التحري الجزيئي عن فايروس الميرك في مزارع الدواجن العراقية

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute, highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry characterized by respiratory disorder such as coughing with blood exudate from the trachea. The disease is caused by Herpesvirus of the family Herpesviridae and subfamily of Alphaherpesvirinae. The virus has been characterized as Gallid herpesvirus-1. ILT is worldwide distribution and has been reported to be present in Indonesia. However, the information on the disease in this country is limited. Spread of the ILT among chickens can be by inhalation or digestion, but ELT virus is not transmitted vertically by eggs . The morbidity rate of the disease is about 90-100% with mortality rate between 10-70%. ILT may reduce body weight gain and reduce egg production, so it causes lost in layers, broilers as well as breeders . Diagnosis of the disease can be based on the isolation and identification of the virus using embryonated chicken eggs. There is no treatment available for ILT, so the control of the disease is mainly by vaccination. To ensure the results of vaccination program, monitoring antibody titres following vaccination is essentially required. The most widely used serological test for antibody monitoring is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Keywords : ILT, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, chicken

The mountain peacock pheasant (Polyplectron inopinatum), the Malayan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron malacense), and the Congo peafowl (Afropavo congensis) are all listed as vulnerable to extinction under the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Here the authors report fatal infection with a novel herpesvirus in all 3 species of birds. DNA was extracted from the livers of birds with hepatocellular necrosis and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions consistent with herpesvirus infection. Based on degenerate herpesvirus primers and polymerase chain reaction, 220- and 519-base pair products of the herpes DNA polymerase and DNA terminase genes, respectively, were amplified. Sequence analysis revealed that all birds were likely infected with the same virus. At the nucleotide level, the pheasant herpesvirus had 92% identity with gallid herpesvirus 3 and 77.7% identity with gallid herpesvirus 2. At the amino acid level, the herpes virus had 93.8% identity with gallid herpesvirus 3 and 89.4% identity with gallid herpesvirus 2. These findings indicate that the closest relative to this novel herpesvirus is gallid herpesvirus 3, a nonpathogenic virus used widely in a vaccine against Marek's disease. In situ hybridization using probes specific to the peacock pheasant herpesvirus DNA polymerase revealed strong intranuclear staining in the necrotic liver lesions of an infected Malayan peacock pheasant but no staining in normal liver from an uninfected bird. The phasianid herpesvirus reported here is a novel member of the genus Mardivirus of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and is distinct from other galliform herpesviruses.

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a herpes virus that causes an acute respiratory disease of poultry known as infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Chicken embryo origin (CEO) and tissue culture origin (TCO) live attenuated vaccines are routinely used for the control of ILT. However, vaccine virus is known to revert to virulence, and it has been recently shown that ILT field viral strains can undergo recombination with vaccinal ILTV and such recombinant ILT viruses possess greater transmission and pathogenicity potential. Based on complete or partial genes of the ILTV genome, few studies genotyped ILTV strains circulating in Canada, and so far, information is scarce on whole-genome sequencing or the presence of recombination in Canadian ILTV isolates. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize the 14 ILTV isolates that originated from three provinces in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia and Quebec). To this end, a phylogenetic analysis of 50 ILTV complete genome sequences, including 14 sequences of Canadian origin, was carried out. Additional phylogenetic analysis of the unique long, unique short and inverted repeat regions of the ILTV genome was also performed. We observed that 71%, 21% and 7% of the ILTV isolates were categorized as CEO revertant, wild-type and TCO vaccine-related, respectively. The sequences were also analyzed for potential recombination events, which included evidence in the British Columbia ILTV isolate. This event involved two ILTV vaccine (CEO) strains as parental strains. Recombination analysis also identified that one ILTV isolate from Alberta as a potential parental strain for a United States origin ILTV isolate. The positions of the possible recombination breakpoints were identified. These results indicate that the ILTV wild-type strains can recombine with vaccinal strains complicating vaccine-mediated control of ILT. Further studies on the pathogenicity of these ILTV strains, including the recombinant ILTV isolate are currently ongoing.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an upper respiratory disease of chickens, pheasants, and peafowl caused by the alphaherpesvirus Gallid alpha herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus. ILT is an acute respiratory disease characterized by clinical signs of conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dyspnea, and lethargy. In severe forms of the disease, hemorrhagic tracheitis together with gasping, coughing, and expectoration of bloody mucus are common. The morbidity and mortality rates of the disease vary depending on the virulence of the strain circulating, the level of virus circulating in the field, and the presence of other respiratory infections. Since the identification of the disease in the 1920s, ILT continues to affect the poultry industry negatively across the globe. The disease is primarily controlled by a combination of biosecurity and vaccination. The first commercial vaccines, introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s, were the chicken embryo origin live attenuated vaccines. The tissue culture origin vaccine was introduced in late 1970s. Recombinant viral vector ILT vaccines were first introduced in the United States in the 2000s, and now they are being used worldwide, alone or in combination with live attenuated vaccines. This review article provides a synopsis of what we have learned about vaccines and vaccination strategies used around the world and addresses knowledge gaps about the virus and host interactions that remain unknown.

