Гидролитическая и окислительная устойчивость прекурсоров для синтеза твердых сульфидных электролитов

High Temperature Air Combustion (HTAC) is appropriate to biomass fuel combustion, but the problem of NOx emission should be played attention. Temperature field in furnace is uniform with HTAC, and there is no higher temperature point, so it can reduce NOx formation. If HTAC combines with low-oxygen combustion, emission of NOx is further restrained. The rules of NOx emission for Biomass fuel: sawdust, rice husk combusting with high temperature air are discussed in 600–1200°C air temperature and 10%–21% oxygen content in air and about 1000°C furnace temperature, especially the influence of parameters such as air temperature and oxygen content in air and water content of biomass fuel is researched. The main results are: (1) since the fixed carbon in rice husk is higher than in sawdust, deoxidisation is more marked and NOx release in rice husk combustion is 20% less than in sawdust combustion in experiment. (2) Oxygen content in air has a great influence. Low-oxygen Combustion has a low NOx emission, which is lower than 150ppm in experimental condition. (3) Water content in biomass fuel has a great influence too, the more of water content, the less of NOx engendering among 7%–46% water content. There are two reasons, first one is water in biomass have depressed the temperature in flame, second is water can react with carbon in high temperature to form a deoxidising environment in furnace, especially in high-temperature Low-oxygen Combustion, the phenomenon is much in evidence. Base on experiments, the results confirmed that HTAC could do a low NOx combustion with biomass fuel.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The effects of air humidity on the knock characteristics of fuels are investigated in a lean-burn, high-speed medium BMEP engine fueled with a CH<sub>4</sub> + 4.7 mole% C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> gas mixture. Experiments are carried out with humidity ratios ranging from 4.3 to 11 g H<sub>2</sub>O/kg dry air. The measured pressure profiles at non-knocking conditions are compared with calculated pressure profiles using a model that predicts the time-dependent in-cylinder conditions (P, T) in the test engine (“combustion phasing”). This model was extended to include the effects of humidity. The results show that the extended model accurately computes the in-cylinder pressure history when varying the water fraction in air.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Increasing the water vapor content in air decreases the peak pressure and temperature significantly, which increases the measured Knock Limited Spark Timing (KLST); at 4.3 g H<sub>2</sub>O/kg dry air the KLST is 19 °CA BTDC while at 11 g H<sub>2</sub>O/kg dry air the KLST is 21 °CA BTDC for the same fuel. Excellent agreement is observed between the calculated knock resistance (using the Propane Knock Index, PKI) and the measured knock resistance (KLST) for the range in water content in air studied in this work. Since the effect of water on autoignition delay time is negligible, the observed increase in knock resistance of the fuel-air mixture is due a decrease in pressure and temperature of the end gas with increasing water content in as a result of changes in the mass burning rate, and thermophysical properties of the fuel-air mixture.</div></div>

A numerical study of the effect of water content on OH production in a pulsed-dc atmospheric pressure helium–air plasma jet is presented. The generation and loss mechanisms of the OH radicals in a positive half-cycle of the applied voltage are studied and discussed. It is found that the peak OH density increases with water content in air (varying from 0% to 1%) and reaches 6.3×1018 m−3 when the water content is 1%. Besides, as the water content increases from 0.01% to 1%, the space-averaged reaction rate of three-body recombination increases dramatically and is comparable to those of main OH generation reactions.

Polar interactions of chondroitinsulfate: Surface free energy and molecular dynamics simulations

This paper refers to the bubble effect in transformer bushings. The bubble effect consists in releasing water from moistened cellulose insulation after exceeding a critical temperature. The most dangerous result is a pressure increase that leads to an explosion and fire. Research was conducted using laboratory models of OIP (Oil- Impregnated Paper) and RBP (Resin-Bonded Paper) types of bushings immersed in mineral oil and synthetic ester. For all of the investigated systems we determined the dynamics of water adsorption upon contact of the insulating material with air and the temperature characteristics of bubble effect initiation depending on water content in cellulose. In the experiment we investigated the dynamics of changes of water content in dielectric liquid, water content in air over the surface of the dielectric liquid, and air pressure over the surface of the dielectric liquid. In the future, the technical possibilities will be analyzed of using the dynamic changes of the three quantities investigated here to detect the bubble effect in bushings.

