Личность переводчика: от буфера против конфликтов к щиту от неоколониализма

Over the past decades, UNESCO has produced several international cultural conventions, which jointly aim to provide a solid basis for the protection and promotion of cultural diversity. The UN cultural agency declares the promotion of cultural diversity—the “common humanity heritage” according to the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001)—and its corollary, dialogue, one of the most pressing contemporary issues and, for this reason, central to the organization’s mandate. The promotion of cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue by way of rhetoric is straightforward. UNESCO’s successive Directors-General have appealed to governments and peoples around the world to respect and protect cultural expressions and engage in cross-cultural dialogue and exchanges. Yet in practice, as the four case studies have demonstrated, the promotion and protection of cultural diversity is confronted with a number of challenges and obstacles, some external and some inherent in UNESCO itself. The organization’s role in handling cultural diversity cannot be properly assessed without analyzing them in the light of what the organization is doing and what it is failing to do and why.KeywordsCultural DiversityWorld HeritageCultural GoodCivil Society ActorCultural ExpressionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to review the use of linguistic methods such as narrative and discourse analysis in workplace management research.Design/methodology/approach– Ten journals are reviewed in a time period of six years between years 2004-2010. The journals are categorized into three linguistic methodological journals and seven journals on built environment. Additionally articles were gathered with search words of workplace management, discourse and narrative analysis. Out of the total 2,245 articles, 40 articles were considered to be relevant for this research.Findings– The linguistic methods of narrative and discourse analysis are not recognized in the workplace management research in a comprehensive way by combining the research on built environment to the research on organization and culture. In the workplace management research methods of narrative and discourse analysis were applied to the processes of built environment. Additionally methods were applied to the research of space and place as means of communication and means of identity construction.Practical implications– Linguistic approach would reveal underlying messages behind evident structures of workplace and give new insights on understanding and developing workplaces both in design and in use.Originality/value– The linguistic methods of narrative and discourse analysis are rarely used in workplace management research and should be considered as a new resource in the research of WPM.

Despite globalization, television is still bound to the nation-state in several aspects. The international television industry meets the national in the cross-border exchange of television content. Canned programming can hereby run into cultural barriers, which TV formats presumably can overcome, due to localization. Formats are translated to local versions that presumably suit national culture and identity. In globalization debates, localization is being used as an argument against cultural homogenization. However, there is little comparative work reviewing the extent to which TV formats are culturally specific. By comparing linguistic, intertextual and cultural codes in the Dutch and the Australian version of the British reality TV format Farmer wants a Wife, we will argue that localization of TV formats might be overrated as protection of cultural diversity.

In the context of rapidly changing global political and economic dynamics, the study of the interplay between culture, communication, and global transformations is becoming increasingly relevant. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to issues related to cultural diplomacy and soft power as tools of state influence on the international stage. This article explores approaches to analyzing cultural diplomacy through the lens of contemporary theoretical and methodological frameworks, including concepts of cultural identity, intercultural dialogue, and globalization challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the specific features of cultural diplomacy in the context of transforming international relations and to assess its influence on shaping the image of a state in global public opinion. The article analyzes the mechanisms of cultural communication, the role of cultural institutions, and the interaction between official structures and civil society in promoting national cultural agendas. The methodological foundation of this research is based on interdisciplinary approaches, including comparative analysis, discourse analysis, and case study methods. The study draws on both domestic and international sources, examining the experiences of various countries in the field of cultural diplomacy, including the activities of institutions such as the British Council, Goethe-Institut, and Institut Français, among others. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the conclusions and recommendations developed by the authors can be used in the formulation of national cultural policy strategies, as well as in educational and analytical contexts. Furthermore, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of culture as a resource for sustainable development and intercultural dialogue. Thus, the presented article contributes to the academic discourse on cultural diplomacy, highlighting its potential as an effective tool of international communication in the era of global transformations. Keywords: South Korea, museum studies, cultural diplomacy, creative industries, soft power.

Conversation analysis (CA) and discourse analysis (DA) methods have been widely used to analyse classroom interaction in conventional educational environments and to some extent in e-learning environments, paying more attention to the ’quality’ and purposes the discourse serves to accomplish in its specific context. However, CA and DA methods seem to ignore emotion detection and interpretation when analysing learners’ interaction in online environments. Effective regulation of emotion, motivation and cognition in social interaction has been shown to be crucial in achieving problem-solving goals. The aim of this chapter is to provide an in-depth study on the possibility of applying discourse analysis methods in e-learning contexts with implications for emotion detection, interpretation and regulation. The result of this study shows whether a comprehensive approach that includes DA methodological solutions and constructivist strategies (e.g., cognitive dissonance) for emotion detection and interpretation can be elaborated and applied.

The analysis of topoi (patterns of argumentation) is an established method of text and discourse analysis. Following the ancient rhetoric and the modern theory of argumentation, this article elaborates on the essential aspects of the topos concept. In particular it will be discussed, how the complex topos concept was received in the linguistics and implemented as a method of discourse analysis. The discourse-orientated methods of topos analysis include a structure- and a content-related analysis of topoi. So far these two approaches have been in conflict with each other. However, as it will be shown below, they can be combined to analyze topological discourse formations in order to take a closer look at the discourse in the sense of Foucault. Using the example of legitimizing political action in times of economic and political crises, the added value of this integrative approach is demonstrated.

