(مقاله کوتاه پژوهشی) اولین گزارش سه گونه از خانواده (Hym: Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae از ایران

This paper describes all the detected forms of parasitism of eulophid wasps in the Middle Volga Region, based on many years of study of this important group of Hymenoptera and significant factual material. Hymenoptera: Eulophidae is a family of relatively small (no more than 5 mm, usually 1,5-2 mm) parasitic hymenoptera; its larvae develop on the phytophages of various groups (primarily lepidopterans, Diptera, coleoptera). Many species of herbivorous insects that are infected with eulofids are pests in forestry and agriculture, since they are used as fodder plants of various economically important families. A special group of phytophages are leafminers, larvae of which develop secretly in plant tissues (for example, leaf mesophyll), often forming species-specific damage - mines. Eulophid wasps are able to infect leafminers that are inside leafmine and not accessible to other types of entomophages, thereby providing biological protection to cultural and wild plants. During the work parasitic development of more than 200 species of eulophid wasps was analyzed. Representatives of 4 subfamilies Eulophidae (Euderinae, Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae), including more than 40 genera, have been identified in the Middle Volga Region.

This review illustrates the role of preimaginal experiences in four main aspects of insect life: feeding, habitat choice, host selection, and social relationships. After an illustration of the two ...

Fil: Turienzo, Paola Noemi. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental. Laboratorio de Entomologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina

The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of color and height variation of sticky trap with methyl eugenol on Insect visitting of flowers and other insect on apple water tree in Demak. Sampling of insects was conducting in one of apple water field in Demak using sticky trap with methyl eugenol attractant . There were three different colors of sticky trap and two height variation of trap placement were used. The data was analysed using descriptive analysis. Parameters observed included the number of fruit flies in each color, height of sticky trap, and the family of insects. The results showed that the insects found consist of 5 orders and 21 families. (Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Homoptera). . Most families are found in the order Diptera (8 families), Hymenoptera (6 families), Coleoptera (3 families), and Homoptera (4 families). The Diptera family consists of Tephritidae, Culicidae, Agromyzidae, Muscidae, Asillidae, Mycetophyllide, Drosophyllidae, Bombyllidae. The conclusion of this research is that the control of inseks visitting by using bright color sticky trap (yellow and white) with methyl eugenol attractant can be used as a trap of insect vistting of Diptera and other insects in the largest number of families

The order Hymenoptera with more than 115000 described species, includes over 10% of species diversity in the world. These insects are one of the most important groups in economic and ecological terms. Vespidae family plays an important role in biological control of some insect pests. This family includes six subfamilies and almost 4150 known species in the world( Carpenter,1982 ). These insects are small to medium size, and 4.5 to 29 mm in length, with varoious colors and almost in black and yellow colors. Thirteen segment antenna of males has a more curved in end contrast to twelve segment antenna of females curve. The inner edge of compound eyes is notched and kidney shaped.(Abbasi, 1385). The subfamily of Eumeninae is called Potter wasps or Mason wasps. During the survey on the species of this family in Mashhad and its suburbs, a male of Allodynerus dignotus (Morawitz,1895) from Eumeninae subfamily is reported from Iran for the first time

This article introduces the arthropods that induce galls or are associated with galls in two plant species (Haloxylon persicum and Haloxylon salicornicum) in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In connection with a baseline survey conducted to establish species knowledge to assess the habitat and diversity of the flora and fauna in proposed Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis (undulata) macqueeni) release sites of the Western Region of Abu Dhabi, Emirate. The galls were collected and studied to understand the gall-associated arthropods. In the current observation, four different types of galls were observed from stem and leaf portion of the two plant species: Swollen galls and flower-like galls from H. persicum; flower-like galls and spike-like galls from leaves and stem of H. salicornicum. In the present study, we have additionally observed arthropods associated with plant galls from both species ofHaloxylon (gall-associated species). No attempts were made to classify them into further categories like gall inducers or parasitoids of gall-inhabiting insects. The taxon observed in the current study belong to different arthropod groups: 1) Arachnids: Acari and Araneae; 2) insect orders like Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Thysanoptera: Thripidae, Hemiptera: Psyllidae, Pseudococcidae, Diptera and Lepidoptera: Pyralidae. Key words: Biodiversity, Haloxylon persicum, Haloxylon salicornicum, gall inducers, inquilines, gall associates, Western Region.

