ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КАРДИОРЕСПИРАТОРНОГО ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯ ПРИ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПОСТКОВИДНЫМИ СОСТОЯНИЯМИ

Contemporary fitness centers try to attract customers with interesting names of methods improving motor activity. Young women are particularly interested in methods aimed at body mass correction and achieving the desired shapes. Not many of them consider health benefit; most are interested in the final outcome. Numerous fitness methods include those whose efficiency and safety for human health still has no scientific evidence. This research is devoted to assessing the efficiency of impacting the biological age, anthropometric indicators and functional condition of cardiovascular and respiratory system, as well as working capacity of young women having and not having the harmful habit of smoking. To solve the above tasks, theoretical research methods were applied: systemic and logical analysis of medical, psychological and pedagogical literature; generalization of practical pedagogical experience. As women were taking exercise, their individual biological and proper age was measured along with anthropometric indicators and functional indicators of respiratory and cardiovascular system; working capacity was measured with PWC170 test following L. I. Abrosimova’s method; muscular stamina and physical fitness levels were measured by flexibility, strength, etc. development indicators. The conducted research demonstrated that Callanetics was an efficient method of correcting the biological age and anthropometric indicators, while making a beneficial impact on cardio-respiratory system and working capacity; smoking, however, frequently neutralizes the technique’s positive impact.

Personal protective equipment has become the last line of protection for medical personnel during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection since it allows minimizing risks of biological contagion. Given the existing staffing shortage, medical workers have to spend from 4 to 12 hours a day in the “red zone” where they necessarily wear personal protective equipment. Protective clothing is known to produce negative effects on functional state of the body and personnel’s working capacities. Assessment of up-to-date protective suits will allow developing recommendations on their suitable application bearing in mind a balance between necessary protection, providing favorable ergonomics, and reducing risks of adverse effects on functional state and working capacities. Our research aim was to hygienically assess health risks for medical workers who had to wear reusable protective suits. Our research object was a reusable suit made from polyether fabric with polyurethane membrane coating and antistatic threads. We performed an experiment aimed at evaluating thermal state of the body, psychophysiological state, and responses by the volunteers’ cardiorespiratory system in laboratory conditions during an 80 hour working shift under controlled microclimate. Participants in the experiment were questioned in order to assess suits’ ergonomics. Heat exchange dynamics and amount of changes in thermal physiological parameters caused by wearing a protective suit determined heat contents of volunteers’ bodies that conformed to optimal standard values. Data on psychophysiological and mental state taken in research dynamics didn’t have any statistically significant changes. Gas exchange indicators naturally grew during the “load” phase; however, there were no significant changes detected in any phase in the research. Hygienic assessment of the thermal state, functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and psychophysio-logical indicators confirmed that wearing a protective suit was quite safe and didn’t involve any health risks for volunteers.

Personal protective equipment has become the last line of protection for medical personnel during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection since it allows minimizing risks of biological contagion. Given the existing staffing shortage, medical workers have to spend from 4 to 12 hours a day in the “red zone” where they necessarily wear personal protective equipment. Protective clothing is known to produce negative effects on functional state of the body and personnel’s working capacities. Assessment of up-to-date protective suits will allow developing recommendations on their suitable application bearing in mind a balance between necessary protection, providing favorable ergonomics, and reducing risks of adverse effects on functional state and working capacities. Our research aim was to hygienically assess health risks for medical workers who had to wear reusable protective suits. Our research object was a reusable suit made from polyether fabric with polyurethane membrane coating and antistatic threads. We performed an experiment aimed at evaluating thermal state of the body, psychophysiological state, and responses by the volunteers’ cardiorespiratory system in laboratory conditions during an 80 hour working shift under controlled microclimate. Participants in the experiment were questioned in order to assess suits’ ergonomics. Heat exchange dynamics and amount of changes in thermal physiological parameters caused by wearing a protective suit determined heat contents of volunteers’ bodies that conformed to optimal standard values. Data on psychophysiological and mental state taken in research dynamics didn’t have any statistically significant changes. Gas exchange indicators naturally grew during the “load” phase; however, there were no significant changes detected in any phase in the research. Hygienic assessment of the thermal state, functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and psychophysio-logical indicators confirmed that wearing a protective suit was quite safe and didn’t involve any health risks for volunteers.

