Оценка причин деформаций сооружений, возведенных на техногенных грунтах Абаканской агломерации

Relevance. As a result of the construction and operation of buildings and structures within the Abakan agglomeration, there is an activation of existing and the formation of new engineering and geological processes accompanied by accidental destruction of constructions. In order to minimize economic and socio-environmental damage, timely development of scientifically sound urban planning and architectural planning solutions is necessary. It would take into account the results of design studies of engineering protection of the territory from dangerous manifestations of engineering and geological processes. Generalization of the available survey results in order to typify the engineering and geological conditions of the urban area will optimize the construction development of urban areas, develop reliable schemes of engineering protection against the manifestations of dangerous engineering and geological processes. Aim. To establish natural and anthropogenic factors that determine the activity of dangerous geological processes in the territory of the Abakan agglomeration. Methods. Collection, systematization and analysis of available territorial geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, environmental information, results of engineering surveys. Results and conclusions. At a qualitatively new level, a set of maps has been compiled on the factors that determine the development of dangerous geological processes. The authors have carried out a GIS analysis of morphometric indicators of the relief of the agglomeration territory: maps of the steepness and exposure of the slopes were constructed. The analysis of the collected data made it possible to establish the regional characteristics of the components of the geological environment and propose a zoning scheme for the territory for its construction development and engineering protection. The authors identified four taxa during zoning: territories favorable for construction that do not require significant engineering training; territories conditionally favorable for construction, requiring preliminary engineering training; territories conditionally unfavorable for construction, requiring significant costs for engineering training; territories unfavorable for construction. The boundaries of the taxa are based on the analysis of the geomorphological features of the territory. The conducted research was performed for the agglomeration territory for the first time.

Formulation of the problem. An important component of environmental safety is the state of protection of the natural and man-made geological environment (ESGE) from the influence of dangerous natural and technogenic geological processes.At present, there are 327 cities in Ukraine that need protection from certain dangerous geological processes (groundwater underflooding, landslide displacement, subsidence of base soils, etc.). [1-4] One consequence of this is the deformations and accidents of housing and utility buildings and industrial structures. Obviously, engineering and technical security of housing, along with other parameters of life safety is the basic human need.The safety of construction, reconstruction, operation of structures, territories protection from hazardous natural and man-caused processes, assessment of the impact of construction and reconstruction facilities on the environment, risk assessment should be based on complete and reliable data on the state and dynamics of ESGE, which is the subject of engineering research [ 14]. At the same time, there is a group of factors systematically adversely affecting the receipt of reliable information in this area.This article is devoted to a detailed consideration of this problem.History of the research of the problem. Problems of engineering geology and hydrogeology of urban areas, changes in the geological environment under the influence of human activity are revealed in the works of F. Kotlova, V. Krutova, V. Osipova, E. Yakovlev and others. A significant specificity of the research of the natural and man-made environment (engineering and technical surveys) is indicated by P. Konovalov, V. Ulitsky, M. Solodukhin, G. Strizhelchik, etc. Problems of engineering research and protection of historical buildings in the construction of new and reconstruction of the existing buildings remain relevant even now, especially for such large cities as Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Donetsk, etc.The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for a reliable assessment of the state and dynamics of changes in the natural and technical geological environment. Classification of existing factors systematically adversely affecting the receipt of reliable information and determining ways to solve the problem is aimed at reducing geotechnical and environmental risks.All large cities in Ukraine need protection from the manifestation of certain dangerous geological processes (underflooding by underground waters, landslide displacement, subsidence of base soils, etc.). The safety of construction and operation of facilities, assessment of the level of environmental hazard should be based on reliable information on the state and dynamics of the natural and man-made geological environment. To determine the severity of the environmental situation, the degree of deviation of an object or environment from a certain norm is usually used. It is important to know how far the object approached the level of destruction of its structure. The criterion for assessment can be the resource of the stability of the geological environment, determined by the permissible impact impulses (water inflow, application of static and dynamic loads, temperature effects, etc.).Today in Ukraine there is a group of factors systematically adversely affecting the receipt of reliable information on the conditions of construction sites. This can lead to plant accidents or to significant unnecessary security costs, up to and including the abandonment of construction. These factors include:1. Construction in all free areas with complex engineering and geological conditions in the central parts of cities, with maximum use of underground space;2. Increasing the weight of reconstruction of existing buildings in the total volume of construction. It should be kept in mind that engineering surveys for reconstruction, having specific features, make them more complex than surveys for new construction sites;3. A complex of administrative, economic and social factors associated with the systems of attestation of specialists, quality control, work in a market economy, etc.To create objective conditions that reduce the degree of geotechnical and environmental risks, it is necessary to implement a set of measures at the state level.

