УСЛОВИЯ НЕФТЕГАЗОНОСНОСТИ ВЕРХНЕЮРЯХСКОГО ГОРИЗОНТА НА СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКЕ НЕПСКО-БОТУОБИНСКОЙ АНТЕКЛИЗЫ

The corrosion damage mechanisms of the gas pipelines in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The article examines the geological structure and oil and gas prospects of the pre-salt complex in the eastern Precaspian Basin (PB). Based on the synthesis and comprehensive analysis of geological exploration (GE) results and the analysis of geological-geochemical criteria for hydrocarbon potential, the oil and gas geological zoning has been updated, and effective directions for GE have been identified. The justification of a new hydrocarbon resources base within the eastern PB margin can be ensured by further investigating of the deeply buried Devonian-Middle Carboniferous horizons in the known petroleum plays, as well as within the less explored Sakmar-Kokpektinsky segment of the Ural fold-and-thrust belt. Within the productive KT-I and KT-II formations, there is an unrealized hydrocarbon potential at depths of 5-6 km. Using the example of the Bozoba West area, the oil and gas prospects of the Visean-Bashkirian and Lower Permian strata are examined, highlighting the significance of faults as elements of the hydrocarbon system. The applied set of 3D seismic survey data and deep drilling allowed for the interpretation of deep seismic sections, up to depths of 7.0-7.5 km. The Middle-Upper Devonian strata are considered prospective but have not been extensively explored by deep drilling. To establish a new hydrocarbon resource base within the eastern Precaspian Basin margin, it is recommended to conduct advanced regional seismic surveys and parametric exploration drilling.

Analyses of exploration history have indicated anomalous increases in finding rates for many field sizes as the resource base is depleted. The anomaly is a wide-spread phenomenon, and it cannot be explained in terms of the general form of the Arps-Roberts find-rate equation. A modified Arps-Roberts equation has been developed that replicates historical discovery patterns and provides a basis whereby the anomaly can be explained. Using the modified Arps-Roberts equation, we have developed estimates of the remaining undiscovered lower 48 hydrocarbon resource base, apportioned among field sizes. The resulting field size distributions provide some insights into lower 48 hydrocarbon resource estimates, such as those by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Potential Gas Committee. Some insights into general exploration success patterns can also be obtained. Application of the modified Arps-Roberts find-rate equation to estimate the cost to discover and produce the remaining undiscovered hydrocarbon resource base indicates that a substantial part of the remaining resource would be uneconomic to discover and produce. The major part of this residual resource base is comprised of fields that are currently economic targets.

The Golyginsky sedimentary basin (hereafter, GSB) located in the southeastern Kamchatka Peninsula opens in the west and southwest toward the Sea of Okhotsk, where the sedimentary cover is forming (Fig. 1). The basin is of great significance as a region with hydrocarbon resources and, consequently, is part of the strategic interests of Russia in the Far East. In the onshore part, the sedimentary succession of the GSB is studied in rock outcrops along its periphery and cores recovered by boreholes. The detailed lithological–petrological characteristic of sediments in the GSB is presented in [1]. The sedimentary cover is 5–6 km thick in the offshore part of the basin. It comprises three regional seismostratigraphic complexes [2]. They are correlated with stratigraphic units defined in the general Kamchatka section [3]. Previous researchers noted the elevated content of volcanogenic material as compared with other areas of western Kamchatka. The study of the lithology of rocks and their petrophysical characteristics made it possible to define potential source and reservoir formations. Geochemical studies that would allow estimation of the hydrocarbon (HC) potential of rocks in this region are virtually absent. The current assumptions of the petroleum potential of the GSB are based on geodynamic concepts and paleogeographic reconstructions that make it possible to assess the petroleum geology of the GSB, as well as the composition and structure of its sedimentary section. In our previous estimates of the HC potential of this basin [2], we used characteristics of sediments from other areas.