Introduction: The modern practice of sports medicine and medical rehabilitation requires the search for subtle criteria for the development of conditions and recovery of the body after diseases, which would have a prognostic value for the prevention of negative effects of training and rehabilitation tools, and also testify to the development and course of mechanisms for counteracting pathogenetic processes in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the informative directions of the cardiorespiratory system parameters dynamics during the performing a maneuver with a change in breathing rate, which may indicate the body functional state violation. Methods: The results of the study of 183 healthy men aged 21.2 ± 2.3 years who regularly engaged in various sports were analyzed. The procedure for studying the cardiorespiratory system included conducting combined measurements of indicators of activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in a sitting position using a spiroarteriocardiograph device. The duration of the study was 6min and involved the sequential registration of three measurements with a change in breathing rate (spontaneous breathing, breathing at 0.1 Hz and 0.25Hz). Results: Performing a breathing maneuver at breathing 0.1Hz and breathing 0.25Hz in comparison with spontaneous breathing leads to multidirectional significant changes in heart rate variability indicators-TP (ms2), LF (ms2), LFHF (ms2/ms2); of blood pressure variability indicators-TPDBP (mmHg2), LFSBP (mmHg2), LFDBP (mmHg2), HFSBP (mmHg2); of volume respiration variability indicators - LFR, (L×min-1)2; HFR, (L×min-1)2; LFHFR, (L×min-1)2/(L×min-1)2; of arterial baroreflex sensitivity indicators - BRLF (ms×mmHg-1), BRHF (ms×mmHg-1). Differences in indicators of systemic hemodynamics and indicators of cardiovascular and respiratory systems synchronization were also informative. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is shown that during performing a breathing maneuver with a change in the rate of breathing, there are significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters, the analysis of which the increments made it possible to determine of the changes directions dynamics, their absolute values and informative limits regarding the possible occurrence of the cardiorespiratory interactions dysregulation.

Purpose: the aim of this study was to determine the principal differences of changes in the cardiorespiratory system activity under the influence of traction manipulations in the thoracic spine of men and women. Material & Methods: the 26 adults were involved in the study, including 18 women aged 39.6±12.1 years and 8 men aged 36.3±8.3 years. All patients were diagnosed with osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine, which was confirmed by radiographic examination. The study of the cardiorespiratory system was conducted in the first procedure of SMT before and after the use of traction manipulations directly in the physician office. The integrated method of studying the cardiorespiratory system defined as spiroarteriocardiorhythmography (SACR) was used. It simultaneously records the heart rate, rhythms of systolic and diastolic pressure at each heartbeat and respiratory rhythms, which provides significant time savings to determine the functional state of the heart, vessels and respiration, as well as to identify the important parameters of their interaction. Results: characterizing the changes in the cardiorespiratory system as a whole under the influence of traction manipulations on the thoracic spine, it should be noted that men and women had some significant unidirectional changes in HR (min–1), CO (dm3), CI (dm3/m2), IH (n. u.), which are determined primarily by the decrease in HR (min–1) under the influence of traction manipulations. As to the men, the significant effects were more related to the impact on the contractile function of the heart, which was confirmed by the improvement of the electrical systole of the ventricles (QTC, s), the increase in the activity of the effects of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS on the cardiac rhythm (HF, ms2) and a certain increase in the stroke index within the normative values (SI, cm3/m2), then to the women the significant effects were more related to the influence on the breathing pattern and vascular tone. Thus, characteristic and positive effects in women can be considered a decrease in the variability of diastolic blood pressure in the very-low-frequency range (VLFDBP, mmHg2), which is combined with a decrease in the total power of diastolic pressure variability (TPDBP, mmHg2) and an increase in the total peripheral vascular resistance (GPVR, dyn/s/cm−5). Conclusions: summarizing the results of the impact of traction manipulations in the thoracic spine on the cardiorespiratory system of men and women, it can be stated that their effect is different and has features associated with the use of different mechanisms. For men, the predominant effect is on the heart contractile function, and for women it is on the respiratory system and autonomous regulation of vascular tone.

This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 in their vicinity falls to a critical level of about 1 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2. In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.

It was studied fortuitous cardiorespiratory and bispectral index changes in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane associated or not to tramadol. Sixteen dogswere distributed in two groups named CG (control group) and TG (tramadol group). General anesthesia was induced in all animals with isoflurane via mask. After 10 minutes, the animals of CG received 0.05ml/kg of saline solution at 0.9%, and TG received 2mg/kg of tramadol, both via intramuscular. It was evaluated heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures; electrocardiography; respiratory rate; oxihemoglobin saturation; end tidal carbon dioxide; bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia. The administration of tramadol in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane did not produce changes in cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and anesthetic recovery time. In addition, this association promoted good quality of anesthetic recovery.

