Эпистолярный жанр в творчестве Г. Галбацова: автор и адресат

Background. Pedagogical education in our country has been in the ever reforming process. Being subject to current realities, the nature, goals, and state and public expectations from pedagogical education are to be reviewed. There was a similar process at the break of pedagogical education in Russia. In this regard, historical genesis of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries provides an opportunity to analyze some challenging issues facing the country over the considered period, to specify the patterns for the formation and development of pedagogical education, and to designate the peculiarities thereof. Purpose. The article aims to analyze the formation and development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis is the key research method. In addition, historical-structural, and comparative and contrastive methods were used to conduct a systemic analysis of the development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article is based on the evidence from archival records, research material data, regulatory legal acts, and popular science fiction of the reviewed period. Results. The first extensive actions in the development of pedagogical education in Russia were taken in the 18th century. Since that time and throughout the 19th century, there was a gradual advance in pedagogical education. In addition to the main subjects, there were some disciplines specific to the pedagogical content knowledge (didactics, pedagogy, teaching methods, psychology, etc.) in the curriculum cycle for future teachers. First-ever domestic methodological guidelines for individual subjects emerged in the country. In Russia, there predominately existed male pedagogical education. According to the archival research and literature review, the country experienced an acute teacher shortage during the 19th century. To eliminate it, pedagogical departments were established at district Imperial Universities in Russia in 1804; in 1816, the Main Pedagogical Institute was founded to form the basis for other pedagogical institutions; in 1860, two-year pedagogical courses appeared at the Imperial Universities; in 1876, the issue regarding female pedagogical education was brought up, which led to the creation of the first pedagogical institute for women in 1903. In order to enhance the prestige of the teaching profession in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries, the state equated it to the public service, wherein each teaching position corresponded to a certain rank with all the privileges and state support; compensated for the costs of housing, lighting, heating, and educational literature; supported teachers’ families and encouraged childbirth among teachers and lecturers; provided pensions and gave the opportunity to receive awards that granted additional financial support. Having analyzed the problems of developing pedagogical education in the 19th – early 20th centuries, there are similar problems observed in modern Russia. Therefore, nowadays, it is vital to consider the methods and state initiatives for supporting and raising the prestige of the teaching profession of that time. In this regard, the relevance of the presented research is beyond doubt.

The decay of the patriarchal rural life, which intensified at the turn of the 19th century, caused a transformation in religious beliefs among the peasantry. The establishment of Soviet rule accelerated the changes in the position of the Orthodox clergy, parishes and monasteries. The author examines the reasons behind this process, which was affected by the economic, political and intra-church transformations in the life of Russian society. Further, the consequences of changes in the religious sentiments of peasants are explored, such as the decline in the clergy’s authority, separation of church life from everyday life of the peasant community, and secularization of peasant consciousness, which facilitated the claims of local residents for monastic property. Cases of plundering by local dwellers in 1917–1918 are studied using the examples of the following men’s monasteries: Onega Cross Monastery, Archangel Michael Monastery, Kozheozersk Monastery, Krasnogorsk Monastery, and Pechenga Monastery, as well as women’s Kholmogory Monastery. The peasants tried to justify their actions by saying that they had the right to take away land and property from the monasteries according to the decree “On the Separation of Church from State and School from Church”. The author comes to the conclusion that cases of disorderly conduct towards northern monasteries were recorded long before the revolutionary events of 1917. In the early 20th century, some monasteries turned to the police or volost authorities for protection. All Arkhangelsk monasteries were closed after the end of the allied intervention and the ouster of the White Guard. Subsequently, monastic lands were taken over by agricultural communes and artels consisting of local residents and controlled by the Soviet government, while the monastics were dismissed. This article broadens our understanding of the reasons behind the changes in the peasants’ religious worldview and highlights the most striking facts of interaction between northern monasteries and local peasants during the period under study. The results can fill the existing regional information gaps in the history of interactions between northern monasteries and the local population in the early 20th century and help to understand the building up of relationships between the reviving northern monasteries and the local population today.