High OM shale formations are common in almost all sedimentary basins from the Cambrian to the Neogene period in Russia. Typical unconventional resource of oil and gas in Volga-Urals basin of Russian platform belongs to the deposits of Domanik complex, which is developed in undercompensated hollows and depressions from Middle Frasnian Semiluksky (Upper Devonian) to Later Tournaisian (Lower Carboniferous) formation, of which one of the most promising objects are in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT). It is not only theoretical but also practical in the studying structure of these sediments, their genesis and typing sections because these oil-gas bearing characteristics are not only existed in the sedimentation of Volga-Ural Basin, but also in other oil and gas provinces of the world. On the basis of geological and geophysical studies, we use primary exploratory and drilling materials, including core analysis (lithological descriptions, definitions of reservoir properties, geological survey wells, etc.), analysis the paleontological conditions and characteristics of Domanik formation in Late Devonian on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT). Domanik formation on the territory RT has a wide spatial distribution with dark siliceous-clayey-bituminous limestones and typical complex fauna in Semiluksky time. Higher in the cross section, Domanik facies are reduced as narrowing axial parts of the Kama-Kinel deflections (Ust-Cheremushansky, Nizhnekamsk, and others) from Upper Frasnian to Larer Tournaisian time with weakly bituminous and unbituminous carbonate rocks closer to the inner sides. As a result of differentiation in the vibrational motions distribution, from Semiluksky to Zavolzhsky time it is devided several zones with different conditions of sedimentation, of which the typical "Domanik" type is developed in relatively deep shelf. The most greatly developed rock in the cross-section is chemogenic (granular) limestones, which are most widespread in Cm-3 and Mn-1 stratums with 2 genetic groups of collectors - pure crack (KP < 4 %) and porous-cavernous fractured (KP > 4 %). The study result shows that tectonic fracture is the most important factor in reservoir formation, therefore favorable zones are mainly determined by the local lithology and tectonic conditions.

This paper describes a systematic, consistent methodology to collect reserve and economic information for characterizing a company's oil and gas resources. The authors firmly believe value is realized, both internally and externally, by being able to effectively characterize a company's hydrocarbon resources. The methodology is comprised of four elements: resource definitions, tying resources to production forecasts, valuing resources, and assessing uncertainty. A data collection process is outlined so that the same data can be used for multiple purposes including long range planning, portfolio management, regulatory reporting, reserve management, technology planning, and establishing performance targets. Finally, implementation issues associated with developing a company hydrocarbon resource characterization are reviewed. The paper is a summary of processes developed by ARCO from 1998 to 2000 to better characterize company resources and manage its portfolio of assets.

Many issues about teacher evaluation have been discussed in Russia where evaluation procedures are constantly under review as the teachers seek continuous improvement. This chapter contributes to this discussion, first, by adding a wider international perspective, secondly, by exploring the experiences of participants (observers, in-service teachers) and, finally, by drawing on research related to teacher evaluation. The authors present the outcomes of the survey conducted among teachers in Russia’s Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research objectives were: evaluation of the adaptation process in professional and personal development of in-service teachers caused by changes in education system of Russia and the development of basic professional competences of teachers. The study aimed to explore the views of teachers and analyses of teacher evaluation via a mixed-method approach. The rationale for this study was born out of the disillusionment with teacher evaluation. Therefore, it was concluded that existing evaluation practices may need to be examined to see if they serve the best interests of teachers.

Russian regions are currently developing measures to adapt to climate change. This study aims to provide a scientific foundation for practical approaches to updating the regional adaptation plan of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It does so by analyzing the key challenges associated with planning processes within the context of the division of authority among different levels of public administration in Russia and examining the region’s economic foundations for adaptation policy. These issues were addressed using general scientific methods, including analysis, synthesis, and scientific generalization, applied to contemporary regulatory frameworks and scientific literature. For the first time, this paper explores the specifics of regulating adaptation activities at the level of an individual Russian region, including legislative conflicts and methodological approaches, which underscores the novelty of this research. Using the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) as a case study, we identify several organizational challenges: limited regional inventories that cover only climate-vulnerable assets; insufficient consideration of regional interests in federal-level adaptation planning; desynchronization between different government levels; absence of standardized approaches to municipal-level adaptation planning; and a lack of engagement among economic entities in implementing adaptation measures. Within this study, regional adaptation is viewed both as a means to mitigate damage—through infrastructural measures such as flood control structures and institutional mechanisms like insurance—and as an opportunity for development via investments in human capital. Among promising financing instruments, catastrophe bonds are examined alongside government incentives designed to promote the achievement of specific adaptation targets. A combination of actionable measures is proposed for inclusion in the updated adaptation plan for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Priority is given to initiatives that yield rapid results at minimal cost—such as establishing monitoring and response systems, involving municipalities and industries through subsidies in climate action efforts, and implementing scientific and educational policies. The sequential implementation of these practical measures will be integrated into the revised adaptation plan and reflected within the updated Strategy for Socioeconomic Development of Sakha (Yakutia), highlighting the practical significance of this study. Future research prospects include sectoral analyses to assess climate risk levels and develop scientifically grounded forecasts.

