Образы героев Великой Отечественной войны в советском художественном кинематографе 1941–1945 гг.: создание моделей высшего социального поведения

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Introduction. The relevance of the study lies in conducting a descriptive analysis of war films (1941-1945), which act as a powerful ideological weapon in the processes of forming a special value system of the war period. The article specifies the relationship between the real image of the hero and his artistic depiction in the Soviet cinema, reveals patterns in the formation of images of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War, explores the possibilities of "film language" as an effective propaganda tool during the war. The formation of a common "film language", the recognition of the heroes of the film, the analysis of the dialogues of the main characters "for quotations" became a sign of the audience's success of the film, actualizing heroic models of social behavior. The creation of heroic images in films took place in the context of military action, which influenced both the plot line of war films and the symbolism and the specifics of the artistic "depiction" of heroism. Materials and methods. This research is interdisciplinary in nature. In the course of the work, methods of historical research were used (historical and comparative analysis, historical and genetic, historical and typological methods, and a cultural and historical approach). Methods of related humanities disciplines were also used in the work: film studies methods, methods of visual anthropology when working with film sources, iconographic, imagological methods of analyzing a visual work, the method of hermeneutical analysis of cultural context, as well as an integrated approach to analyzing visual sources. Analysis. The article analyzes the images of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War created in the Soviet cinema of 1941-1945. It is emphasized that these images were often based on real exploits known to Soviet society. The main directions of heroization in wartime cinema are highlighted: heroic images of soldiers and commanders, as well as peasants and workers and intellectuals. Commanders are models to follow, and ordinary soldiers and sailors are ordinary citizens who stand up for the defense of the country. Soviet films reflect the nationwide nature of the war, where civilians trapped in occupation or working in the rear also show mass heroism on a par with soldiers at the front. A specific historical context, whether it was the defense of Leningrad or the Battle of Stalingrad, enhanced the impact of heroic images on viewers, making them the visual embodiment of real heroes. The scientific novelty of the study can be considered the definition of key types of heroic images (soldiers and commanders, peasants and workers, intellectuals) and their qualitative characteristics. Results. The result of the study was the formulation of a general ideological characteristic of the hero of the Great Patriotic War, the heroic image of the entire Soviet people, the "collective hero" in the films of the Soviet era. The manifestation of Soviet patriotism during the Great Patriotic War, conditioned by the ideology of socialism and the "ideological" type of political man, had no historical analogues. The specificity of the manifestation of Soviet patriotism is directly related to the image of a Soviet man, courageously fighting for their Motherland, for public socialist ideals. The confrontation of ideologies in the Great Patriotic War ("fascism" - "communism") became a determining factor in the defeat of Nazi Germany, and the heroism of the Soviet people is forever inscribed in the history of the great victories of mankind.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze the participation of military formations from the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in the Battle of Stalingrad (November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943) and their role in one of the main strategic operations of the Soviet command during the Great Patriotic War. The scientific problem of the study is lack of knowledge of the operational-tactical actions of military formations from the Kazakh SSR during the defensive and offensive operations of the Red Army forces on the Stalingrad Front. The methodology for studying the topic of the research is built on the basis of historical, military-historical and cultural approaches. Based on the analysis of historical sources and documents, as well as the study of tactics, strategy, and combat operations of Kazakh military formations in the Battle of Stalingrad, there has been revealed the influence of cultural and ethnic characteristics of Kazakh military formations on the course of military operations. The comparative analysis helped to expand the understanding and assessment of the contribution of certain military formations to the course of the battle. The source base consists of the works of Soviet, Russian and Kazakh authors on the Great Patriotic War, as well as historical documents from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The study of archival documents allowed the author to present the role of Kazakhstani military formations during the Great Patriotic War. The author has established a list of rifle and cavalry divisions, rifle brigades and individual regiments from the Kazakh SSR that participated in the Battle of Stalingrad from November 1942 to February 1943, which, in defensive and offensive front-line operations, along with other units and formations of the Red Army, contributed to the defeat of a large group of German troops in Stalingrad and the Stalingrad region. The results of the study will contribute to a comprehensive study of the actions of military formations from Kazakhstan at the tactical level, on the Stalingrad sector of the front, and will also help to establish the success achieved and the mistakes made by the command in planning and organizing combat operations from the division level to the battalion inclusive. The documents analysed by the author contain the details about the participation in this section of the front during the period under study: 120, 292, 29, 38, 387th rifle divisions, 81st cavalry division, 152nd separate rifle brigade, 129th mortar regiment and 156th separate bridge-building battalion formed on the territory of the Kazakh SSR. The analysis allows to note that Kazakh military formations participated in the Battle of Stalingrad from November 1942 to February 1943. The author's assessment of the literature and the available documents allowed us to present data confirming the significant contribution of the studied military formations to the defeat of the Nazi troops in the battles for Stalingrad. The results of the victorious battles of the Red Army in the fightings of the third period of the Great Patriotic War ultimately led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 and Victory in the Holy for the Soviet people War.

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Aim.The purpose is to study the peculiarities of representing the heroism of the Soviet people and the image of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War on the pages of school textbooks published in our country from the middle of the twentieth century to the present.Methodology. The research is based on the materials of a comparative analysis of the image of heroes and heroism of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War on the pages of school textbooks published in our country from the middle of the twentieth century to the present.Results.The transformations in the image of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War and the heroism of the Soviet people as a whole in school textbooks over the past half century have been revealed, and the special significance of this material for educating the younger generation in the spirit of love and devotion to the Fatherland is presented. The dependence of the content of a school textbook on the political situation and ideological attitudes of representatives of different trends in historiography is investigated.Research implications. The research materials can be used by specialists in the field of historiography.

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The author explores the moral stances of films produced during the Great Patriotic War. The author considers these films as a part of the state cultural policy suggesting that their plots and characters were subject to the political situation and focused on the morale building activities both in the military and in the rearward. The frame of holy war dictated patterns of behavior on the screen as well as in real life. The Great Patriotic War and necessity of the nations unity promoted Soviet peoples collectivist identity. The theme of revenge became the keynote of films produced during this period. On the one hand, Soviet people showed on the screen righteous anger, intransigence and even cruelty against the enemy; on the other hand - altruism, willingness to sacrifice ones life for the sake of motherland and compatriots. The concept of us and them which had been formed during the class struggle received further development. The Soviet cinema tended to embody patterns of behavior for all social groups. Mans and womans images became mostly archetypal. The author shows that a mans positive image was a hero and a man of wisdom, whereas a womans positive image was to be a female warrior, beloved and mother. Moral rigorism, certainty and univocity of films shot during the war played a great role for the victory. Ethics of duty in Soviet films, introducing the model of life as heroic act, seemed invincible in the war years since it was based on distinct ideas of the purpose of the society. The destruction of the Soviet institutions and ideology would have contested the moral component of films made in the period of the Great Patriotic War. The article contributes to the development of historical memory and ability to perceive a film within the framework of public life and cultural policy.

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  • TECHNOLOGOS
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  • 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-330-345
“I Share Admiration of My People for Glorious Feats of Soviet Armed Forces”: Newspaper ‘British Ally’ on Battle of Stalingrad
  • Oct 7, 2023
  • Nauchnyi dialog
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Revealing the specific portrayal of information about the Battle of Stalingrad in the English press during the Great Patriotic War, this article analyzes publications in the newspaper ‘British Ally,’ which was published in Great Britain in the Russian language for Russian readers. The question arises about the necessity of applying a new direction in global science — imagology — for such research. The novelty of this study lies in being the first to examine material from a publication that has not attracted much attention from Russian scholars from the perspective of this field. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to uncover a new perspective in studying the British press during wartime. The contexts of mentions about the Battle of Stalingrad in the weekly ‘British Ally’ are presented. It is proven that although an admiring attitude towards the Soviet victories at Stalingrad slips through in some articles, the publication does not give special attention to the Battle of Volga. It is shown that the newspaper emphasizes the idea of the selfless resistance of the British army against Nazi Germany in Africa and Sicily, as well as their desire to open a second front. The authors conclude that the newspaper presents these events and desires as equivalent to the struggle of the Soviet people, which does not find approval or desired response among the newspaper’s readers (the Russian people).

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  • Jan 1, 2024
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In the personal fund R-2808 "Boris Sergeevich Abalikhin - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor" of the State Archive of the Volgograd Region (SAVR) the authors identified a personal letter from the academic secretary of the regional center of the Saratov State Pedagogical Institute, Associate Professor Pyotr Vasilievich Tkachenko to the rector of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University V. I. Danilchuk and Academician B. S. Abalikhin. S. Abalikhin, dated by postmark November 18, 1993. On the envelope on the diagonal large "V. I. personally” was diagonally written. It was received in Volgograd on November 21, 1993. The letter bears the rector's visa - "to Vice-Rector N. K. Sergeev, to Academician B. S. Abalikhin.” Most likely, the letter was written after the regional meeting on vocational guidance work, at which V. I. Danilchuk spoke. The meeting with his colleague from Volgograd revitalized P. V. Tkachenko's Stalingrad memories associated with the Great Patriotic War. In his letter, the events of the Battle of Stalingrad and the battles for Orlovka come to life in his memory. Biographical information is drawn from the personal file of Associate Professor P. V. Tkachenko, kept in the archive of the N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov National Research State University. It contains an autobiography, personal record sheet, certificate of school department of Krasnokutsk Pedagogical College, diploma of Saratov State Pedagogical Institute, diploma of candidate of sciences and certificate of associate professor, characteristics, list of scientific works, award list, certificates, statements, decision of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR on awarding, excerpt from the order on declaring gratitude to the participants of the Battle of Stalingrad. The Book of Memory of the Saratov region contains information about the military service of P. V. Tkachenko. In 2023 Volgograd and the whole country celebrated a significant event, a landmark for the historic victory in the Great Patriotic War - the 80th anniversary of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad. In the state plan of celebration, approved by the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin, special attention was paid to the activities associated with the personification of the great feats of the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad. It seems that the introduction of this letter into scientific circulation will complete the picture of the Battle of Stalingrad through the prism of the memories of 79-year-old political officer of the 7th company of the 724th rifle regiment of the 315th Siberian rifle division Pyotr Vasilievich Tkachenko. The letter is autograph, has a handwritten form and is written on yellowed paper. The date of writing is missing.

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Eisensteins Erben: Der sowjetische Film vom Tauwetter zur Perestroika (1953-1991) by Eva Binder , Christine Engel (review)
  • Jan 1, 2004
  • Modern Language Review
  • Richard Taylor

276 Reviews pretext forignoring the wider research implications. In this sense the volume widens the gap between philological research and rather 'aesthetically' oriented literary his? tory.In this field, the work of the literaryscholar begins where the notion of literature and the literary significance of sacral texts are being questioned. Only Dieter Stern's contribution to the volume attempts to rise to that challenge. Humboldt Universitat, Berlin Wolf-Heinrich Schmidt Eisensteins Erben: Der sowjetische Film vom Tauwetter zur Perestroika (1953-1991). Ed. by Eva Binder and Christine Engel. (Slavica Aenipontana, 8) Innsbruck: InnsbruckerBeitragezur Kulturwissenschaft. 2002. xiv + 404pp. ?70. ISBN 385124 -198-3. This volume covers a crucially under-researched period in the history of Soviet cinema. Josephine Woll's recent Reel Images: Soviet Cinema and the Thaw (London: Tauris, 2000) was the firstEnglish-language study of the Thaw period and covers only the period until c. 1967. Anna Lawton's Kinoglasnost: Soviet Cinema in Our Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) dealt with the 1980s, while Birgit Beumers's edited volume Russia on Reels: The Russian Idea in Post-Soviet Cinema (London: Tauris, 1999) covered the 1990s, but there is as yet nothing in English to cover the whole post-Stalin period in a single volume. This Austrian collection is therefore a welcome addition forthose who can read German. Eisensteins Erben begins with six short essays by Russian scholars introducing the films of the period. These cover: morality tales; the pathos of the unheroic; eccentric comedy; black-and-white film and realism; the auteur film; and the 'long shadow' of the perestroika film.One surprising omission fromthis list, perhaps, is any specific discussion of the changing role of the war film and the consequent revision of both the official and popular views of the 'Great Patriotic War'. The bulk of the book consists of a decade-by-decade coverage of the films themselves, starting with Iosif Kheifits's BoVshaia sem'ia (The Great Family, 1954) and ending with Nikita Mikhalkov's Urga (1991). The appendices include up-to-date bio-filmographies of the directors mentioned, a chronology of background events, and film and people indexes. Entries for each individual film contain detailed production credits, a brief plot synopsis, an essay of two to three pages on the film,and a bibliography. Most of this is very useful. However, the bibliography contains only Russian-language sources and is confined almost entirely to sources contemporary to the film. This information is, of course, of no use to anyone who does not read Russian, but much of it is already available in the Russian-language catalogue Sovetskie khudozhestvennyifiVmy (Soviet feature films) produced in four volumes during the Soviet era (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1961-68). An opportunity has here been missed to produce a book that would have had a much wider appeal to a student readership and might thereforehave been worth translating into English. As it is, only those who read German will have access to a volume that continues the distinguished tradition of high-level scholarship that characterizes the German-language (but alas, not always the English-language) literature on Soviet cinema. University of Wales Swansea Richard Taylor ...