Shorter Viewing Distance Reduces Contrast in Man-Made Environments

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью оценки существующих инженерно­геологических условий, процессов и опасностей, а также связанных с ними рисков и воздействий в отношении предполагаемого использования участка Берегового месторождения Пуровского района Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Необходимым предварительным этапом при разработке проекта обустройства нефтегазоконденсатного месторождения является анализ данных территории строительства. Цель работы: построение карты инженерно-геологических условий территории месторождения для оценки состояния и прогноза изменений инженерно­геологических условий по результатам проведенных инженерно-геологических изысканий. Объектами исследования являются компоненты геологической среды, рассматриваемые при проектировании освоения Берегового месторождения. Методы исследования: анализ материалов инженерно-геологических изысканий, детальный литолого-генетический анализ территории, учет закономерностей пространственной изменчивости основных показателей инженерно­геологических условий (состав пород, температура грунтов, характер распространения многолетнемерзлых пород, инженерно-геологические процессы). Результаты. На основе дешифрирования космоснимка территории выделено шесть типов местностей: А (озерно­болотный); Б (хасырейный); В (приречный); Г (холмисто-увалистый); Д (линейно-грядовый) и Е (техногенные грунты). Результаты полевых работ и лабораторных исследований физико­механических свойств грунтов позволили детализировать предварительную оценку инженерно­геокриологических условий. Основная часть трассы проходит по приречному типу местности В. Наиболее неблагоприятными для строительства сооружений и прокладки трубопровода являются типы местности: А (встречается локально в низинах, представлен болотами с мощностью торфа до 2,2 м) и Б (имеет широкое распространение, представлен заболоченными участками, сложенными глинистыми грунтами с отсутствием поверхностного стока), типы Г и Д по трассе не встречены. По результатам выполненных работ рекомендовано размещать площадки строительства и трассы линейных сооружений на хорошо дренированных суходольных участках распространения талых грунтов.

Acidophilic microorganisms can thrive in both natural and man-made environments. Natural acidic environments comprise hydrothermal sites on land or in the deep sea, cave systems, acid sulfate soils and acidic fens, as well as naturally exposed ore deposits (gossans). Man-made acidic environments are mostly mine sites including mine waste dumps and tailings, acid mine drainage and biomining operations. The biogeochemical cycles of sulfur and iron, rather than those of carbon and nitrogen, assume centre stage in these environments. Ferrous iron and reduced sulfur compounds originating from geothermal activity or mineral weathering provide energy sources for acidophilic, chemolithotrophic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (including species that are autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic) and, in contrast to most other types of environments, these are often numerically dominant in acidic sites. Anaerobic growth of acidophiles can occur via the reduction of ferric iron, elemental sulfur or sulfate. While the activities of acidophiles can be harmful to the environment, as in the case of acid mine drainage, they can also be used for the extraction and recovery of metals, as in the case of biomining. Considering the important roles of acidophiles in biogeochemical cycles, pollution and biotechnology, there is a strong need to understanding of their physiology, biochemistry and ecology.

The limitations of the regulatory framework for the study of hydrometeorological and geological processes in engineering ecological surveys are determined. The necessity of the combination of anthropocentric and biocentric concepts during surveys is justified. The principles of ecologically oriented evaluations of hydrometeorological and geological processes during engineering ecological surveys are defined.