Field comparison of selected methods for vertical soil water content profiling

Flexible parallel-type capacitive humidity sensors based on the composite of polyimide aerogel and graphene oxide with capability of detecting water content both in air and liquid

The Swedish iron ore company LKAB uses freight wagons with three-piece bogies to transport iron ore from its mines in Kiruna and Malmberget to the ports at Luleå and Narvik. A simulation model of the freight wagon is built using the multibody simulation code GENSYS. The objective is to investigate possible sources of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of the wheels given the high level of observed damage. A parameter study is performed on the effects of vertical track stiffness and viscous damping that occur as a result of seasonal variations of the track condition. Another parameter study is carried out on the influence of the wheel/rail friction coefficient as in winter time the climate is very dry along most parts of the Malmbanan line. The impact of track gauge, track quality and cant deficiency on RCF is also studied. Comparing the calculated and observed RCF locations on wheels, attempts are made to find a relation between wear number and RCF damage. To detect the surface-initiated fatigue a so-called shakedown map is used. It is shown that RCF occurs on the tread of the inner wheels while negotiating curves with below an approximately 450 m radius. It is also shown that cant deficiency can be helpful for the vehicles to negotiate curves and to reduce the risk of RCF, however, on the other hand it may increase the track forces and in severe cases result in flange climbing. Lateral track irregularities and a large track gauge result in small contact areas and can lead to a higher risk of RCF. In cold dry climate conditions, as the water content in air drops significantly, the wheel/rail friction coefficient increases and when the material in the wheel begins to behave in a brittle manner, the risk of RCF is significantly increased, especially when the wear rate is not high enough to remove the initiated cracks.

Crosslinking copolymerization of N-vinylformamide (NVF) and divinylbenzene (DVB) has been carried out in reverse suspension in presence of water which serves as porosity generating feature (porogene). The continuous phase was provided by silicone oil or paraffin oil. In silicone oil the copolymer resulted in form of regular spheres what was not the case when paraffin oil was used. After base hydrolysis anion-exchangers were obtained having primary amine groups attached to the backbone. Exchange capacity, degree of swelling, water content in air conditioned resin and the specific surface were determined.

Capture of CO 2 from flue gas via multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Today, the development of technology has reached at an amazing level. Either in households or industries, technology becomes an important necessity that facilitates human life. There are many technologies around us that use physics principles learned at senior high schools. However, many senior high school students are not aware that their daily life technologies are closely linked with the principles. The students only memorize physics formulas without knowing the theories and their applications. This paper describes the working principle of a dehumidifier, which is an equipment to make our body comfort by reducing room's humidity, related to the topic on thermoelectric given to senior high school students. The main working principle of dehumidifier is to change humid air into water droplets using a s mall fan and a cooling coil. The dehumidifier sucks humid, hot air by employing the small fan. The humid, hot air touches the cooling coil so that the water content in air thickens and it becomes water droplets. The water droplets finally drip to the collecting bucket. This principle is closely related to the concept of thermoelectric and thermodynamic concepts learned in high schools.

Room temperature sodium–air batteries have a similar design and concept as lithium–air batteries. Using ambient air instead of pure oxygen as oxygen source is challenging because the minor components in air could lead to various side reactions and influence the electrochemical reaction route. Although water is an innegligible component in air, its impact on Li– and Na–air batteries is often underestimated. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of Na–air batteries under different relative humidity (RH) has been systemically investigated by galvanic cycling and cyclic voltammetry tests, as well as the identification of corresponding discharge products by physical characterizations such as XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. The reaction mechanisms of Na–air batteries under humid conditions are revealed and discussed. Na–air batteries suffer from more severe impact from the water content in air than Li–air batteries. NaOH and its derivatives are found to form and are proven to be fatal to the cells under humid ambience. Understanding the reaction mechanisms occurred in sodium air batteries under dry and humid ambient is critical to design and develop sodium–air batteries of high performance and long durability.

The inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in atmospheric humid air was investigated in order to develop a low-temperature, low-cost, and high-speed plasma sterilization technique. The biological indicators covered with a Tyvek sheet were set just outside the DBD plasma region, where air temperature and humidity as a discharge gas were precisely controlled by an environmental test chamber. The results show that the inactivation of B. atrophaeus spores was found to be dependent strongly on humidity, and was completed within 15 min at a relative humidity of 90% and a temperature of 30 °C. The treatment time for sterilization is shorter than those of conventional sterilization methods using ethylene oxide gas and dry heat treatment. The inactivation rates depend on not only relative humidity but also temperature, so that water content in air could determine the generation of reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals that are effective for the inactivation of B. atrophaeus spores.

The work is devoted to the study of adsorption of water vapor, sulfur dioxide and ammonia under static and dynamic conditions by citrate-monoethanolamine buffer systems impregnated onto a fibrous carrier at different molar ratios of monoethanolamine (MEA) : citric acid (H3Cit). It has been gravimetrically established that the water content in air and absolutely dry impregnated fibrous chemisorbents (IFCS) correlates with the MEA content in their composition. Most of the adsorption isotherms of H2O vapor by IFCS samples are classified as type V according to the IUPAC classification. Within the framework of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory of polymolecular adsorption, the adsorption isotherms were analyzed, the values of monolayer capacity and the adsorption heats of water molecules in the first layer were determined, and the specific surface area of the adsorbate was estimated. Correlations were revealed between the structural and adsorption characteristics of IFCS samples and the MEA content. Characteristic sections of the water desorption curves that corresponding to negative hysteresis were noted. According to the classification of C.Giles, most of the SO2 adsorption isotherms at a relative humidity of P/Ps = 0,13 are classified as type S2; P/Ps = 0,23 and 0,50 – L2; P/Ps = 0,70 and 0,90 – C1-type. It has been shown that absolutely “dry” IFC samples are capable of absorb sulfur dioxide due to the presence of “free” water or the formation of a sulfamide N-S bond. The influence of the MEA content in the IFC composition and the relative humidity and physical adsorption of SO2 on them is revealed. Only at P/Ps = 0,90 a relationship between the SO2 chemically adsorbed by the IFCS samples and the MEA content on their surface was observed. Competing adsorption of H2O and SO2 confirmed by complex and different from each other dependencies α(SO2) = f(P/Ps) at different MEA:H3Cit molar ratios. This material (IFCS-2,94MEA-H3Cit) can be used in the manufacture of gas protection element for equipping personal respiratory protection equipment – lightweight gas-dust respirators.

Many studies have reported that ambient heat stress increases physiological and perceptual strain and impairs endurance exercise, but effects of air temperature per se remain almost unexamined. Most studies have used matched relative humidity, thereby exponentially increasing absolute humidity (water content in air) concurrently with temperature. Absolute (not relative) humidity governs evaporative rate and is more important at higher work rates and air temperatures. Therefore, we examined the independent effects of air temperature and humidity on performance, thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual measures during endurance exercise. Utilizing a crossover design, 14 trained participants (7 females) completed 45 min fixed‐intensity cycling (70% V˙O2peak) followed by a 20‐km time trial in each of four environments: three air temperatures at matched absolute humidity (Cool, 18°C; Moderate, 27°C; and Hot, 36°C; at 1.96 kPa, air velocity ∼4.5 m/s), and one at elevated humidity (Hot Humid, 36°C at 3.92 kPa). Warmer air caused warmer skin (0.5°C/°C; P < 0.001), higher heart rate (1 bpm/°C; P < 0.001), sweat rate (0.04 l/h/°C; P < 0.001) and thermal perceptions during fixed‐intensity exercise, but minimally affected core temperature (<0.01°C/°C; P = 0.053). Time‐trial performance was comparable between Cool and Moderate (95% CI: –1.4, 5.9%; P = 0.263), but 3.6–6% slower in Hot (95% CI: ±2.4%; P ≤ 0.006). Elevated humidity increased core temperature (P < 0.001), perceived temperature and discomfort but not skin temperature or heart rate, and reduced mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) during fixed‐intensity exercise. Elevated humidity impaired time‐trial performance by 3.4% (95% CI: ±2.2%; P = 0.006). In conclusion, these findings quantify the importance of absolute humidity alongside air temperature when exercising under severe heat stress.