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Флот Сарапульского леспромхоза по делопроизводственной документации 1928–1938 гг.
  • Jan 1, 2024
  • Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta
  • Nikolay V Mitiukov + 1 more

The USSR timber industry played a significant role in ensuring victory in the Great Patriotic War. The industry’s origin and formation in the 1920s–1930s. was very difficult, as evidenced by the numerous restructurizations and reforms of the industry during this period, with which the Party and the Government tried to correct the shortcomings discovered in the work of the industry. Researchers studying the issues of the pre-war timber industry note a lack of a source base, and, therefore, a possible solution is seen in attracting documents from regional archives and funds of organizations that collaborated with timber industry enterprises. The object of study of this work is the fleet of one of the large timber industry enterprises in Udmurtia – the Sarapul Timber Industry Enterprise (STIE). Unlike in other timber industry enterprises, rafting of timber along the Kama River played a significant role in STIE’s work. Since similar functions were performed by the Kamlesosplav trust, both enterprises quite freely exchanged ship personnel. In the first half of the 1930s, STIE was part of Kamlesosplav. Thus, an interesting research problem arises: is it possible, on the basis of the funds of STIE itself and the organizations that collaborated with it, to reconstruct the composition and dynamics of changes in the fleet in the 1930s? As the example of STIE shows, in each period of its history, the value of certain types of office documentation varied significantly, due to the fact that the document flow and office work in 1928–1938 were still just taking shape. They were finally formed only after the Great Patriotic War. However, for the period of the late 1920s, the most valuable document that allows reconstructing the biographies of the ships of the economy is the salary slips. For the mid-1930s inventory sheets come first, providing not only information about the state of the fleet, but also the technical characteristics of individual ships. Technical and financial reports of the enterprise are also of great importance. In general, these sources make it possible, with a fairly high degree of probability, to reconstruct the composition and evolution of STIE’s fleet for the specified period. As the reconstruction showed, from the moment of its formation in 1929 until its liquidation in 1938, STIE was actively involved in timber rafting, which was reflected in the presence and operation of its own fleet, which was quite large by the standards of Udmurtia. Throughout the period under review, the size of the fleet increased steadily. This can be explained by the fact that in the 1930s Sarapul was a fairly large industrial center, the operation of which required firewood as the main energy source. And since there were no large forests in the vicinity of Sarapul, firewood had to be transported along the Kama for 80–100 km, and therefore the fleet acquired strategic importance. This would later be confirmed by the experience of the Great Patriotic War. Despite the shortage of selfpropelled watercrafts during the Battle of Stalingrad, the Navy was replenished by mobilizing ships in other regions, after which they were delivered to the Volga. During the war, the fleets of the Sarapul enterprises did not undergo mobilization, but even increased in number.

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  • 10.31992/0869-3617-2020-29-4-109-118
The City and the University: One Destiny for Two
  • May 1, 2020
  • Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia
  • R M Petruneva + 3 more

The article is devoted to faculty staff and students of the Stalingrad mechanical Institute who were the participants of the Great Patriotic war and home front workers, considers the destiny of the city and the University as one for two. The authors describe the activities of scientists, teachers and students of the Stalingrad Mechanical Institute during the Great Patriotic War, both during the Battle of Stalingrad and in evacuation in Chelyabinsk. The subject of scientific and applied work devoted to solving a number of technical problems on the creation, improvement and repair of military equipment, mainly the most massive tank of the Great Patriotic War T-34, rocket launchers «Katyusha» and several others. The results of a sociological survey of Volgograd students about their attitude to the Battle of Stalingrad are given. More than 70% of respondents are aware of the names of the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad, the historic places, streets, squares associated with this event. The young generation carries the historic memory conveyed by the elder generation. The authors believe that it is necessary to develop the historical memory in University students using historic materials, mass media, Internet-resources, family archives, museum expositions.

  • Research Article
  • 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.22
Память о предательстве: образ коллаборациониста в послевоенном советском кинематографе
  • Mar 1, 2023
  • Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija
  • Oleg Romanko + 1 more

Introduction. Researchers have studied manifestations of collaborationism of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War quite well, however, the problem of the perception of collaborators in the postwar period needs additional coverage. Of particular interest is the reflection of this topic in art cinema, which was one of the most important means of propaganda. Methods and materials. The basis of the study was a systematic approach. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were applied, in addition, content analysis was used to identify characteristic characters, images, ideas in films. The study was carried out on the basis of published materials, as well as archival files, which make it possible to compare the motivation of collaborators during the Great Patriotic War with its representation in Soviet cinema. Analysis. The study of the evolution of the coverage of the Great Patriotic War and related events in cinema made it possible to identify the main genre and stylistic devices used to demonstrate the place and role of collaborators. Through the analysis of the motivation of collaborators based on the protocols of their interrogations and investigative cases, as well as the consideration of their behavior in feature films, the functions of this topic in the Soviet propaganda discourse were determined. Results. The study of the methods and forms of demonstration of collaborationism showed this problem was reflected in Soviet cinema throughout the entire post-war period. Cooperation with the Germans was explained by several reasons: nationalist motives, hatred of the Soviet regime, cowardice or a desire to save one’s own life, or pathological manifestations up to mental illness. Authors’ contribution. O.V. Romanko proposed the concept of the article, supervised the research, studied the sources and historiography of the problem, and edited the final text of the paper. E.V. Prosolova carried out analytical work on the analysis of sources, systematization and classification of the image of a collaborator in Soviet cinema, designed the text of the article.