In the study, we investigated the association of polymorphic locus CMA 1/B (G1903A) with indicators of oxygen transport system of the body. To determine the nucleotide substitutions in the gene CMA1/B, we used RFLP- analysis, PCR products were digested with the restriction enzyme BstXI. Analysis of the distribution of frequencies of alleles and genotypes CMA1/B showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of polymorphic variants of genotypes between athletes and controls. Athletes have predominant genotype A/A (0,52), and G/G (0,4), whereas in the control group, the most common genotype A/G (0,58). Using factor analysis, we revealed differences in the structure of the association between indicators of oxygen transport system depending on the genotype of the gene CMA. It was revealed the association of polymorphic gene variants with red blood parameters, hemodynamic and respiratory systems, as well as with physical endurance and tolerance to the muscular load. The closest connection between the studied traits detected at polymorphic variants CMA A/A. At this genotype physical endurance largely depends on the state of the circulatory system and the respiratory system functional reserves. It was also shown the correlation between adaptive capabilities of cardiovascular system and efficiency of the heart functioning with the level of motor activity. The interaction complex of the features that characterize the activities of the cardiorespiratory system, system, causes the formation of the final phenotype, which obviously explains the detected frequency distribution of different genotypes in athletes.

It has been established that under stress-factor influence, responses of the cardiorespiratory system in the young men with the hyperkinetic type of blood circulation were connected with stimulation of chronotropic spectrum of central hemodynamics. In the young men with the eukinetic type of blood circulation, responses were connected with stimulation of inotropic spectrum of central hemodynamics. All the responses depended on the state of bronchial conductivity of the respiratory system. In the persons with the hypokinetic type of blood circulation, the external breath system was intensively included in compensatory activity. Influence of hemodynamical factors was insignificant in the persons with this type of blood circulation. A large degree of freedom in choice of different variants of responses to influences of stress-factors improves compensatory possibilities of the cardiorespiratory system in the young men with the hypokinetic type of blood circulation.

Introduction: Different continuous training help athlete to build up muscle power. Several researches on the different sport discipline proved that continuous training activates the stretch reflex mechanism in the muscle and improve the cardiorespiratory system. For the present study the intention was to find out the improvement of cardio respiratory due to systematic continuous training.Objective: To know the effect of different continuous training on cardio respiratory system for the athletes.Methods: Twenty state level athletes (Age:16±2.07 years, Height:161±7.6 cm, Weight:52±7.1 kg) from Barasat athletic club, North 24 parganas district, West Bengal, India, were purposively selected as subjects for the present study. The subjects (n=20) were randomly assigned to two equal groups of ten subjects of each groups- Group-I: Experimental Group and Group-II: Control Group. Pre- test was conducted for all the subjects on selected cardio respiratory parameters. The cardio respiratory parameters were measured by spirometer Test. The initial test score formed the pre-test score of the subjects. Experimental Group-I was exposed to continuous training (hurdles hops, squat jump, box jump, depth jump) and Control Group was not exposed to continuous training other than their regular daily activities. The duration of the experimental period was 12 weeks. After the experimental treatment, all the twenty subjects were tested on cardio respiratory parameters. This final test scores formed the post-test. The pre-test and post test scores were subjected to statistical analysis using t-test. The level of significance was judged at 0.05 level of significance.Result and Discussion: Table-1Mean and SD of cardo respiratory for Experimental and Control group between pre-test and post-test The above table, indicate a significant difference between pre-test and post-test cardio respiratory system for the experimental group who were involved in the continuous training programme, whereas the table indicates the insignificant difference for control group. Conclusion: After twelve weeks continuous training compares the experimental group with control group; the results shows that the continuous training is more effective. The continuous training of twelve weeks training duration leads to a significant effect on the cardio respiratory system of 14-19 years’ athletes.

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the cardiorespiratory system activity under the influence of traction manipulations in the thoracic spine. The study involved 26 adults, including 18 women aged 39.6 ± 12.1 years and 8 men aged 36.3 ± 8.3 years. The mean age of patients was 38.6 ± 11.2 years. The work used an integral method of studying the cardiorespiratory system - spiroarteriocardiorhythmography (SAKR). SACR registration was performed before and after traction manipulations in the thoracic spine directly in the procedure of manual therapy. The study of the immediate effect of traction manipulations of SMT in the thoracic spine on the cardiorespiratory system allowed establishing the main significant effects: decrease in HR (min^-1) from 85.1 (77.1; 94.2) to 79.5 (69.8; 87.6), p=0.000, decrease in duration of QTC (s) from 0.419 (0.404; 0.434) to 0.413 (0.401; 0.427), p=0.012, decrease in CO (dm³) from 5.2 (4.6; 5.8) to 4.9 (4.4; 5.6), p=0.000, SI (dm³/m²) from 3.05 (2.75; 3.30) to 2.90 (2.62; 3.20), p=0.000, increase in Vexp (L/s) from 0.28 (0.22; 0.34) to 0.31 (0.25; 0.39), p=0.030. The obtained data suggest that the main effects of traction manipulations on the thoracic spine are associated more with the changes in hemodynamic parameters of blood circulation due to activation of expiratory muscles and chest mobility, when the suction mechanisms of the chest and cardiovascular function of diaphragm are activated.

