Вплив інституту прези­дентства на формування державної мовної політики України

The relevance of studying the features of language policy implementation in Ukraine at the legislative level is based on the increasing understanding of Ukrainian language importance as an integral component of ensuring a nation’s identity and unity of the people as well as supporting for statehood. The main objective of the article is to study the implications and prospects for implementation of the language policy in Ukraine, taking into account the latest legislative innovations. The methodological framework provides for the use of methods of analysis, synthesis and a systematic approach for a comprehensive consideration of the processes of implementation of national language policy at the legislative level. To study the changes in the legislative regulation of language policy during the period of independence of Ukraine, the methods of study of documents and retrospective analysis were applied. The attitude of scientists to the situation of bilingualism has been also studied using the methods of comparison and generalization. As a result of the research, it was revealed that formation of a clear language policy is an essential condition for promoting the cohesion of a multi-ethnic Ukrainian society, inasmuch as the existing situation of bilingualism leads to a disunity of the nation. Although the Ukrainian language is defined by the state at the constitutional level, however, its introduction into all spheres of public life until 2014 was quite slow, especially in the eastern and southern regions. Since 2010, the language policy was actually aimed at reducing the use of the Ukrainian language and the dominance of Russian in the information and cultural space of Ukraine. Since 2012, Ukraine had a law that provided for legitimization of “regional languages” in certain areas (it was declared as unconstitutional one in February 2018). The prospect of implementation of language policy at the legislative level is adoption of the Law “On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language” (passed the first reading on October 4, 2018), which defines the Ukrainian language as the only state language, establishing the requirements for fluency in the Ukrainian language and its use in the work of state authorities and public areas.

The topicality of the study is determined by the necessity to cover the importance of the Ukrainian language as the state language in building and further development of the Ukrainian state. It is indicated that before the russian aggression, the issue of the legal status of the Ukrainian language did not become the subject of a comprehensive study of jurisprudence, and certain aspects of the Ukrainian language’s functions within the state were the subject of epistemology mainly of philologists. The purpose of the study is to focus attention on the necessity to perceive the language through its state-building role, on the importance of fulfilling the requirements for ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of society. Emphasis is placed on certain provisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine decisions in cases related to the status of the Ukrainian language as the state language and ensuring its functioning in Ukraine. Examples of language legislation violations by individual subjects of political activity are given. It is pointed out the positive experience of European states in ensuring the functioning of the state language, forming a discourse on the important role of language in state building. For European states, the position on the importance of the state language, which is considered as the basis of state building, as the foundation of statehood, is quite obvious. It is argued that the recognition of the Ukrainian language as the state language in Ukraine is a great achievement of the Ukrainian people (based on the nation-building and state-building function of the language). Throughout the entire historical development, the Ukrainian people and their language were oppressed. However, despite all the obstacles, the Ukrainian language is currently legislated as the state language. Accordingly, the state must ensure the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of public life throughout the territory of Ukraine. It is summarized that the implementation of the task of establishing the Ukrainian language as the state language by public authorities in Ukrainian society turned out to be insufficiently effective. We could observe the process of narrowing its use, which became one of the factors of social tension and affected the provision of national security of the Ukrainian state. Today, it is the state authorities that have an important duty to convey the role of the Ukrainian language, which was noted in the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. There can be no Ukrainian state without the Ukrainian language.

The purpose of article is to conduct a scientific and theoretical study of the emergence, development and current state of the Ukrainian language as sociocultural and legal phenomenon. The methodology of the study is the following methods of scientific knowledge: general scientific (formal-logical, method of analysis and synthesis) and special-legal (comparative law, formal-legal). These methods provide the opportunity to reveal the peculiarities of the Ukrainian language through the prism of sociocultural phenomenon and consider the legal problems of the language policy of the state. Scientific novelty consists in carrying out a comprehensive study of socio-cultural and legal aspects of the Ukrainian language in the context of its preservation and overcoming the language crisis. Conclusion. State Ukrainian language is the language of citizenship, a guarantee of preservation of the national identity of the Ukrainian people, the basis of the formation of Ukrainian statehood. Modern Ukrainian society is characterized by many different contradictions, among which – the issue of bilingualism, giving the Russian language the status of the second state language. In our opinion, this leads to the distortion of national consciousness and aggravation of the linguistic situation in the country. On this basis, Ukraine needs “wise”, well-balanced policy that would ensure the functioning and protection of the national language and, at the same time, ensure the support of languages of ethnic minorities. In many ways, the success of consolidation of the Ukrainian society depends on the extent to which the state language is supported and respected by different societies and each individual in particular. Moreover, the effective implementation and realization of linguistic legislation, of course, will depend on the program of legal development of the language. Therefore, today it is very relevant to adopt the linguistic law that would direct the system of appropriate state measures to establish and introduce an effective mechanism for the dissemination of the Ukrainian language as a state language in all spheres of public life.

