petersburg (Leningrad) State University. The idea of the continuity of the Greek language, partly reflected in the title of our department (the Department of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies), is very important to us, and it has become a starting point for our educational programs and research projects. Thus, our students always start from Ancient Greek and Ancient Greek literature, and only then proceed to Modern Greek and Byzantine studies that are obligatory for all our undergraduates. This ideology together with special educational methods is a key factor that contributes to our positive results in teaching Greek as a foreign language. In this paper we describe our teaching methods and give a brief overview of our research projects that refer to various domains, such as historical and applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, field research, textual and literary criticism, Byzantine studies and translations.

This article examines the changes in the productivity of the derivational suffix -ισσα of feminives in the Greek language. In the Modern Greek, this suffix is the most productive and is represented in 887 lexemes. In Ancient Greek, on the contrary, the suffix -ισσα is quite rare, limited to 8 lexemes. During the diachronic analysis, we find that a sharp increase in the productivity of the suffix -ισσα occurs during the Hellenistic Koine period. In subsequent periods, its productivity continues to increase. In the Modern Greek, the suffix -ισσα in most cases is involved in the formation of katoikonyms, but the high productivity of the suffix contributes to its active participation in the formation of feminitives-neologisms of other semantic fields.