Introduction to Environmental Geotechnology

Optimal and sustainable flood plain management, including flood control, can only be achieved when the impacts of flood control measures are considered for both the man-made and natural environments, and the sociological aspects are fully considered. Until now, methods/models developed to determine the influences of floods and flood control measures in South Africa, and elsewhere in the world, focus on the man-made environment and neglect the natural environment and social dimensions. Two models, recently completed in South Africa, namely FLODSIM (flood damage simulation model for irrigation areas) and TEWA (flood damage simulation model for urban areas) are cases in point. This paper gives an overview of the development of flood damage assessment and mitigation methodology in South Africa. Emphasis is placed on the evolution from the traditional ex-post approach to the latest ex-ante approach in which the sociological and natural environmental dimensions are included. Deliverables from the presentation should be of value to researchers and managers in the fields of flood management and environmental impact assessment worldwide. WaterSA Vol.27(4) 2001: 517-522

The purpose of the research is to study the features of the movement of particles, aggregates and geological bodies (landslides) downhill under the influence of a number of natural and man-made factors, to study the most common natural and man-made objects that reduce the activity of the development of slope processes. Two of the most common slope exogenous geological processes are considered – surface flushing and landslide. These processes contribute to the entry of silt fraction into the sediments of water bodies. The study of pollution of water bodies with heavy metals still remains relevant when assessing the geo ecological state of the environment. On the Volga River basin the principles are proposed and the zoning is presented. According to natural and technogenic objects, four categories of sites were allocated hierarchically for monitoring the pollution of the territory with heavy metals. The zoning of the bed of water bodies for the distribution of silty sediments – sorbents of pollutants was carried out. The elements of the energy approach are presented, giving an understanding of the most likely locations of pollutants – energy traps and potential barriers. Practical examples of the spread of pollutants in the natural and man-made environment and the interaction of natural and man-made processes in the landslide system are given. For the landslide process, the most typical interactions between a geological body and man-made objects are presented. On the example of the most typical landslides for the European part of Russia, the measures aimed at their stabilization, as well as the impacts contributing to their activation, are presented. Natural and man-made potential barriers to the landslide process are considered.

Problems Statement and Purpose. Reliability of construction, protection of the territory from dangerous geological and technogenic processes, assessment of impact of construction and reconstruction objects on the environmental safety of the territory should be based on high-quality materials of engineering investigations. Today in Ukraine, the conditions of construction and reconstruction have significantly increased the requirements for the quality and composition of engineering research. At the same time, there are a number of natural and social factors that increase the degree of geotechnical and environmental risks during construction, there is no system that ensures the mandatory implementation of state regulations, which has an extremely negative effect on the quality of research materials. These questions are of particular importance given the volume of work that awaits us in the reconstruction of our country. The purpose of article is to once again draw attention to the problems in the field of engineering and geological investigations for construction, which largely depend on the safety and comfort of our living, to formulate proposals for improving the state of affairs in anticipation of the large-scale recovery of our country and the possibility of entering the regulatory field of the EU. Data & Methods. The legislative framework of Ukraine in the field of engineering and geological investigations for construction has been analyzed. Results. The article provides an analysis of the state with the legislative base in Ukraine regarding engineering surveys, the system that ensures mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents, factors that increase man-made and environmental risks in construction, proposed measures aimed at improving the quality of survey materials. 4 factors have been established that systematically affect the quality of engineering and geological investigations and the safety of construction: 1) most accidents and deformations of buildings and structures are associated with processes in the "base - foundation" system; 2) about 80% of the territory of Ukraine is characterized by complex engineering and geological conditions, with manifestations of almost all dangerous geological processes: seismicity, karst, landslides, reworking of banks, subsidence, soil swelling, etc.; 3) a significant increase in the specific weight of construction in conditions of dense urban construction and reconstruction of existing buildings in the total volume of construction; 4) social and economic conditions. An example of a change in the qualitative characteristics of underground hydrosphere (chemical composition and increase in the aggressiveness of groundwater), which had an impact on the reliability of construction and the ecological component at the studied area, has been considered.