This study has been carried out in Kayseri and Burdur in between 1989-1990, in order to determine the harmful and beneficial insect fauna on walnut growing areas in Central Anatolia. Samples were collected from 3 counties of each province and 3 villages of each county. Each village was examined in monthly intervals. Samples were taken from the orchards by the determination methods such as striking, brushing machine, visual examinations of leaves, twigs and other parts of the trees. In this study, a total of 83 different species belonging to the order Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Acarina, Neuroptera and Hymenoptera were identified on walnut trees. 43 out of 83 were harmful insects belonging to all the mentioned orders and 40 out of 83 were beneficial insects belonging to the orders Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Heteroptera.

Mutualistic interactions are open to exploitation by one or other of the partners and a diversity of other organisms, and hence are best understood as being embedded in a complex network of biotic interactions. Figs participate in an obligate mutualism in that figs are dependent on agaonid fig wasps for pollination and the wasps are dependent on fig ovules for brood sites. Ants are common insect predators and abundant in tropical forests. Ants have been recorded on approximately 11% of fig species, including all six subgenera, and often affect the fig–fig pollinator interaction through their predation of either pollinating and parasitic wasps. On monoecious figs, ants are often associated with hemipterans, whereas in dioecious figs ants predominantly prey on fig wasps. A few fig species are true myrmecophytes, with domatia or food rewards for ants, and in at least one species this is linked to predation of parasitic fig wasps. Ants also play a role in dispersal of fig seeds and may be particularly important for hemi-epiphytic species, which require high quality establishment microsites in the canopy. The intersection between the fig–fig pollinator and ant–plant systems promises to provide fertile ground for understanding mutualistic interactions within the context of complex interaction networks.

Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) is a socio-economically important tree species in the Sudanian and Sahelian zone of Africa. Few studies have shown that the species is pollinated by bees. In this article, first we studied the impact of the wind pollination. Secondly, we determined the visitors insect of the flowers of tamarind, studied the production of nectar and pollen. Thirdly, we established relation between nectar production and visit time of insect. The study was undertaken in Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. The insects were captured using a net on the flowers. The determination of the insects visiting flowers is made using the Chenery key. The results show that wind pollination of tamarind is very low. We determined two long distance pollinators of Hymenoptera group (Xylocopa olivacea and Megachille sp.) and five short distance pollinators represented by Apis mellifera and Trigona sp. (Hymenoptera group), Syrphida sp. and Bombylius sp. (Diptera group). The wasp visitor, Polistes fastidiosus (Hymenoptera group)’s role in pollination is badly established. Production of nectar and pollen at the flower level occurs over short periods. We identified two major guilds of plants: one guild of plant for A. mellifera and one for Xylocopa violacae. Key words: Tamarindus indica, pollen, nectar, plants visitors, pollination.