Introduction The managing director of PEMEX, Jorge Diaz Serrano, extends his warm wishes to this conference of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Mr. Diaz Serrano wanted to be here for the meeting; however, his already heavy travel schedule precluded this. I will do my best to present our shared views of the world petroleum industry, a dynamic, ever-changing industry, now so critically important world-wide. In many ways, I am sure that our views coincide with those of the U.S. industry; on the other hand, I want to emphasize that Mr. Elas Serrano is from Mexico, from PEMEX. It follows that some of his opinions will reflect this fact. THE PETROLEUM WORLD-VIEW FROM ONE PRODUCING COUNTRY The management of Mexico's indigenous hydrocarbon resource is the single most important issue facing Mexico today. There is a high probability that our hydrocarbon resource base is enormous, on the order of 200 billion bbl. Our export revenue will soon provide the basic vehicle to recoup our traditional provide the basic vehicle to recoup our traditional economic world trade increase of 6 to 7% per year, and the management of this resource embraces technical, economic, and political aspects. But the political aspects are beyond the scope of PEMEX. political aspects are beyond the scope of PEMEX. The technological management of this precious resource is one subject on which I am sure we would all agree in general principle. We rely on an established practice utilizing the best technicians, engineers, and advisers, and we purchase the best equipment available. We intend to maintain production from each field at the most efficient rate for maximizing long-term recovery and will install gas and water injection and secondary recovery systems as necessary to achieve the most economic operation. In the past 12 months we have had to accept gas flaring of up to 600 MMcf/D. This was done to maximize our oil exports and finance Mexico's economic recovery. This, however, will be brought quickly under control to less than 50 MMcf/D by next year. In the near future, we will not flare to any significant extent because the gas is worth as much, or more, than the oil per Btu. As to our technical capability, we have been surprised to learn on recent travels around the world that many otherwise knowledgeable people discounted our technical ability to achieve our production goal. PEMEX has been in existence for 40 years, and the petroleum industry has existed in Mexico for almost a century. PEMEX has over 7,000 engineers with a PEMEX has over 7,000 engineers with a long-established infrastructure covering all facets of the petroleum industry. We already have achieved am annual incremental increase in oil production and capacity of over 400,000 B/D and we can maintain an annual incremented growth of 500,000 B/D for many years - if we try to, of course. As to economic management of the resource, we do appreciate the enormous complexity of the subject, and I an sure you can understand that this very complexity makes it impossible to generalize on the most important factors. You know that economics is sometimes a very particular profession. You can construe the word particular profession. You can construe the word "particular" in any way you like. You recall that in the 1960's, some economists attempted to persuade the oil industry that the world oil price should and would drop to 25 cents per bbl. Currently, it seems that some economists are trying to persuade PEMEX that we should continue to be forced by conditions in our country to produce as much as possible, even though the world oil price, thereby, would be forced down! They infer, too, that Mexico has no economic alternative for incremental gas supply except to export it to the United States at any price. There is as much merit to this premise as there is to oil at 25 cents a barrel, and there may be an even greater parallel because the price of oil actually quadrupled instead of declined and Mexico's ability to manage economically its own resources will be complete, rather than bankrupt. But we still establish our hydrocarbon policies within the context of the world's economic and energy outlook.

In this article, the authors conducted a study of the regional electoral process development in the Russian Federation using the example of regional elections in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2018 and 2023, and specifically the elections of the Head of the subject and the Legislative Assembly of People’s Deputies (Il Tumen). The purpose of the work is to analyze the dynamics, factors of the results and process of elections in the region. The article used an institutional approach, in which the object of research is regional authorities – the Institute of Heads of Subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as regional parliaments (legislatures, assemblies). The following tasks are identified: to study the process of the Russian electoral system evolution at the federal and regional levels; determine the influence of federalism factors on the relations development between the federal center and regions; determine the main theoretical foundations for studying the regional electoral process, as well as the degree of competition in elections; study the results of regional elections in 2018 and 2023. The object of the study is the regional electoral process in Russia, the subject of the study is the regional elections of the Head of the subject and the Legislative Assembly of People’s Deputies of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Within the framework of this article, the authors have come to the following conclusions and results: since 2012, after the return of the practice of direct elections of Heads of subjects and the return of the proportional electoral system, the development of a new electoral cycle begins in the regions; after the centralization of federal relations in the 2000s. the party composition of regional parliaments has become similar to the composition of the federal parliament of the State Duma, consisting of 4–5 parties. According to the results of the last two regional elections in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the current governor A. Nikolaev has won, and in the elections in Il Tumen the leading position has been occupied by the United Russia party.

Arkady Efimov, Alexander Gert, Valery Staroseltsev, Pavel Melnikov and Nadezhda Suprunchik from the Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Raw Material (SNIIGGiMS) provide an analysis of the ongoing initiatives to develop the oil and gas resources of Eastern Siberia and Yakutia.