Представленные в статье экологические подходы позволяют восстановить экосистемный потенциал техногенных ландшафтов и нарушенных земель, решить проблемы по созданию в регионах, где происходит снижение экологических функций лесов, приемлемой санитарногигиенической обстановки. Although Earth has lost at least 35 of its preagricultural forest cover over the past three centuries, forests are still widely distributed, covering a total of 40 million km2 (25) of Earths terrestrial surface. Of the remaining forests, as much as 82 is now degraded to some extent as a result of direct human actions such as industrial logging, urbanization, agriculture and infrastructure. Anthropogenic degradation of forest biogeocenoses of the planet causes economic activity, which is expressed in physical changes in forests and leads to a decrease in their ecological functions. This may be the fragmentation of forests, clearcutting, excessive seizure of resources of individual species (both tree species and hunting objects) and changes in fire and flood regimes. Currently, on the territory of the Russian Federation, where forests used to grow in previous centuries, several million hectares of land were disturbed during the development of mineral deposits, lying of linear objects, carrying out logging, reclamation, exploration, storage of industrial and household waste, and more. The accumulation of industrial waste is due to the extraction and production of minerals, and inevitably causes the alienation of producing lands, during which there is a dangerous environmental pollution and accumulation of environmental damage. It has been experimentally proven that acceptable as artificial soil factors for accelerated biological culture and biophysical research are a mixture of various natural factors that are rich in organic matter, in which there are strong hygroscopic, weak and weak substances that cause strong hygroscopicity and disease. and phosphogypsum, phosphorus and sulfur. For reclamation, we use aspen, red oak and pine. For experimental and mental work in the laboratory, seedlings with a closed root system of the following species are grown: red oak 400, aspen 400, and pine trees 400. Differences and differences in manmade soil using dump trucks and bulldozers, as well as planting trees and shrubs by hand. When developing reclamation technologies, the authors of this article patented several ways to improve soil fertility, and the ecological reclamation project was recognized as important for the tasks of environmental safety and modernization of the country, and was awarded the highest award of the Governor of the Moscow Region in the area of Resource Saving and Introduction of Environmental Technologies. And we can confidently state that the afforestation associated with the restoration of degraded sites allows: reduce the cost of acquiring materials for the creation of artificial soil reduce the negative impact of landfill sites and mine openings on the environment dispose of household sewage sludge at the district wastewater treatment plant improve landscape landscaping. The Institute has developed a set of technological techniques that allow efficient use of forest objects, organic waste production and consumption, such as wood and agricultural waste, plant residues, rainfall sewage, etc. Other environmental challenges have arisen, including at the international level: adaptation of forests and forestry to climate change, reduction of forest biological diversity in the areas of their development, use of modern achievements of genetics. AllRussian Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry conducts research in these areas, which will make it possible to develop sound solutions that will ensure ecological balance and sustainable development of forest ecosystems.

Editorial: Nature and the Environment: The Psychology of Its Benefits and Its Protection

The chemical characterization of contaminated soil was assessed in two study areas in Finland contaminated with metals. The aqua regia extractable and/or concentrated nitric acid leachable median concentrations of selected elements within the study areas were first compared to those from various geochemical baseline studies. Based on this comparison, the studied elements were divided into two groups: elements displaying general enrichment in the study areas and those with median concentrations within the range of baseline levels. In addition to comparison with the baseline levels, the distribution of aqua regia extractable concentrations of selected elements was assessed in relation to the Finnish soil screening values. The potential leachability of the selected metallic elements in contaminated, mainly man-made soil was examined by determining the ratio between the median ammonium acetate and median aqua regia extractable concentrations in the two study areas. Aqua regia extractable concentrations are considered to represent the near-total fraction of the elements and ammonium acetate extractable concentrations the ‘bioavailable’ fraction. These ratios were compared with those from non-polluted sites representing geochemical baselines. In addition, water soluble element concentrations were available from the two study areas and the ratio between synthetic rainwater or distilled, de-ionised water extractable and aqua regia extractable concentrations was calculated. The ratio between ammonium acetate extraction and aqua regia extraction indicated that of the studied elements, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and V exist in a more leachable form in contaminated soil than in the natural environment. It can be assumed that these elements are also more ‘bioavailable’ in contaminated land and could therefore pose a risk to the environment. The water soluble fraction of the potential harmful elements was generally low in both study areas, but single samples had easily leachable metal concentrations. High concentrations of trace elements were found in the groundwater on the down stream side of the potential pollution source. The chemical characteristics of the soil material in both study areas were defined with hierarchical cluster analysis, with the results presented as dendrograms produced using Ward’s method. Although some clusters were identified from the dendrograms, no special characterization of the fill material was possible. However, suggestive grouping of certain element groups was observed. Similar grouping of elements was found in factor analysis. Cluster analysis as well as factor analysis was found to be feasible for the chemical characterization of soil provided that a sufficient number of samples with appropriate analysis are available.