What is discourse analysis? And what does it have to do with multimedia? In my view, discourse analysis is a set of techniques for making connections between texts and their meanings. Originally formulated for the analysis of purely linguistic texts, discourse analysis methods have come to form the basis for analyzing “texts” that consist not just of words, but also of visual forms such as images and diagrams (static or animated), full-motion video, sound effects and music, and various interactive features. There are a number of different intellectual traditions that contribute to discourse and multimedia analysis. I came to this field before it really had a name, because I wanted to understand how physicists came to think and talk and write the way we did, and it seemed to me that we learned these things mostly through verbal and non-verbal communication with people whowere already doing it. In the 1970s I was a student and junior researcher in theoretical physics, and it was pretty obvious that I was learning to frame and solve problems, to mobilize theory, and even to tell jokes like a physicist from sitting in classes, reading books, talking with other students and with physics faculty members, and watching the occasional video or display on a computer screen. Would it be possible, I wondered, to videotape other students doing what I was doing and from the videos to figure out how the ideas and practices of physicists were being “transmitted” or learned? How would you analyze a videotape to achieve this? As a theoretical physicist, I dealt mostly with text, mathematics, diagrams, and talk about them. I was less concerned about operating experimental apparatus. It seemed to me that most of what I was learning I had to be learning from talk and writing (whether in books, articles, or just on the chalkboard), so I asked around among my friends whether linguistics or anthropology had anything useful to offer on this subject. By good luck I was pointed in the direction of the work of Michael Halliday, a British linguist who was interested in how we make meaning with words (Halliday, 1978). This was not the dominant focus in linguistics at the time, when most linguists were following Noam Chomsky’s lead and ignoring meaning in favor of purely formal analysis of grammatical structures. I had also been reading the work of Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist of the 1920s, who presented a theory of learning and intellectual development based on the hypothesis that people internalized the cultural meanings around them, largely through the medium of language (Vygotsky, 1963, 1978). And I had an interest in cultural anthropology, where there was a prevailing notion that people acquired the habits and values of their communities by active social participation. It was fashionable at that time to see all forms of cultural meaning as being similar to language in that they formed semiotic systems (Levi-Strauss, 1963).

Over the past two decades, the development of computer-mediated communication technologies has modified human communication. Increasingly, representatives from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds are disposed to a constant negotiation of meanings. The main purpose of this study is to carry out a linguistically grounded analysis of the intercultural dialogue during online asynchronous written exchanges between Latvian and Cypriot students.Based on the politeness theory of Brown and Levinson (1987), which implies that all adult members of society are endowed with two universal aspects: “positive face” and “negative face”, and using the methods of content analysis and discourse analysis, this research analyses the way learners communicate or hide their position concerning sensitive cultural issues. To attain the objective of the present research, a quantitative and qualitative experimental study was conducted. The learners’ public messages in the discussion forums were juxtaposed with their private messages concerning proposed cultural topics. The findings show a strong interdependence between the politeness strategies used by the learners and the intercultural issue discussed. Thus, online intercultural discussions can be qualified as context-dependent and content-dependant. Discussion forum does not seem to be an appropriate environment to facilitate and encourage intercultural discussions about potentially controversial issues.

The discourse analysis method is one of the qualitative methods in political studies, employed to explain semantic systems that lead to the formation of a particular understanding regarding the role of individuals or actors within society or the international environment. The primary objective of employing this analytical method is to examine the ways and mechanisms through which a semantic system and discursive framework make a specific action or policy possible. To date, numerous studies in the field of political science have been conducted using the discourse analysis method. The main goal of this research is to apply discourse analysis to explain the security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in West Asia. Accordingly, the central research question is: how can Iran's security policies in West Asia be explained through the lens of discourse analysis? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the study posits that the Islamic Republic of Iran has sought to define its security policies in the West Asian region through the construction of a discursive articulation that transcends political and geographical boundaries. This articulation, in turn, has led Iran to play a more active role in the targeted region. The findings of the study indicate that the central signifier of this discourse revolves around the cessation of meaning-making with reference to the nodal point of liberating Jerusalem and the anti-Israeli stance, viewing Israel as a usurping regime. The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical, based on discourse analysis. Data collection has been carried out through documentary and library methods, utilizing both accessible and credible physical resources such as books and electronic resources, including academic books and articles published in scholarly journals.

We develop a new method of discourse analysis using speech act theory and formal ontology. The method constitutes an attempt to make discourse analysis more formal and repeatable. We apply the method to a corpus of bi-lingual, interpreted legal dialogue, focusing on the speech act of clarification and its component acts. While discourse analysis is primarily a qualitative tool, it can be applied quantitatively by counting certain types of discourse, such as clarification speech acts. Dialogues are still analysed, utterances are classified as speech acts and their semantic relationships are qualitatively assessed. Subjectivity of human analysis is minimised using a new method of discourse analysis that employs a formal ontology. The ontology is stated in higher-order logic making the annotation of the corpus more objective, formal and repeatable than prior research.

