О роли скрипки и клавира в инструментальных концертах Йозефа Гайдна

Abstract

In the context of the diversity of the genres and forms of Joseph Haydn’s instrumental music, the solo concerto holds a special position. It was particularly here that the formation of solo and virtuosic features of the violin and the clavier took place. The fact that the composer turned to the violin and the clavier was not at all accidental. He understood and considered the organological specific features of the musical instruments, as they had developed by that time, and maintained their particular functional-attributive roles in solo and ensemble-orchestral concert practice. Even more important for him was the universalism of these two musical instruments, which was concordant to the musical universalism of Haydn himself, who combined as part of his artistic activities the roles of Kappelmeister, violinist and organist. At the same time, the formation of thematicism in Haydn’s violin and clavier cycles occurred at the crossroads of the “old” and the “new.” Thus, the typization of the orchestral ensemble, the development of instrumental solo playing in his concertos neighbors with the orientations on the Baroque principles of concerto writing and ensemble cointonating. The composer’s attention to the “queen” of instruments, the violin, does not hinder his “experiments” with instruments seldom incorporated. At the same time, the acquisition on the part of the clavier of a conspicuous place in the practice of music-making does not contradict the variation of all the types of the instrument, since they sit alongside each other in an organic fashion and comprise the genus of claviers. In the concertos of the Viennese Classicist the violin and the clavier possess equal rights and demonstrate themselves in the roles of soloist and technically developed instruments, as well as remarkable partners in ensemble and orchestral combinations. Careful study of the enumerated processes demonstrates the birth of the instrumental concerto in the work of the brilliant representative of the Classicist era, Joseph Haydn. Keywords: instrumental concerto, violin, clavier, ensemble or orchestral group, instrumental solo playing, Classicism, virtuosity, Joseph Haydn.