Vertebrates utilize various respiratory organs such as gills, lungs and skin in combination with diverse cardiovascular structures, including single-, three- and four-chambered hearts, to enable oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. They also exhibit differences in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during exertion, but the cardiorespiratory gas transport of all vertebrates is a four-step process governed by Fick's Principle and Fick's Law of Diffusion over the entire range of metabolic rates. Hillman et al. (2013) suggested that previous exercise studies have focused too narrowly on mammals and proposed that the cardiorespiratory system's excess capacity serves an evolutionary role in enhancing CO2 excretion in non-mammalian vertebrates. In contrast, an analysis by Hicks and Wang (2021) concluded that vertebrates maintain effective gas exchange even at peak activity, finding no evidence of arterial hypercapnia at maximal oxygen consumption and thus challenging the proposal of significant limitations to pulmonary or branchial CO2 efflux. In the present study, we investigated the limits for CO2 exchange in exercising American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and provide evidence that the cardiorespiratory system is adequately built to sustain CO2 excretion during strenuous exercise and maintain arterial PCO2, with no evidence of diffusion limitation for pulmonary CO2 excretion.

The effects of anxiety on the external respiration system and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were studied in healthy subjects in real-life conditions. Changes in external respiration parameters and heart rate variability (HRV) in students going to take their end-of-term exams were assessed relative to a midterm period, and the cardiorespiratory system was monitored in a longitudinal study for 50 days. The function of the cardiorespiratory system was characterized by measuring external respiration parameters and calculating HRV parameters. State anxiety (SA) was assessed using Spielberger’s scale. An increase in SA before an exam was accompanied by a higher breathing rate, a higher tidal volume, and lower HRV indices, especially those related to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (HF and HF norm). The changes in the parameters depended on the increase in SA. A negative correlation was observed between midterm HF and pre-exam SA. The longitudinal study revealed a distinct negative correlation between respiratory sinus arrhythmia parameters and peak expiratory flow (PEF) and a positive correlation between SA and PEF in the majority of subjects. Changes in cardiorespiratory parameters depended on the changes in SA in the longitudinal study. An increase in SA was accompanied by substantial changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RAS) and external respiration parameters, and their correlation was assumed to indicate that modification of parasympathetic activity plays a leading role in increasing PEF.

Adaptive changes in the circulatory and respiratory systems under the influence of winter football training were studied. 50 men aged 21-25 years — 3rd-4th year students — were examined: control group — 25 people specializing in “soccer” (S), main group — 25 people studying in the specialization “winter football” (WF). The examination was performed twice — before and after physical activity. Running (average pace, 180 steps/min) for 15 minutes was used as dosed physical activity. The loads were performed either indoors at a temperature of plus 22–24°C, or in winter outside at a temperature of minus 18–20°C. Indoor and outdoor surveys were carried out on different days. Assessment of peripheral blood flow in the lower extremities was performed using rheography; to assess the main blood flow in the femoral artery, Doppler ultrasound was used. The study of external respiration functions was carried out using pneumotachography. The lactate concentration in capillary blood was determined photometrically. It has been shown that physical activity performed in the cold in adapted athletes (WF group) promotes increased integration between the respiratory and circulatory systems, ensuring the formation of a functional system characterized by stronger connections for optimal adaptation to the combined effects of physical activity and cold. In athletes training indoors (group S) under conditions of a combination of physical activity and cold exposure, on the contrary, desynchronization of the interaction of the respiratory and circulatory systems occurs, which leads to a decrease in adaptive reserves. Thus, sports training in winter football triggers phenotypic adaptive changes and creates a number of physiological mechanisms that promote increased integration between the respiratory and circulatory systems, providing optimal adaptation to the combined effects of physical activity and cold. The obtained facts will be useful for the development of special training programs aimed at increasing the functional reserve of the cardiorespiratory system of athletes training in cold conditions.

The article describes the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in female students in the process of their adaptation to educational activities. The process of study of female students at a higher educational institution is accompanied by a decrease in the indicators of the cardiovascular system performance, so that the value of systolic blood pressure in the 2nd year female students is roughly significantly lower than that recorded in the 1st year of their study. The minimum pressure level, 116.8 mm Hg (P <0.05), is detected in the 2nd year female students against 122.88 mm Hg revealed in the first year group of the female students. In the process of the girls' adaptation to their educational activities, there is a gradual increase in the vital capacity of lungs (VCL) with the maximum level of 3.11 l (P <0.02) in the fourth year of the study, while the lowest value, 2.66, is found in the first-year female students. The value of the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) significantly increases by the third and fourth year of the study. IRV is recorded to reach 1.47 l (P <0.05) in the 3rd year of study, 1.46 (P <0.01) in the 4th, and 1.24 in the 1st year of the study, respectively. Studying at a university reduces the expiratory reserve volume to 0.76 l by the second year, by the third and fourth years it increases to 0.94 and 1.08 (P <0.001), while in the first year it is reported to be 0.80.