The article highlights the peculiarities of the linguistic and political situation in Zakarpattia as a rear border region of Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Attention is drawn to the fact of acute challenges and, at the same time, new opportunities for the country as a whole and for each of its regions in particular, especially for the state language policy and institutions involved in its implementation. Examples of successful implementation of projects in the field of language policy are given, including the adoption of regional programs for the establishment and development of the Ukrainian language as the state language and other initiatives. The author emphasizes the change in the language situation in the region due to the active emigration of local residents of Transcarpathia, in particular from among the representatives of national minorities, while the population is replenished by internal migrants. The main reasons for this situation are, on the one hand, the low level of socio-economic development of the region in the pre-war period, and on the other hand, the security factor associated with the war in Ukraine. It is noted that the language issue in the region continues to be used for manipulative purposes. This is evidenced by the monitoring of all-Ukrainian and regional media content during the war and the analysis of language biographies concluded with representatives of national minorities in Zakarpattia during 2021–2023 as part of the international research project “Debates on Linguistic Diversity - Managing Minority Languages in Post-Soviet Ukraine”. Important conditions for the return of Ukrainian citizens after the war are the adoption of a law on multiple citizenship in Ukraine, as well as the creation of conditions in the region for the proper mastery of Ukrainian as the state language and the coordination of efforts by government officials and NGOs to study the current needs of ethnic communities and develop a work plan for the implementation of the necessary programs and activities.

This article analyzes the main features of Ukraine's state language policy during its period of independence. Ensuring the linguistic interests of society is a key issue of national security for the state. Therefore, the vector of state measures aimed at regulating language relations among various social groups indicates whether the policy of the ruling elite strengthens or weakens the state by balancing or destabilizing the situation in society. The implementation of state language policy in Ukraine is a multifaceted and long-term process that requires a balanced approach, consistency, and societal dialogue. Its success depends on the joint efforts of the state, the public, and every citizen interested in Ukraine's development and prosperity. The article outlines the main objectives of language policy, including ensuring a high level of Ukrainian language proficiency among civil servants, developing and implementing standards for professional terminology, and creating favorable conditions for popularizing the Ukrainian language among citizens. Significant attention is paid to the role of the state language as an instrument of national security, especially in the context of the reintegration of temporarily occupied territories. The article substantiates the strategic role of the Ukrainian language as a fundamental factor in preserving national identity, ensuring social harmony, and establishing statehood. It emphasizes that the increasing share of Ukrainian-language cultural products is an important indicator of the success of language policy implementation. The integrative function of the Ukrainian language, which promotes societal consolidation, modernization of social processes, and effective counteraction to external threats, is highlighted. The necessity of state regulation of language issues, legislative закреплення (consolidation) of the state language, and implementation of mechanisms for this policy at all levels of governance is proven. A number of concepts, such as "state language policy," "state regulation of language issues," and "mechanisms for forming and implementing language policy," are clarified. Thus, the article highlights key aspects of language policy development that are necessary to strengthen the position of the Ukrainian language as a central element of national self-determination.