Herpesvirus (HV) was detected using PCR in the organs of eight of 55 wild owls (14.5%) from seven species that were found dead in various locations in Slovenia between 1995 and 2015. HV was detected in three species: the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo), Ural owl (Strix uralensis), and long-eared owl (Asio otus). Phylogenetic analysis of partial DNA polymerase gene nucleotide sequences showed that the detected HVs are similar to the avian and mammal alphaherpesviruses. Two sequences were very similar to known bird HV sequences. One sequence was identical to the columbid herpesvirus 1 (CoHV1) sequence, and the other was very similar to the gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV2) sequence. The phylogenetic tree revealed a lower similarity of the other six analyzed Slovenian sequences with the sequences of alphaherpesviruses of birds and mammals. This is the first study to report the detection of different HVs in owls.

ABSTRACTGiven the side effects of vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), novel strategies for ILT control and therapy are urgently needed. The modulation of host-virus interactions is a promising strategy to combat the virus; however, the interactions between the host and avian ILT herpesvirus (ILTV) are unclear. Using genome-wide transcriptome studies in combination with a bioinformatic analysis, we identified proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (Src) to be an important modulator of ILTV infection. Src controls the virulence of ILTV and is phosphorylated upon ILTV infection. Functional studies revealed that Src prolongs the survival of host cells by increasing the threshold of virus-induced cell death. Therefore, Src is essential for viral replication in vitro and in ovo but is not required for ILTV-induced cell death. Furthermore, our results identify a positive-feedback loop between Src and the tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is necessary for the phosphorylation of either Src or FAK and is required for Src to modulate ILTV infection. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to identify a key host regulator controlling host-ILTV interactions. We believe that our findings have revealed a new potential therapeutic target for ILT control and therapy. IMPORTANCE Despite the extensive administration of live attenuated vaccines starting from the mid-20th century and the administration of recombinant vaccines in recent years, infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) outbreaks due to avian ILT herpesvirus (ILTV) occur worldwide annually. Presently, there are no drugs or control strategies that effectively treat ILT. Targeting of host-virus interactions is considered to be a promising strategy for controlling ILTV infections. However, little is known about the mechanisms governing host-ILTV interactions. The results from our study advance our understanding of host-ILTV interactions on a molecular level and provide experimental evidence that it is possible to control ILT via the manipulation of host-virus interactions.