  • Research Article
  • Cite Count Icon 4
  • 10.25281/0869-608x-2025-74-3-199-213
Projects of the Russian State Library for the 80th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War
  • Jul 4, 2025
  • Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science]
  • Alexander Yu Samarin + 2 more

Libraries are actively involved in the processes of achieving the goals of state cultural policy, especially their role increases in the period of information confrontation, distortion of historical truth in modern political conditions, in countering the rehabilitation of Nazism. The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945. The Russian State Library carefully preserves the memory of the heroes’ brave deeds, reveals the pages of military history, makes available objective sources about the Great Patriotic War, promotes the historical truth about the tragic events of wartime. The purpose of the article is to highlight the activities of the Russian State Library in this direction. Various projects of the Russian State Library are aimed at the formation of patriotism, a sense of pride in the history of Russia and understanding of the processes that are currently taking place during the special military operation.Events timed to the 80th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War are presented. On April 22—24, 2025 the International Research and Practical Conference “Rumyantsev Readings — 2025” was held, one of its key topics was “Libraries and Preservation of Historical Memory. To the 80th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War”. Within the framework of the conference a special session of libraries of the CIS countries “Pages of the Feat of Peoples” was organized. On May 14—15, 2025, the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Preserving Historical Memory of the Great Patriotic War: The Role of Libraries” was held. Other scientific events are also held: lectures, film screenings, etc.The following exhibition projects of the Russian State Library are presented in the form of an overview: “History of the Great Patriotic War in the Book Memory of Russia: To the 80th Anniversary of Victory”, “Territory of Memory and Glory of Women’s Feat”, “On the Way to the Great Victory: Legislation of the Great Patriotic War Period”, “Maps of Victory”, “Symbols of War and Victory: Visual Art Publications of the Great Patriotic War”, “Living Memory of Generations” and others.For the anniversary of the Great Victory the publishing house of the Russian State Library “Pashkov Dom” prepared and published the books: “Pages of Victory: Leninka in 1941—1945: Chronicle. Documents. Memories”, “Saur-Mogila: From Legend to Feat”, “The Songs Brought About by War and Victory: From the Collections of the Russian State Library”, the second edition of L.I. Fursenko’s index of literature “Publishing, Librarianship and Bibliography During the Great Patriotic War (1941—1945)” and others. A special section “Library of Victory” has been opened in the National Electronic Library, which contains collections of books, periodicals and documents about the Great Patriotic War.The various projects of the Russian State Library reveal rare archival and printed materials, give an opportunity to better understand and evaluate the contribution of our country’s citizens to the Victory, the scale and consequences of the war that changed the course of world history.

  • Conference Article
  • 10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.289
Graduate Of Chechen-Ingush Pedagogical Institute - O.G. Zhimarinskii - Participant Of The War
  • Dec 28, 2019
  • ˜The œEuropean Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences
  • Khatmat Matagova* + 1 more

The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 takes a special place in the history of our country. During the most difficult and dramatic period, physical and spiritual strength, the unity of the multinational population of the country were tested. The trials of war fell to the share of all Soviet peoples. The Victory in the war was won by multimillion lives of people of different nationalities. In the course of the Great Patriotic War, the fate of not only the Soviet people, but all progressive humanity was decided. The Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 was the greatest achievement in national and world history of the 20th century. The teaching and student staff of Chechen-Ingush State Pedagogical/Teaching Institute (ChISPI) made a modest contribution to the victory over fascism. University assistance to the front was manifested in various forms: the participation of students and teachers in military defense constructions, work in hospitals and on battlefields, as well as on various fronts of the war. Graduates of ChISPI, including Oleg Grigorevich Zhimarinskii, took an active part in the Great Patriotic War. For his courage and heroism, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree, the Red Banner, the Red Star. The participation of ChISPI representatives in the Great Patriotic War is one of the insufficiently studied issue. An attempt to collect information about the participation of ChISPI graduate O.G. Zimarinskii in the war can be considered the contribution to the solution of the task.

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