The Ukrainian language is among the determining factors of the national identity of the Ukrainian people, shaped by the historical progress of an indomitable state in the center of Europe. With the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war, it became a marker of citizens’ self-awareness, a sign of unity and freedom, and a distinction between “own” and “foreign”. Instead, the state language policy evolved from a nominative ideological postulate, scattered in declarative documents, into a tangible set of tools for protecting human rights and freedoms and the country’s language system as a whole. Despite the long-term lack of consistent steps to protect the constitutional status of the state language, which led to the creation of numerous legislative initiatives, programs and strategies, including some of a threatening nature, real historical changes in the linguistic landscape of the state began only with the enactment of the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as a State Language” (2019). This law provided guaranteed protection for the Ukrainian language as the state language, as well as the rights of Ukrainian citizens to information and services in the state language throughout the entire territory of the country. In addition to effective mechanisms for the protection of the state language, the emergence of the main language institutions, namely: the State Language Protection Commissioner, the National Commission for State Language Standards, made state language policies tangible. Cultural ideology, language stability, and high public trust in the establishment of national priorities became evident. This is also noticeable at the level of regional language policy implementation, which, emerging from a state of challenges and dangers to a high degree of state activity, public support, and mass transition to the Ukrainian language, represents the true defense of the rights of indomitable citizens during the most extensive Ukrainization of the century.

Introduction. The article states, that the beginning of the ХХ century was marked by wars, the collapse of empires and revolutions, which led to significant changes in all spheres of social life of Ukrainians. Since 1923, the country has pursued a policy of indigenization, which in Ukraine was called Ukrainization and was focused on training and promotion of indigenous personnel. Beginning in the second half of the 1920s, Ukrainization became of paramount political importance as the main nuance of the party’s struggle for national policy. It should be noted at once that the process of Ukrainization of the state apparatus was complex and contradictory. One of the main tasks both in national politics and in the cultural construction of the 1920s was the Ukrainization of various spheres of life. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the official policy of Ukrainization, to find out the peculiarities of its implementation in various spheres of public life, including in the countryside. The research methodology includes the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism, systematics, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, historical-comparative, historical-typological. Results. The decrees of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Ukrainian SSR of July 27, 1923 “On Measures for Ukrainian School Education and Cultural and Educational Institutions” and of August 1, 1923 “On Measures to Ensure Equality of Languages and Promote the Development of the Ukrainian Language” were proclaimed real practical steps to implement Ukrainization. The need to assist in the development of the Ukrainian language in order to raise it to the level of Russian was pointed out. This decree provided for the Ukrainization of schools and cultural and educational institutions, and the constant introduction of the Ukrainian language in Soviet and economic institutions. Beginning in the second half of the 1920s, Ukrainization became of paramount political importance as the main nuance of the party’s struggle for national policy. From the very moment of its introduction, the policy of Ukrainization gradually began to cover all aspects of the life of the Ukrainian people. As already emphasized, the first measures of Ukrainization were aimed at expanding the influence of the Ukrainian language, especially in the party and the government. One of the main tasks both in national politics and in the cultural construction of the 1920’s was the Ukrainization of various spheres of life. The Ukrainization of higher education was not entirely successful. Slightly better things were in secondary schools (colleges, pedagogical schools, three-year special courses). Extensive results of Ukrainization have been achieved in the field of book printing. The Ukrainian press also experienced its revival during the period of Ukrainization. It should be noted that the process of Ukrainization in the literary and artistic fields was especially sharp and contradictory. Great difficulties had to be overcome on the way to the Ukrainianization of theaters. It should be noted that from the mid-1920s, considerable attention began to be paid to the Ukrainianization of libraries. The Ukrainization of cinema was quite good at that time. It should be noted that significant successes have been achieved in the Ukrainianization of mass cultural and educational work. The originality of this research is an attempt to objectively analyze the essence of the policy of Ukrainization, to pay attention to the peculiarities of its implementation in various spheres of public life, especially in rural areas. Conclusion. The policy of Ukrainization enabled the Ukrainian people to realize themselves as a national community, to feel the importance of language, culture, and traditions as factors in the spiritual development of the nation. In literature and art, a new generation of national intelligentsia declared itself out loud, and interest in national traditions, folklore, and ethnography grew. Understanding the place and role of Ukraine in the USSR, in Europe, and in the world crystallized in the sharp controversy. As a result of the national reform, the social functions of the Ukrainian language increased, which became the language of education, court proceedings, and official office work. The language, which before the revolution was actually banned and did not have a developed socio-political vocabulary, approached the level of highly developed languages of the world. However, it did not cover all spheres of social and cultural life, in different regions the attitude to Ukrainization was different. The working language in the workplace remained Russian, and the processes of Ukrainization hardly affected the army. Even higher education institutions were Ukrainianized by only a third.