Although the existence of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in India was first reported in 1964, no reports are available regarding its molecular detection and characterization. The present study was aimed to detect and characterize ILTV from recent respiratory disease complex (RDC) outbreaks of commercial poultry flocks in different parts of the country by using envelope glycoprotein G gene (US4 gene) based PCR and sequencing. A total of thirty two flocks with a history of RDC were investigated. Overall, all the strains/breeds of birds and all ages of birds are equally susceptible and depending on the severity, the clinical signs and gross lesions were varied. Out of 32 flocks investigated 10 were found positive for ILTV infection by PCR. The phylogenetic analyses of eight representative sequences in the present study deciphered that Indian ILT viruses are closely related to chicken embryo origin vaccine strains of Italy, USA, China and Brazil.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract in chickens. The Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1, also commonly known as ILT virus (ILTV), causes ILT. Although ILT was first reported in the United States in 1925, it has also been reported in other countries/regions of the world, including Australia, Asia, and Europe. The outcome of infection can be influenced by several factors, including the host’s age, exposure route, pathogenicity of the challenging virus, and initial viral load. In infected chickens, rough lesions are detected on the conjunctiva and throughout the respiratory system, but they are most commonly seen in the trachea and larynx. Other typical signs of the illness in poultry birds are expectoration of bloody mucus, severe dyspnea, coughing, gasping, and rales. Avian cell lines and embryodized chicken eggs are commonly used to isolate ILTV. Three types of ILT are associated with this infection: acute, chronic, and peracute. Chickens contract ILTV through the eyes and upper respiratory tracts. The main pathway by which ILTV is spread in poultry is through direct or indirect contact with sick/infected poultry birds, such as chickens and turkeys. No medication has been proven to be successful in curtailing clinical signs or lesion severity. Vaccination can prevent ILTV infection. Several biological and ecological characteristics of ILTV make its eradication from intensive poultry production locations quite likely. ILT is deemed a serious concern for poultry health, including its significant economic impact on the poultry industry. Therefore, this review highlights important comprehensive information regarding the impact of ILT in poultry, a major source of protein. In addition, a deeper understanding of the causes, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ILT in poultry birds was comprehensively discussed.

A modified loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of histopathological lesions in the different organs in relation to the commercial-type and the age of birds (i.e. broiler chickens and layers). During the period 1999-2010 a total of 189 cases was submitted to the Division of Animal Pathomorphology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics at WULS. Most cases were found in broiler chickens (66.7%). The majority of the histopathological lesions were detected in the liver and lymphoid organs. In of 29% cases of hepatic injury pathognomonic lesions associated with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) were found. The mean age of birds was 23 days. Among IBH cases proventriculitis (58%) was more often found than gizzard lesions (25.8%). Interestingly, we noted some intranuclear inclusions in the epithelial cells within the proventriculus. A low percentage of histopathological evidence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) was reported in chickens. The gastrointestinal tract was the second most frequent predilection site for histopathological lesions. Histopathological findings within the heart and lungs were less common and were more often seen in the upper respiratory tract. Cases of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) were registered in broiler chickens (3.2%, mean age 37 days) and in layers (4.8%; mean age 196 days). Lesions associated with Marek's disease, avian leukosis and fowl pox were recognized only in layers, respectively in 3.2% (mean age 176 days), 1.6% (mean age 205 days) and 1.1% (mean age 196 days) of all cases. Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) was noted only in 0.5% of all cases.