The appearance of a certain number of early letters sent to Lydia Davis in Report From The Interior can seem surprising in a text which exposes the discovery of the outside world from the perspective of an interior subjectivity, since the added textual layers can appear almost overwhelming. However, by using the epistolary genre, Paul Auster manages not only to make the subtle game between the reader and the different incarnations of himself even more playful, but also to use the background of the European novel of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Thus, he is able to question not only his self or himself, but the notion of the genre in which he is emmeshed, going so far as to uncover the possibilities of the hybrid nature of an autobiographical text which introduces a correspondence between two different versions of the author.

The article attempts to define the role of local historians and their works in the process of historical self-reflection of the local cultural tradition. The purpose of this article is to clarify some of the conceptual approaches of local historians to the analysis of folklore and ethnographic material. The author believes that the roots of the formation of local lore should be sought in the late medieval regional annals, hagiographic stories and church chroniclers of the New Age. The next stage in the process of local historical identity is represented by local historiographic works of the late 18th century. The metropolitan societies of the Russian Geographical Society, the OLEAE of the Moscow University, and others had a direct impact on the formation of regional centers for the study of the region, and the Provincial Statistical Committees and the editorial offices of “Gubernskie vedomosti” played an important role in this process. Place of local lore in the period of the 19th century was determined by his attitude to academic science as an auxiliary purely source study discipline. Local history as a social movement in Russian culture underwent significant changes in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Interest in the Russian provinces has grown and, accordingly, more emotionally, the ambitions of local experts in the history of the “small homeland”. In fact, there was a search for a “place of memory”. “Changes” in the socio-cultural situation, the era of the “cultural revolution” and the activities of Proletkult, significantly influenced the emergence of new trends and styles in art and social and cultural life of “new” Russia, these changes in the whole of the humanities, including the most open to innovation at that time scientific discipline – folklore. The works of the Solvychegodsk and Ustyug local historians of the 1920–1930s contain extensive material on the culture and history of this region in a certain period and are of great interest to modern researchers

The purpose of the research is to analyze the stylistic and narrative peculiarities of the works of genre realistic painting dedicated to Roma images of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Research methodology. To achieve this purpose, the comparative historical method and art historical analysis were used. The scientific novelty of the study is justified by its purpose: the study is the first attempt in the national art history to analyze works of some European realist artists of the 19th – early 20th centuries on the Roma theme represented in the works of narrative genre. This theme has not been actually studied, although it eloquently represents the growing interest in the subjective depiction of a wide-range life of various social strata and ethnic communities in the European countries and is one that influenced the formation of more positive attitude towards Roma people in the 19th – early 20th centuries, who were oppressed by the policies of national European states. Conclusions. The article analyzes some artistic works of Thomas Baker, August von Pettenkofen, Alfred Munnings as typical representatives of realistic painting in Europe of the 19th – early 20th centuries, whose creative heritage contains some storylines dedicated to Roma images in the context of socio-economic, spiritual and cultural aspects of Roma existence. It is emphasized that these artists, as leaders of public opinion, who were not indifferent to a difficult situation of Roma communities, improved the attitude of society thereto in this period. Two ideological and narrative trends have been described. The first describes difficult social and material situation, and the second focuses on creating an areola of romance around the life of Roma communities. Thus, it is established that the works of European artists not only drew attention to social and domestic problems of the Roma ethnic group, but also are typical examples of realistic painting of that period.

Introduction. The article deals with the issue of the quantity and composition of fish in the everyday life of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Methods and materials. The number and composition of “fish purchases” were calculated chronologically, which led to the use of the historical and comparative method both vertically (comparing fish prices from the 1570s to the 1610s) and horizontally (comparing fish prices in Moscow, Novgorod, and Kargopol). The volume of purchased goods, prices, and methods of transportation are established on the basis of the coming-expensive books of the treasurers of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery for 1592, 1601/02, 1605–1608, 1610/11, and 1612/13. The most informative were the “expendable memories” of the monastery elders and servants, preserved as part of the expensive books. Analysis. When analyzing the sources, the composition of the markets where fish were bought for monastic everyday life was established, the varieties and units of measurement of the purchased fish were identified, the total volume of goods was calculated, and the share of “fish purchases” in the total amount of expenses and in the amount of expenses for food products of the monastery was established in the late 16th – early 17th centuries. Results. As a result of the study, the representativeness of the coming-expensive books of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery for studying the development of commodity-money relations in the Russian state at the end of the 16th – early 17th centuries was established. Information about “fish purchases” demonstrates the price movement for different types of fish and the peculiarities of the folding of the all-Russian market. The data obtained make it possible to visually trace the sharp deterioration of the socio-economic condition of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery in 1609–1610, caused by the consequences of the siege and capture of the monastery by the troops of False Dmitry II.

This paper argues that Catholicism was persecuted by the conservatives of Chosŏn more than Protestants for three reasons: (1) Changes in power relationships among elite groups of Chosŏn; (2) the different dogmas of the two religions, such as perspectives about separation between politics and religion, different emphasis on visible and invisible church; and (3) the different mission strategies based on their different religious world views, such as emphasis on direct and indirect mission strategies. In the late 18 th and early 19 th century the radical conservatives were much stronger than the moderates in Chosŏn. In contrast, in the late nineteenth century, the moderates were stronger than the radical conservatives. French missionaries concentrated on establishment of visible church while Protestants concentrated their activities on establishing hospitals and schools in Chosŏn. The different mission strategies of two religions were caused by their different religious dogmas: emphasis on visible or invisible church and perspective on separation between church and state.

The article is devoted to the study of the most valuable source at the culture and architecture of Persia and Central Asia during the reign of Timur (late 14th — early 15th centuries) — the diary of the Spanish ambassador to the court of Timur. At this stage in the development of researching on the Persian and Central Asian architecture of the Timurid period, along with the problem of “analysis” of monuments and artistic style, the problem of “synthesis” of image of these architecture is urgent. The authors of this article propose a methodology for restoring the general impression of this architecture, which can serve as a basis for the process of “synthesis”, based on the study of the contemporary written source of the early 15th century — the diary of the Spanish grandee Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who was part of the Spanish embassy, sent by the Castilian king Enrice III to the court of Timur at 1403–1406. Being an educated man and receptive to the new, Clavijo was able to isolate the characteristic features of the worldview of a man of the East, primarily an oriental despot, and the associated features of the art of the East. He and his colleagues in the embassy drew attention to the cunning, treachery, ingenuity, secrecy of the eastern rulers. The Spaniards were struck by the luxury, power and wealth of Timur’s state, which at that time was at the zenith of glory. The Spaniards, accustomed to the stability of architectural images in their native Spain, were amazed at the variability of the artistic images of the East. They drew attention to the love of the representatives of the peoples of the East for free draperies, giving themselves to the will of the wind, in the temporary architecture and in festive women’s clothes, that by their nature were well consistent with the decoration of architectural buildings. The Spanish envoys revealed that subservient to the first and most faithful fresh impression, tenaciously grasping the main difference between the architecture of Timur’s state and contemporary European architecture. This difference consisted in the desire to create an image that is changing, diverse, fluid, mobile, not instantly solved and full of mystery, but at the same time striking the imagination with its luxury and wealth and according to the understanding of their masters, customers and spectators. The conclusion about the specifics of Timurid architecture, made on the basis of a study of the diary of the Spanish ambassador, is supported by the authors of the article turning to the analysis of written and pictorial sources created by representatives of the studied culture itself.

In this article the verbal predicate functioning in the artistic style of the Yakut language is subjected to semantic-stylistic and stylo-statistical analysis. The authors consider artistic style’s rich language as one of the functional style varieties, which implies a comparative study of its language with the language of other styles of speech. As a result of analysis, the lexical-semantic and grammatical-semantic characteristics of verbal predicates are given as one of the main members of sentence that determine the symmetry of modal grammatical meanings specific to the artistic style. Also revealed quantitative indicators of verbal predicates of artistic style in close relationship with their qualitative characteristics. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study depend works of L.N. Kharitonov, E.I. Korkina, P.S. Afanas’ev, P.A. Sleptsov, N.E. Petrov, G.G. Filippov and others on various aspects of the studied problem. A semantic-stylistic method, stylo-statistical and comparative methods are applied in the study. The study reveals the frequency of the verbal predicate forms use in the artistic style, which allowed to objectively assess the indicators that were identified using the semantic-stylistic method. The comparative method contributed to reveal the stylistic originality of the artistic style in relation to other styles. The functioning of the verbal predicate in the artistic style depends on the grammatical semantics of some verb forms, as well as lexical-semantic nature of certain verbal predicates. Revealed the absolute superiority in quantitative terms of the analytical forms of the composite predicate expressed by the forms of the species, the past tense and mood. The stylistic power of composite predicate’s analytical forms lies in their semantic nature, which assumes the presence of all richness of diverse modal meanings of the syntactic means of the Yakut language.

The Cheptsa River has played a significant economic and social role in the history and culture of the Northern Udmurts since the ancient times. There were hunting grounds, pastures and hayfields on the river’s floodplain. The river is a source of drinking and technical (industrial) water, as well as protein products. It serves as a means of a cultural, political and commercial communication. The river is an important mythological symbol, and also an element of sacred topography. The purpose of the paper is to define the role and significance of the Cheptsa River in the traditional religious and mythological worldview of the Udmurts. The research materials include the author’s field data from the late 20th – early 21st centuries, archaeological, folklore and ethnographic literature of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, and the late 20th – early 21st centuries. For the first time, the role of the Cheptsa River in the formation of the ethno-territorial community of the Northern Udmurts is analysed. It is revealed that the river valley is understood and perceived as a common ethnic, family and tribal territory. It is shown that the Cheptsa River performs not only economic and cultural, but also metaphysical, irrational functions in the life of the Northern Udmurts. The semantics of the Cheptsa River is characterized as a symbol of the homeland, a road in real and mythological dimensions, a border between worlds, a means of getting rid of diseases, as a sacred value of local Udmurts. General cultural (stadial-typological) and original (specific) features in the veneration of the river are revealed. Peculiarities of the Northern Udmurts’ worldview are the ideas about the creatures of the aqutic world, the presence of a whole system of rituals and special places associated with the cult of the owners of the water element. It is argued that the anthropomorphic image of the water sphere masters occupied a more significant position in the Udmurt beliefs. Archaic female personifications of these river spirits and other images of water creatures have faded into the background. The author concludes that the Cheptsa River was an important economic, landscape, cultural and mythological object for the Northern Udmurts of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

Background. The article addresses the problem of the synthesis of artistic styles in Ivan Franko's novel "The Great Noise". The writing of this novel – the writer's last major prose work – was influenced by many external (change of epochs) and internal factors (the writer's illness). Therefore, the aim of the article is a detailed analysis of the context of writing and the process of diffusion of different styles. Methods. The general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive and comparative methods, as well as the historical-literary method, were used. This enabled the analysis of Franko's works in the context of historical events and socio-cultural processes of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Results. The specifics of realism and modernism as literary styles are also analyzed, and the process of transition from one style to another in the literary process is emphasized. The change of styles does not happen abruptly, so it is important to trace the penetration of features of one style into another. The study carefully analyzes the views of Franko scholars on the stylistic affiliation of Ivan Franko's works of different periods, as well as the synthesis of realistic and modernist features in his work. Specific examples of the use of realistic and modernist artistic techniques in the work are considered, their functions and influence on the revelation of the ideological and thematic content of the novella are investigated. Particular emphasis is placed on the realistic themes, as well as other features of realism in the work. The characteristic features of modernism as a trend (especially psychologism, reference to the poetics of dreams, eroticism, surrealistic elements, folklorism, and romantic accents) are highlighted, and their presence in the work is explored. Conclusions. The article is an important step in a comprehensive study of Ivan Franko's work as a modernist. A thorough analysis of the synthesis of styles in the novel "The Great Noise" reveals the depth and versatility of Franko's talent as an innovative writer.

The article is devoted to the study of Leo Tolstoy’s work in 1872–1873 on an unfinished novel from the times of Peter I in the context of the artist’s spiritual and moral movement. The time that came after the epic novel “War and Peace” is considered a period of a spiritual crisis directly related to this event in Tolstoy’s life. In the early 1870s, the writer’s search for new creative paths and fluctuations in his religious worldview were complexly interrelated, which led to a kind of experiment: the only attempt in Tolstoy’s work to portray on a large scale the distant historical epoch of the late 17th — early 18th centuries. The article analyzes in detail the changes that Tolstoy’s psychological method experiences in the surviving fragments of the novel, applied to the “extreme” historical material that is not typical for the writer’s work. The novel from the times of Peter I appears as the maximum possible point of Tolstoy’s removal from the main spiritual and poetic principles in his work. Together with private artistic achievements, this becomes one of the main reasons for the general failure to write a historical novel. At the same time, it turns out to be a natural transition of the writer in the mainstream of new poetics to work on the novel about modern times — the next to come novel “Anna Karenina”.

The article presents the structure of source-oriented electronic databases created on the basis of personified mass sources that contain information about the population of Tambov in 1896-1917. The features and possibilities of using mass primary sources for the study of social stratification and mobility of the propertied strata of the population of the provincial center in the late 19th - early 20th centuries are analyzed. Methods of complex processing of electronic databases on social stratification and mobility of the population of a Russian provincial city in the late 19th - early 20th centuries are characterized. The scientific novelty of the study consists of the use of information technologies to implement the method of social identification of the elite and middle layers of the provincial Russian city in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, the basis of which is the approaches and methods of theories of multidimensional stratification and social mobility. The information potential of the bases made it possible to conduct social ranking, analyze the social mobility of the elite and the middle strata of the provincial center in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The presented methods and technologies for the creation and complex processing of source-oriented databases on the problems of social stratification and mobility of the elite and middle strata of Tambov in the late 19th - early 20th centuries can be used to study social processes in relation to other settlements, chronological periods, class-social and professional groups of the population.

The work is devoted to the search by Austrian politicians for ways to solve the national question through the federalization of a multinational empire in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The purpose and objectives of the study: the study of political and legal concepts devoted to the issues of federalization and the solution of the national question within the boundaries of a multinational state, which became widespread in European thought in the 19th – early 20th centuries. We use comparative legal, historical, comparative and system-structural me-thods. The use of these methods of cognition allows us to analyze and summarize the historical and legal material in detail, draw the necessary conclusions and identify ways to solve the identified problems within the framework of modern trends. In the course of study, we analyze the concepts of reforming the Habsburg Empire by W. von Andrian-Werburg, L. von Lohner, O. Ostrozhinsky, A. Fischhof, A. Popovichi, K. Renner, O. Bauer, K. Luger, I. Seipel, G Lammash and other prominent representatives of the political and legal thought of Austria-Hungary. We consider various approaches to the process of federalization of the Austrian Empire from theological to ethnic-legal concepts. The data obtained can be used in further historical and legal research devoted to the study of the general problems of federalism and the peculiarities of the design of federalism in multinational state formations. We prove that the multinational empires that appeared in the Middle Ages, which were united mainly by the dynastic principle, faced with the problems of nationalism in modern times, had to respond to the challenges of their time. One of the ways to solve the problem was the transformation of empires on a federalist basis. However, the federalization of the Austrian Empire in the 19th – early 20th century did not happen due to the rejection of radical reform and the desire to “slow down” the processes of modernization of the empire, which became one of the main reasons for the collapse of the multinational state after the end of the First World War.

The scale of pilgrimage, and later tourism, which gradually grew into a mass, expanded in the 19th — early 20th centuries. Therefore, compiling guidebooks has become popular. Kyiv was a prominent centre of various forms of pilgrimage and tourism in the 19th — early 20th centuries. Therefore, it needs a detailed study from the outlined point of view. The article deals with key features of mention about Kyiv Institute for Noble Maidens in the guidebooks to Kyiv. The work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The author used comparative historical method, analysis and synthesis. The main feature of the research is the microhistorical approach with the elements of the everyday life history. Thus, the compilers of the guidebooks of different focus and modernization levels included Kyiv Institute for Noble Maidens into the list of attractions. Except A. Ikonnikova, they indicated its location. However, except L. Yartsova, they did not consider it to be a central subject of any part of their story and only occasionally entered into description of surrounding area (this was partially offset by the addition of more or less eloquent illustration). It contained information about history and the daily life of the institution. In comparison to the other authors, M. Sementovsky did all his best to satisfy the interest of readers from appropriate social origin, before visiting Kyiv at the examination period at the Institute.