The article is the result of the research on the assessment of the language policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, implemented within the framework of the state order. The aim of the research was to study the everyday speech practices of the students at secondary schools and colleges of Kazakhstan in the context of three ethnic groups – Kazakhs, Russians and other ethnic groups, including small ethnic groups of the country. The main directions of the research are to determine the level of proficiency of three ethnic groups of young people in the state and Russian languages, the scope of application of these languages in the ethnic dimension and analysis of language practices and strategies of young people. Methodology of research – a quantitative method of sociology, mass questionnaire poll, the sample volume – 1000 pupils from 14 regions of RK and 3 cities of republican value, at the age from 12 till 17 years old. The main results of the research are the following: the state language prevails in the language practice of representatives of the Kazakh ethnos, and its sphere of application is limited to family and educational objects, in the language practice of the country's youth one-sided, non-regressive bilingual- ism prevails, demonstrating the dominance of the Russian language and its active use in different spheres of public life. The practical value of the work is expressed in the use of the data for the improvement of the language policy of the republic and the application of the research results in the development of lectures by teachers on relevant topics. Key words: bilingualism, spheres of language use, Kazakh youth.

<p> Eastern Halychyna became part of the Austrian state in 1772 as a separate<br> territorial unit. Accordingly, the central government in Vienna declared Halychyna Ukrainians<br> as an independent nation, and also guaranteed them the right to develop their native language.<br> However, Halychyna Ukrainians could not use this right as local governments consisted of Poles or<br> Polish Ukrainians did not want to help them. The Poles believed that Eastern Halychyna was their<br> original territory and tried to do everything to make the local population Polish. Realizing that it<br> is only possible to achieve their goal when people stop talking their native Ukrainian language, the<br> Poles tried to do their utmost in order to eliminate the Ukrainian language from the public life of<br> the local population. The result of such actions was the adoption in 1867 of a law on the language<br> of education in public and secondary schools, according to which the Polish language became the<br> language of education in these institutions. In 1869, the decision of the emperor in Halychyna was<br> the introduction of the Polish language as a government in all the governments. Referring to those<br> documents, local officials issued instructions that legitimized the Polish language as a government<br> one in all spheres of public life in the Eastern Halychyna.<br> It is true that the central government tried to partly regulate the language issue by issuing<br> a decree on the survival of the Ukrainian language. In the end, the right to nurture and develop<br> their native language was guaranteed to Halychyna Ukrainians by the Constitution adopted on<br> December 21, 1867. However, officials in Eastern Halychyna paid no attention either to those<br> orders or to the Constitution.<br> This caused resistance from the Ukrainian population in Eastern Halychyna. In addition to<br> the numerous appeals of some Ukrainian intellectuals, the local people tried to protect the rights of<br> their language at assemblies and meetings.</p>

The issue of the functioning of the state language in all spheres of public life in modern Ukraine is difficult to overestimate. It is critically important both in the present and for the future, as it establishes the direction of national development. In this context, the study of the Ukrainian language by future professionals in the fields of physical education, sports, and historical-pedagogical areas is of particular significance. The curricula of the following specialties – 014.11 Secondary Education (Physical Education), 017 Physical Education and Sport, and 014 Secondary Education (History)—include a course titled «Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes». This course is designed to deepen and expand students' knowledge of the development of the Ukrainian literary language, its norms, and to cultivate strong Ukrainian-language competencies. These competencies are essential for effective communication by physical education and history teachers with their students, as well as by coaches (gym instructors) with current and future athletes. The purpose of this article is to highlight the specifics of developing Ukrainian-language competencies in future history teachers, physical education teachers, and coaches during their study of the educational component «Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)». Meeting the societal demand for the formation of highly qualified specialists in the fields of physical education, sports, and historical- pedagogical studies is impossible without expanding and deepening the Ukrainian-language competencies of future coaches (gym instructors), physical education teachers, and history teachers in general secondary education institutions. In this regard, the course «Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)» is of paramount importance. When teaching the course «Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)» to future specialists in physical education, sports, and historical-pedagogical fields, the instructor must focus on developing their linguistic and communicative culture and proficiency. The goal is to instill normative skills in both oral and written communication with students, their parents, colleagues, sports organizations, and representatives of the media, among others. Moreover, the physical education or history teacher, or the youth sports school coach, due to their high authority, has a formative influence on the development of a Ukrainian-centered paradigm in children. They also play a role in nurturing feelings of citizenship and patriotism, making their proficient command of the Ukrainian language a guarantee of Ukraine's state- building prospects. The linguistic-didactic material analyzed in this article, which pertains to orthoepy and lexicology, does not exhaust all aspects of working with future history teachers, physical education teachers, and coaches in and outside the classroom during their study of the Ukrainian language (for professional purposes). Special attention should be given to the specifics of the interaction between students and instructors when working with professional terminology, as well as to the material on changes in orthography, and the study and mastery of issues related to morphology, syntax, and stylistics. These are precisely the aspects for further linguistic-didactic analysis aimed at improving the methodology of teaching the Ukrainian language (for professional purposes) to future specialists in the fields of history, physical education, and sports.