The article presents an analysis of TV advertisements targeted at African audiences. It further foregrounds the use of language and visuals to associate a product to an appropriate solution to social conflicts rooted in oppositional African and Western worldviews. The author applies the critical discourse analysis (CDA) method to the analysis to highlight the use of manipulative language and visuals. The author argues that CDA is an effective tool for analysing both visual and linguistic elements of advertising discourse compared to other discourse analysis methods that focus on either texts or visuals. This article is relevant to the literature on semiotic construction of social discourse as applied in advertising.

The article presents an analysis of TV advertisements targeted at African audiences. It further foregrounds the use of language and visuals to associate a product to an appropriate solution to social conflicts rooted in oppositional African and Western worldviews. The author applies the critical discourse analysis (CDA) method to the analysis to highlight the use of manipulative language and visuals. The author argues that CDA is an effective tool for analysing both visual and linguistic elements of advertising discourse compared to other discourse analysis methods that focus on either texts or visuals. This article is relevant to the literature on semiotic construction of social discourse as applied in advertising.

IntroductionTeachers of English as a foreign language must be aware of the wide array of variables involved in the selection of texts which are to be presented in the classroom. Often this selection process is approached from a linguistic point of view. However, it is vital to consider the text from the perspective of the discourse analyst, especially given the cross-cultural differences seen in the EFL setting, which could easily result in misinterpretation on the part of the reader. It is also of utmost importance for teachers to be aware of the suppressing and/or liberating effects any given text may have on their learners.The present study aims to determine whether Ernest Hemingway's short story Cat in the Rain is suitable for being taught in the Iranian EFL context, as well as detecting the issues and difficulties which may accompany its use. With this purpose in mind, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of the short story was undertaken.Through CDA, we seek to expound on the thematic messages conveyed by the short story. Our study will be aided by occasional references made to other works by Hemingway, and will analyze the rhetorical devices employed by the author both in general and in the short story at hand.Critical Discourse AnalysisLed by Fairclough, Wodak and van Dijk, among others (Wodak & Meyer 2001), the field of CDA attempts to uncover the manipulation and dominance of society by those in power. The relevance of CDA, however, extends to any given means of influence even literary means. According to Fairclough (1995), power is described in terms of asymmetries between participants in discourse events and the capacity to control how texts are produced, distributed and consumed...in particular social contexts (p.1). To him, all features of discourse are potentially ideological, and texture (the form and organization of a text, not just its contents) is an extraordinarily sensitive indicator of sociocultural processes, relations and change (p.4). He discusses the 'orderliness' and 'naturalisation' of state-produced 'autonomous subjects' (although 'state' is used interchangeably with any 'group' or 'culture'), shaped to integrate and be 'competent, non-resistant' participants in society (p.27). Fairclough (1992), in his seminal work Discourse and Social Change, attempts to create a model of textually based discourse analysis, and includes group and personal 'ethos' in the equation. However, criticisms of CDA include its overtly political, potentially contentious nature (Kress 1990); its inclination to be reductionistic and deterministic (Pennycook 1994); and its proponents' tendency to remain uncritical of themselves (Widdowson 1998).The central goal of CDA is to highlight the use of language in the unequal maintenance of power and control over people (Fairclough 1995; Wodak 2001). Therefore, it is primarily an endeavor of social awareness and emancipation through analysis of spoken or written texts, with the aim of uncovering specific ideology, often implicitly portrayed by the author. As such, and despite the various approaches advocated by the forerunners in CDA development (see Meyer, 2001:15-16), CDA assumes the importance of both a historical and contemporary discourse context, and demonstrates its interdisciplinary nature. In addition, CDA includes analysis of interdiscursive and intertextual relationships, distinct from other methods.Attempting to explain how conversations in texts can be critically analyzed, Fairclough (1995) and Kress (1990) point out that one should observe whether communicative interaction is evenly or unevenly distributed. In other words, whether one person dominates the communicative event in any situation/ conversation or there is an active sharing of conversational turn-takings. They suggest that one should examine whether individuals are placed in the subjected position in institutional interaction or are allowed to be active participants in dialogue. …

Purpose: This paper introduces the method of discourse analysis, goals, and how to use it, as one of the qualitative research methods and according to the method of discourse analysis in various fields of humanities and social sciences could be used, in article The present paper also explored the use of discourse analysis in Information Science and Knowledge.Methods: This is a reveiw paper. For data gathering, related papers and literature to discourse analysis were used.Findings: A literature review showed that linguistics has gone beyond the boundaries of discourse analysis and an interdisciplinary field of study is considered. So a meaning beyond the words that comes to mind is in linguistics.It seems that researchers focusing exclusively use the methods of discourse analysis to quantitative research methods and traditional linear distance and the attention they modern methods of study draw.Conclusion: It seems that the method of discourse analysis can show how concepts of Information Science and knowledge have been formed.

Discourses on governing diversity in Europe: Critical analysis of the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue