Abstract
Crohn’s disease is an autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease characterized with the chronic relapsing-remitting inflammation, mainly in the terminal parts of the small intestine and colon, as a result of a genetic predisposition or environmental factors influence. It is associated with impaired bacterial clearance and changes in immunological parameters what resulted in disruption of the gastrointestinal tract ecosystem, formed by the microbiome and non-living components such as mucus, food metabolites or additives. Intraepithelial lymphocytes of the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in mucosal immunity and their phenotype and functional profile is largely determined by the microbiome composition and environmental factors affecting it (diet, smoking, seasonal changes, air pollution, hygiene, etc.). In this investigation the changes in intraepithelial lymphocytes phenotype of small and large intestine were shown in patient with Crohn’s disease as well as the correlation of intraepithelial lymphocytes phenotype with clinical data was established. Obtained data may be used as a hallmark of immune inflammation in the gut and make intraepithelial lymphocytes as ideal candidate for targeting in further immunoregulation of mucosal adaptive immune response against autoantigens.
Highlights
The human gut can be considered an ecosystem comprised of microbes community and nonliving components such as mucus, food metabolites or food additives, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are increasingly associated with disruption of this ecosystem
Environmental risk factors include childhood hygiene, air pollution, breastfeeding, smoking, diet, stress, exercise, seasonal variation, and appendectomy which may result in imbalance between regulatory and cytolytic effector lymphoid cells within the epithelium following a dysregulation of mucosal immunity, disturbances in composition of the intestinal microbiota and the generation of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment in IBD
In this article intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) number, viability and immunophenotype subsets were detailed characterized in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients
Summary
The human gut can be considered an ecosystem comprised of microbes community and nonliving components such as mucus, food metabolites or food additives, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are increasingly associated with disruption of this ecosystem. Crohn’s disease (CD) is a one of chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract refers to IBD and is characterized by an uncontrolled adaptive immune response against intestinal bacteria. Current investigations indicate that the etiology of IBD is multifactorial, with environmental, microbial, genetic, and immunological components contributing to the pathophysiology of disease. Environmental risk factors include childhood hygiene, air pollution, breastfeeding, smoking, diet, stress, exercise, seasonal variation, and appendectomy which may result in imbalance between regulatory and cytolytic effector lymphoid cells within the epithelium following a dysregulation of mucosal immunity, disturbances in composition of the intestinal microbiota and the generation of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment in IBD. The epithelial cytolysis leads to ulceration, allowing bacterial invasion of the mucosae and enhanced T-cell activation, along with the reduction in regulatory cells amplifying the pro-inflammatory immune response [2]
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