The aim of the research is to form a comprehensive understanding of the extent of influence of the public association Òmnium Cultural on the formation of the language policy of Catalonia at different stages of the organization’s existence, based on the historical context of its activities. The scholarly novelty of the research lies in the fact that in this work, Òmnium Cultural is considered not only as a regional political actor, but also as an active subject in the formation of language policy; using the example of Òmnium Cultural, the influence of public organizations of a nationalistic nature on the formation of the language policy of Catalonia, their role in the formation of the linguistic and national identity of the inhabitants of the autonomous community, are analyzed for the first time, and the stages of activity of this association in the context of the implementation of the language policy of the region are highlighted. The article analyzes the language policy of Catalonia from the era of Francoism to the present day. The author examines the influence that Òmnium Cultural has had on the formation of regional language policy at various stages of its existence. The object of research is the regional language policy of Catalonia. The subject of research is the role and contribution of the public organization Òmnium Cultural in the formation and implementation of the regional language policy of Catalonia. The research is conducted on the material of Spanish and Catalan languages. The results obtained showed that Òmnium Cultural had a significant influence on the formation of the language policy of Catalonia and the strengthening of the linguistic and national identity of Catalans, adopting long-term strategies for the protection, normalization and promotion of the Catalan language in the field of school education, literature and culture.

The article analyzes the problems and contradictions of implementation of language policy of the state, states that while the state language policy is being implemented in Ukraine, the appropriate conditions for the Ukrainian language elevation as the dominant are not fully established. The author justifies proposals to strengthen the motivation to use the state language and raise its prestige.Ukrainian national identity can be most successfully expressed through a language, and the language appears, develops, functions and exists in the society and it is not only a creation of the history of society, but also its active factor. The processes of ethno-national identity and implementation of the Ukrainian language are interconnected and dependent on each other. Formation of ethnic group without a language is impossible, because the latter is one of the key features of the nation. The important characteristics that influence modern linguistic situation in Ukrainian society are Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism and diglossy; the coexistence of three nationally, culturally, socially and politically different regions in a single state (West, South and East, Centre and North); formal character of linguistic policy in the state; and the lack of really high social status of the Ukrainian language. The language factor in the formation of national consciousness of a personality and formation of the Ukrainian political nation is historically determined. At present the relationship between the state and the language not only requires the development and implementation of new mechanisms of language policy aimed at the protection of democratic values, but also a thorough systematic approach to the development of the state language as the language that units and preserves the unique traits of the people. The priority of language policy in modern Ukraine should be the assertion and development of Ukrainian as the state language because the state status of the Ukrainian language is a stabilizing factor in strengthening the unity of the Ukrainian society, the identification of citizens as a unique nation, and a factor of sovereignty and security of the country. Solidarity of society should shape national identity of each individual and, first of all, the realization of citizens that they belong to a common linguistic and cultural space. Therefore, the usage of a single state language is the key to its political stability.