Parasitoid wasps have evolved a variety of strategies to regulate the physiology of their hosts in order to regulate the host's immunity and physiology for the interest of the development of its offspring. The venom of parasitic Hymenoptera, one of the major actors in the host regulation, has the potencial for developing novel environmentally safe insect control strategies and it is a blend of biologically, pharmacologically and physiologically complex mixture of peptides, amines, proteinaceous and nonproteinaceaous compounds). The neurotoxicity of the components present in the venom of Bracon species stimulated considerable research interests in this area, with the aim of isolating new agrochemical leads. However, the characterization of venom produced by Bracon species is restricted to B. hebetor, B. brevicornis and B. gelechie. In B. hebetor, paralytic activity is mediated by three partially characterized proteins that presynaptically block glutaminergic transmission , and other unknow factors seem to affect host endocrine balance and metabolic activity. In this work the interaction between ectoparasitoids and their hosts has been analyzed in the B. nigricans - Spodoptera littoralis model. The parasitism does not induce a rapid suppression of the host, even though the unaltered viability of hemocytes is associated with a suppression of their cellular division and/or production by haematopoietic organs. However, clear signs of a more subtle host regulation are evident, such as the reduction of CO2 emission and the significant increase of hemolymph proteins and carbohydrates. The resulting enhancement of host nutritional suitability is associated with the success of progeny development and structural changes of the fat body cells, which interact with hemocytes and show signs of cell degeneration. The combined approaches of transcriptomic analysis on venom glands and proteomic study on crude venom resulted in the identification of several proteins, including a putative phospholipase A2 of 17 kDa. This protein is probably the main toxin involved in the paralytic activity of B. nigricans venom. Additionally, a chromatographic fraction containing a protein band of about 17 kDa induces, when injected, a temporary paralysis in S. littoralis larvae. The identification of this protein and the production of recombinant phospholipase A2 will provide explanations on the functional role played by this bioactive component in the host regulation process. Finally, as required by the PhD program, I have spent a period abroad where I studied the effects of silver nanoparticles against the red clover root borer, Hylastinus obscurus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bioassays with silver nanoparticles showed that nanoparticles act as a feeding deterrent.

Twenty species and nine genera belonging to the family Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) were collected in the present study in different locations of Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran between 2009 and 2010. The identified species belong to three subfamilies: Miscogasterinae (1 species), Ormocerinae (2 species) and Pteromalinae (17 species). Systasis parvula Thomson, 1876 and Mesopolobus sericeus (Forster, 1770) are reported for the first time from Iran. Short taxonomic comments, available biological data as well as geographical distribution for each species are briefly mentioned.

Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera, Aphididae) and of various cereal aphids. Parasitized aphids show a notable inhibition of reproductive activity and metabolic alterations, which are nutritionally relevant for the developing wasp juveniles. Host regulation factors produced by A. ervi and responsible of these alterations are both of maternal origin, injected at the oviposition along with the egg, and of embryonic origin, in particular released by cells derived from the dissociation of the serosal membrane of the parasitoid embryo, denoted as teratocytes. The venom, injected at the oviposition, is the major factor responsible for the castration of the hosts, which is caused by the induction of apoptosis in the germarial cells of the aphid ovarioles. This event is triggered by a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (Ae-γ-GT), which may likely induce an oxidative stress in germarial cells. Here this hypothesis was firstly tested, assessing if the exposure to Ae-γ-GT induce a change of glutathione (GSH) titer in the host tissues. GSH, measured by high performance liquid chromatography, was found to be significantly reduced in parasitized aphids and this difference was largely due to GSH decrease in the ovaries. Due to GSH role in the protection of oxidative stress, its decrease in parasitized aphids corroborates the experimental hypothesis. Transcriptomic analysis of the venom gland by RNAseq Ae-γ-GT allowed the identification of two isoforms of Ae-γ-GT (Ae-γ-GT1 and Ae-γ-GT2), which showed 51% sequence identity. Quantitative studies of their expression profile in venom glands and in the rest of the body have been performed using quantitative Real Time PCR, assessing the changes of the transcription rates as affected by time and oviposition activity. These two isoforms of Ae-γ-GT were produced in vitro in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus to carry out a more comprehensive molecular and functional characterization, aiming to shed light on their role in the host regulation process. This objective was also tentatively pursued by developing a gene silencing approach by RNAi (RNA interference). Indeed, three administration methods for the delivery of dsRNA targeting the Ae-γ-GT1 have been designed and their efficiency comparatively assessed. The first experimental approach consisted of haemocoelic injections of dsRNA in A. ervi pupae, then the delivery through the host aphid was attempted, by injecting dsRNA in the haemocoel of parasitized host aphids, or by feeding these latter on a liquid diet containing the dsRNA. The obtained results did not allow to select any of the experimental approaches pursued, as the results were inconsistent and further research work is necessary to develop a reliable and effective protocol to silence Ae-γ-GT.