Mining regions, and especially coal mining regions, are defined by the irreversible transformation of natural ecosystems, where their degradation is clearly visible. Masses of rocks brought to the surface and newly formed forms (voids) in the upper layers of the lithosphere create a technogenic geological environment. Technogenesis in the geological environment acquires the scale of a geological process, which can be compared with natural geological phenomena. The maximum anthropogenic load due to the high development of the mining industry and the formation of technogenic landscapes is observed within the Donetsk and Lviv-Volyn coal basins and the Dnipro lignite basin. Coal mining areas, which are located in the western, eastern and central parts of Ukraine, are natural and anthropogenic systems that actively affect the environment, filling with the remains of the destruction of terricone rocks that spread with the help of water currents and wind. At the root of the emergence of most environmental problems in the coal-mining regions of Ukraine are technogenic changes in the main groups of factors: engineering-geological, geochemical, hydrogeological, and biological. Forecasting the possibility of restoration of man-made geological environment in coal-mining areas, under the influence of natural and man-made factors, is necessary to ensure geo-ecological safety and public health safety. In order to preserve the ecologically safe state of the man-made geological environment of coal-mining regions, it is necessary to systematically carry out: regulation of nature use, ecological monitoring and restoration of landscapes (parks, recreational areas or agricultural coal) in the newly created terrain.

The influence of urban ecological factors on the formation of the planning structure of recreational mountain settlements in the Ukrainian Carpathians, the peculiarities of settlement in mountain conditions in terms of its compatibility with the natural environment, the importance of urban ecological interactions in terms of sustainable development of Carpathian region. It is proved that urban ecological factors of mountain settlements significantly affect the state of resource provision, architectural and spatial structure, features of recreational potential, development of tourist infrastructure, and the structure of recreational economy of the mountain region in general. The purpose of the article is to find out the features of the spatial structure of mountain settlements of recreational profile under the influence of urban environmental factors and their role in solving urgent ecological, spatial and architectural problems of settlements of recreational profile on the way to sustainable development. The study of urban-ecological interactions in mountain settlements of recreational profile is quite a difficult task, given the variability of environmental factors, tense ecological situation in the region, lack of effective environmental management mechanisms, imperfect legal framework in environmental legislation, lack of strategic spatial planning and unification of environmental approaches. phenomena and processes. The urgency of the work is primarily due to the need to find effective ways to solve environmental problems in the mountain settlements of the Ukrainian Carpathians, to increase the recreational and tourist potential of the region. Based on the theoretical generalization of the studied literature sources, we can assume that the planning structure of mountain settlements in the Ukrainian Carpathians directly depends on the ecological situation in the region and on urban-ecological interactions between various factors of natural and man-made environment. Regarding environmental factors that have or may have an impact on the development of mountain areas, the most significant, in our opinion, are or may be: landslides, excessive devastating floods, forest fires, anthropogenic pressure, environmental pollution, biodiversity loss. Especially dangerous for not only the mountain population, but also the surrounding plains is the degradation of mountain areas in the areas of water intake. That is why, in our opinion, one of the priority and strategically important tasks is to conduct effective local and regional policy in the field of efficient and rational use of nature, aimed primarily at solving urban environmental problems in the region, which in the long run can be a key to successful mountain development.