At the current stage, the relevance of the topic is obvious, since the strengthening of the role of the state language is due to the complex processes of the armed struggle against the Russian aggressor, the struggle for the independence of the Ukrainian state. Language is not only a means of communication, but also the main factor of nation consolidation, as it ensures the unity, free and cultural development of the national community, stands guard over the preservation of national identity, spiritual and mental development, and therefore acts as a powerful means of strengthening national consciousness. In the state-building process, language, along with internal unifying factors, also performs an external function, which consists in distinguishing the state from other countries, in establishing the nation and the state among the multilingual community. The formation of the Ukrainian political nation requires solving the fundamental issues of the linguistic sphere, so that such a nation is based on the principles of Ukrainian national statehood. when Ukraine gained independence, the establishment of the Ukrainian language in society as the state language, as one of the main nation-building and state-building factors, became an extremely important and urgent problem, and its solution should be one of the priority tasks of the state. The modernization of Ukrainian society based on the national system of ideological coordinates is unthinkable without a state language policy, the priority of which should be the development of the Ukrainian language as a consolidating spiritual force of Ukrainian society. The Ukrainian language should provide all spheres of vital activities of the state body, it should be used by the intellectual and political strata of Ukraine. The war for sovereignty became a catalyst for a powerful wave of national, political, cultural, and civilizational self-determination for the Ukrainian people. Predominant functioning of the state language in all areas of modern Ukrainian society is a necessary condition for the preservation and strengthening of the Ukrainian state, the establishment of the Ukrainian political nation. Key words: language functions, state language, consolidation function of the state language, level of mastery of the state language, language policy.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the language policy experience in the CIS countries and the Republic of Kazakhstan. To understand the current language situation in Kazakhstan, the achievements and shortcomings of the language policy of the countries coming from the Soviet system are demonstrated. To improve the state language policy, models that exist in the CIS countries and proposals that are useful for Kazakh science were presented. Taking into account the current state of the state language, the peculiarities of the development of the language situation in multiethnic countries, including the methods adopted by the CIScountries to solve the problems of forming the state language policy, the need for a new language policy is determined in Kazakh society. This indicates the relevance of the study. The study describes the impact of the difficult language situation in Kazakhstan after gaining independence on the state language policy. Based on the current language situation, the direction of further progress of language policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan will be determined. The article takes into account the experience of language policy in the Baltic states when the language situation was similar to Kazakhstan, and significant phenomena in the course of their implementation allow Kazakhstan to develop and implement a more effective language policy concerning national and foreign languages. Within the framework of the specifics of language policy in these countries, issues of functioning and Status feature, a review of legislation will be conducted. As an example, the reforms in the field of language that prompted Alash figures to do this, as well as the works of scientists who were engaged in systematic improvement of the use of the native language in life, both in the later and modern periods, are given. Data on the language policy of Kazakhstan in the Soviet system and documents on the statelanguage policy in modern Kazakhstan are analyzed. Looking at historical and social factors affecting the policy, activity, and development of the state language from the point of view of social linguistics, the authors make proposals for the development of the status and policy of the state language.

The article emphasizes that the youth of Ukraine is a key factor in the future of society, requiring support and encouragement for the formation of national consciousness and patriotism. Currently, Ukrainians realize that during times of war, the formation of national identity is of special significance, as the country faces complex challenges threatening its territorial integrity, sovereignty, and distinctiveness. The scientific article reveals contemporary aspects of the formation of Ukrainian national identity and indicates that such a movement is a complex process involving various means and value orientations. Among the means of forming Ukrainian national identity are language policy, education, media, cultural events, political reforms, monuments, and memorial sites. Language policy aims to protect the status of the Ukrainian language as the state language and ensure its use in all spheres of public life. Education is one of the key means of forming Ukrainian national identity as it transmits values, traditions, and cultural customs, promotes the development of civic consciousness, and supports identification with one’s own country. Cultural events play a significant role in shaping national identity as they contribute to the awareness and appreciation of the uniqueness of the cultural heritage, language, traditions, and values of the nation. Monuments and memorial sites play a significant role in shaping national identity as they are material symbols of history, culture, and important events for the nation. In the conclusions of the scientific article, it is emphasized that Ukrainian national identity is an important factor in the formation of civil society based on the principles of democracy, human rights, and equality. Ukrainian national identity is an important element of self-identification and self-awareness of the Ukrainian people, which contributes to its preservation, development, and prosperity.