Japanese Journal of MicrobiologyVolume 19, Issue 5 p. 407-410 ArticleFree Access Failure to Reproduce the Cytopathic Effect and Chorioallantoic Membrane Reactions of the So-called SMON Herpesvirus Kamesaburo Yoshino, Corresponding Author Kamesaburo Yoshino Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoRequests for reprints should be addressed to Dr. Kamesaburo Yoshino, Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4–6–1 Shroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.Search for more papers by this authorMasanori Toba, Masanori Toba Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoSearch for more papers by this authorMitsue Hashimoto, Mitsue Hashimoto Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoSearch for more papers by this authorYuzo Aoyama, Yuzo Aoyama Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoSearch for more papers by this author Kamesaburo Yoshino, Corresponding Author Kamesaburo Yoshino Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoRequests for reprints should be addressed to Dr. Kamesaburo Yoshino, Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4–6–1 Shroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.Search for more papers by this authorMasanori Toba, Masanori Toba Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoSearch for more papers by this authorMitsue Hashimoto, Mitsue Hashimoto Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoSearch for more papers by this authorYuzo Aoyama, Yuzo Aoyama Department of Virology and Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, TokyoSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1975 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1975.tb00900.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1Bessho, H., Nishibe, Y., and Inoue, Y.K. 1974. Morphology of SMON virus. Arch. Ges. Virusforsch. 45: 370– 372. 2Dulbecco, R., and Vogt, M. 1954. Plaque formation and isolation of pure line with poliomyelitis viruses. J. Exp. Med. 99: 167– 182. 3Inoue, Y.K., and Nishibe, Y. 1973. Serological relationship between S.M.O.N. virus and avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Lancet 1: 776– 777. 4Inoue, Y.K., Nishibe, Y., and Nakamura, Y. 1971. Virus associated with S.M.O.N. in Japan. Lancet 1: 853– 854. 5Kono, R. 1975. The S.M.O.N. virus theory. Lancet 2: 370– 371. 6Nakamura, Y., and Inoue, Y.K. 1972. Pathogenicity of virus associated with subacute myelooptico-neuropathy. Lancet 1: 223– 226. 7Nishimura, C. 1972. Cultivation of a virus associated with S.M.O.N. in chorioallantoic membranes of embryonated hen's eggs. Lancet 2: 1032– 1033. 8Nishimura, C. 1973. Antigenic relation of S.M.O.N.-associated virus to herpesvirus group. Lancet 1: 159. 9Nishimura, C. 1974. Further results in the study of SMON virus. Iyaku Journal 1974: 28– 35. (in Japanese). 10Nishimura, C., and Tobe, T. 1973. Antigenicity of S.M.O.N.-associated virus closely related to avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Lancet 2: 1445. 11Nishimura, C., and Tobe, T. 1975. Antigenic specificity of S.M.O.N. virus by indirect immunofluorescent test. Arch. Virol. 47: 85– 87. 12Nishimura, C., Tobe, T., and Meguro, T. 1973. On the antigenic relationship between Inoue virus and some herpes viruses. Virus 23: 398– 399. (in Japanese). 13Yoshino, K., Taniguchi, S., Furuse, R., Nojima, T., Fujii, R., Minamitani, M., Tada, R., and Kubota, H. 1962. A serological survey for antibodies against herpes simplex virus with special reference to comparatively heat-labile complement-fixing antibodies. Japan. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 15: 235– 247. Citing Literature Volume19, Issue5May 1975Pages 407-410 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Marek's disease (MD) is a highly infectious poultry illness with a tendency to form tumours in peripheral nerves and internal organs of affected birds. Tumours accompany MD, mostly caused by oncogenic Gallid alpha herpesvirus 2 (MD Herpes virus serotype I). Studies on avian tumours associated with MD infection are limited in Iraq. In the presented study, the positive samples of ocular tumour were 168 out of 282 MD positive samples, which accomplished in farm suffered from an unexpectedly high mortality rate. We investigated a rapidly developed tumour mass that was observed in an MD-vaccinated layer flock that showed obvious clinical signs of MD, accompanied by forming a small lump in one eye at age 21 weeks, which developed to a big lump at week 28 of age, leading to death. The diagnosis MD infection was confirmed by a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of a specific region of the target gene meq of the causative agent, followed by Sanger sequencing and BLASTn search of the sequence against the NCBI nucleic acid database, resulted in Gallid alpha herpes virus 2 strain, and according to the phylogenetic analysis, the sequence from this study was uniquely clustered in its own branch in the tree. Histopathological examination of the ocular tumour core revealed aggregation of neoplastic cells and haemorrhage that replaced the normal eye tissue, as well as early tumour formation in internal organs such as the lung and liver. In addition, abnormal lesions are susceptible to tumours in the gizzard and spleen. To our knowledge, this is the first record of an aggressive MD virus infection-mediated ocular tumour in a layer flock in Al-Najaf province, Iraq.

Over the past 80 years, biosecurity measures and vaccines have been used to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Despite these control strategies, ILT continues to have an impact on intensive poultry industries. Attenuated vaccines, particularly those derived by passage in chicken embryos, have been associated with a number of side effects, including residual virulence, transmission to naïve birds, establishment of latent infections with subsequent reactivation and shedding of virus, and reversion to virulence after in vivo passage. Most recently, recombination between attenuated ILT vaccines in the field has been shown to be responsible for the emergence of new virulent viruses that have caused widespread disease. To address some of these issues, new-generation virally vectored recombinant vaccines have been developed and recently released in some countries. In addition, recombinant deletion mutants of ILT virus have been proposed as vaccine candidates. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the epidemiology of traditionally attenuated ILT vaccines as well as in the development and use of new generation vaccines are examined. Next-generation vaccines, along with more appropriate immunological screening strategies, are identified as particularly promising options to enhance ILT control in the future.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important upper respiratory disease of chickens. Gross and histologic lesions of ILT in chickens are compared to immunohistochemistry to evaluate the diagnostic test sensitivity. A total of 31 separate ILT-confirmed necropsy submissions (12 commercial meat-type flocks, 13 egg-type producers, and 6 backyard flocks) were arbitrarily selected. Each submission ranged from 1 to 18 birds, for a total of 246 chickens. Cases with available formalin-fixed tissues were selected to include a range of bird production types, ages, clinical histories, and severity of macroscopic and histologic lesions. Macroscopic findings in the respiratory tract varied from increased mucus (55.6%) to fibrinonecrotic exudate (20.3%) and hemorrhages in the larynx and trachea (13.0%). Syncytia with intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in the respiratory tract epithelium with or without hemorrhages. Sections of conjunctiva, sinus, larynx, trachea, lung, and air sac were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) antigen. Positive immunolabeling was detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of syncytia and epithelial cells in 18/22 conjunctivae (82%), 12/13 sinuses (92%), 18/22 larynxes (82%), 23/25 tracheas (92%), 10/21 lungs (57%), and 3/8 air sacs (37%). Of the 34 tissues with no visible syncytia or inclusion bodies, 8 were positive by IHC. In conclusion, IHC was useful to study the viral antigen tissue distribution and support the diagnosis of ILT when the histopathologic interpretation was doubtful.

Suınnıary: During the period of 1933 - 1974, a total of 531 necropsy and 81 tumor cases bclonging to different sex, age, and breed of birds were examined. Among the contagious diseases Kew Castıc (114), Avian leueosis eomplex (34), Cholcra (26), Tubereulosis (18), Chicken pox (15), PUllOl"um (12), Infectious laryngo-tracheitis (5); Typhoid fever, Spiroehetosis and Aspergillosis (3 ca.); Contagiouscoryza, Actinomyeosis and Favus (1 ea.) were diagnosed by gross and lıistologic examinatioııs. The diagnose-' were then confirmed by cither bacteriologic or serologic findings. External parasitic infections including Lice (47) and Manges (14) were not seen so often as internal parasitic infeetions which included Coe eidiosis (101), Asearidosis (45), and Taeniasis (52). The total incidence ofparasitie infection was figured out as 259 / 531 (50 % appr.). The alimentary system lesions (141), Systemic disorders (125), Urogenital (25), Nervous (21), Respiratory (9), Splenic (3) lcsions, together with the traumatic (8) and toxic (I 7) deaths made up the rest of the pathological findings detected in these animals. Tumors wc re diagnosed in 81 specimens. The ratio of epithelial to mesenchymal and that of the eareinoma to sareoma was approximately 1/3, if the avian lcucosis complcx is included in the figures as aviral neoplastic disease. Rouss sareoma, Exocrine adenocarcinoma of pancrcas, ovarian and oviductal tumors were seen rather frequently.