Insect pollinator is one of the very important ecosystem services for human and environment. The study of insects as flower visitors is important to know about sexual reproduction in plants. There has been no research on insects as visitors on eggplant flowers. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of insects that visited eggplant flowers (Solanum melongena L.). Collection of samples was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Klabat, Manado. The research method used was the method of observation and direct collecting using insect nets. The sample identification was done at the Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Klabat, Manado using Borror, Triplehorn, and Johnson (1996). The results of the study found 17 genera belonging to nine families and three orders of insects of the order Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera who visited eggplant flowers. The most dominant insects visiting eggplant flowers were the order of Hymenoptera. Some genera of visitor insects found in this study were known to act as pollinating insects such as Episyrphus, Calliphora, Apis, Trigona, Xylocopa, Vespula, Vespa, Papilio, Graphium, Appias, Cephrenes, Pelopidas, Eurema, and Dolichoderus. This indicated the important role of insects in sexual reproduction of eggplant.

Many parasitoid wasps are highly specialized in nature, attacking only one or a few species of hosts. Host range is often determined by a range of biological and ecological characteristics of the host including diet, growth potential, immunity, and phylogeny. The solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia vestalis , mainly parasitizes diamondback moth (DBM) larvae in the field, although it has been reported that to possess a relatively wide lepidopteran host range. To better understand the biology of C vestalis as a potential biological control of hosts other than the DBM, it is necessary to determine suitability for potential hosts. In this study, the potential host range of the wasp and its developmental capacity in each host larva were examined under laboratory conditions using 27 lepidopteran species from 10 families. The wasp was able to parasitize 15 of the 27 species successfully. Some host species were not able to exclude C vestalis via their internal physiological defenses. When parasitization was unsuccessful, most hosts killed the parasitoid at the egg stage or early first-instar stage using encapsulation, but some host species disturbed the development of the parasitoid at various stages. No phylogenetic relationships were found among suitable and unsuitable hosts, revealing that host range in some endoparasitoids is not constrained by relatedness among hosts based on immunity.

A series of traditional and modern morphological techniques were used to examine and document the thoracic skeletomuscular structures in detail of the flightless insects from BIG4 orders: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. The flightlessness of female Nyssiodes lefuarius (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with an independent evolution background is linked not only with the modifications of flight related skeletomuscular structures, but also with the enlarged ovaries and the reduced digestive system. The evolutionary scenario of flight ability enhancement in Lepidoptera is demonstrated using the combined morphological characters mapping on the phylogenometric topology. The extremely simplified thoracic skeletomuscular structures and a well-developed swimming apparatus of Orectochilus villosus (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) were clearly demonstrated. The limited skeletomuscular elements take over more functions to support the flight capacity. The strongly flattened thorax and the specialized leg structures of Crataerina pallida (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) adapt to the ectoparasitism. The flight related skeletomuscular structures are strongly modified as the reason of the flightlessness of this species. The monophyly of Hippoboscoidea is supported based on morphological parsimony analysis. The thoracic skeletomuscular system of workers of Myrmecia nigrocincta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was examined. The primitive status of Myrmeciinae was challenged based on recent researches from both morphology and phylogenomics. The strongly modified thoracic structures of the worker ants support the entire family as an ecologically dominant group. Parsimony analyses support a sister group between Strepsiptera and monophyletic Coloptera. Archostermata is recovered as the sistergroup of the remaining suborders of Coleoptera, and Polyphaga as the sister group of Myxophaga. The Bayesian analyses based on the same morphological dataset provide a different topological pattern.