The main production layers of Zhenyuan and Yanwu oilfields in the southwest of Ordos basin are Triassic Chang 3 reservoir. However, studies on the formation mechanism and distribution rules of high-quality reservoirs in this formation are not perfect at present, which limits the integration process of exploration and development to some extent. Based on the sedimentary characteristics, tectonic movement, reservoir characteristics, diagenesis and other basic geological research, through the analysis of feldspar detritus content, secondary solution pores, feldspar dissolved pore content, and face rate such characterization parameters of longitudinal change rule of the reservoir characteristics, exploring the Chang 3 reservoir mechanism and distribution of this area. It is believed that meteoric fresh water penetrates into Chang 3 formation along unconformity surface formed by weathering denudation and river corrosion, and dissolution can changes reservoir properties to form high quality reservoir. Therefore, the paleogeomorphologic units of the pre-jurassic residual interfluvial mound and the lateral slope zone of the valley are usually overlapped with the growth range of high-quality reservoir, which is a favorable target area for exploration and development. Through exploration and development practice, eight Chang 3 reservoirs were discovered and developed successively, realizing the rapid advancement of the integration of exploration and development and providing reference for the efficient exploration and development of the same type of reservoirs.

Concessions were predominantly used up until the late 1960s, when Production Sharing Agreements- or also called Production Sharing Contracts (PSA or PSC) - came into existence. They provide an alternative to concessionary systems for those foreign countries, whose constitutions stipulate that all mineral rights lie with the state, but who do not wish to exploit their hydrocarbon resource base on their own. Regulations, which govern the external oil and gas reserves reporting, give a high degree of latitude as to how a company interprets and applies those rules to reserve bookings. From a financial point of view, PSAs and concessions are quite similar; they are distinctly different though from a philosophical point of view. The concession owner holds title to the hydrocarbons in place, whereas in the PSAs the entitlement is not transferred to the contracting party. But it is the entitlement to reserves, which ultimately provides the right to book reserves. For concessions, the reserve booking procedure is very clear, since the concession owner owns the mineral rights, whereas in case of PSAs the situation gets much more complicated. This paper explores different types of such agreements. It further discusses the question, whether reserve bookings for internal and external reporting purposes are permissible under certain kinds of arrangements and what, if any, volumes can be booked. Two methods are applied: The working interest method and the economic interest method. The hazard in using the working interest method, lies in the fact, that the government production entitlement would be treated as a tax expense from the contractor’s point of view. But the host government or their representing oil institution will book their share of profit oil/gas as well, leading to reported gross reserves exceeding those ultimately produced. It would be preferable if oil companies strive to apply the economic method uniformly. The economic interest represents the actual barrel entitlement and thus is comparable to reserve numbers from concessions or leases. As the investment community places great significance on reported volumes to gauge the company’s financial strength and future growth potential, it would be desirable to achieve a higher degree of consistency in reserve booking industrywide. Internally the company will profit by improving benchmarking in portfolio management decisions.

The aim of the article is to identify current structural changes in the world energy system and their relation to geopolitical and economic processes. The research is based on the methods of systemic and economic analysis, the expert assessment system, and general research methods used to study economic phenomena, including analysis of historical records, time series, and the analogy method. The article demonstrates that the calls of proponents of an accelerated energy transition to abandon the use of fossil fuels are not scientifically sound and are practically unrealistic. The article also examines a number of ongoing processes of large-scale geopolitical transformation that affect the global energy system, such as declining global dominance of industrialized countries in economy, trade and technology, and the weakening role of the US dollar as an international reserve currency. A special emphasis is given to the strategic importance of Russia's hydrocarbon resource base and its contribution to the long-term energy security of Eurasia. The continued growth in global demand for fossil fuels is inevitable as rising living standards in developing countries, coupled with the development of data centers, will drive a steady increase in global energy consumption. With greater energy intensity, transportability and energy flow density, fossil fuels are far superior to renewables in terms of investment efficiency, and therefore hydrocarbons will continue to hold a central position in the global energy system. The research findings emphasize the need to give up utopian energy transition scenarios embedded in state policies and corporate strategies in favor of pragmatic solutions based on current technological and economic realities.

The new vector of the energy policy of the Russian Federation, aimed at the development of non-resource exports, was supported in 2020 by the adoption of key federal laws that stimulate gas processing (ethane and LPG) and business activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. These changes are an incentive for the implementation of innovative projects with an expanded technological chain with the production of products with high added value. Arctic gas condensate fields in the Russian Federation are acquiring additional potential to significantly increase the value and monetize large-scale reserves, most of which are located in the YamaloNenets Autonomous District. Global trends confirm the relevance of the gas chemical direction – with the growth of global consumption, the need for final polymer products will increase, and with the new environmentally friendly energy transition, the share of gas will increase. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of trends in the development of the world market of gas and gas chemical products, the hydrocarbon resource base of the Russian Federation and changes in legislation. It is concluded that the enterprises of the Russian Federation have advantages for the implementation of gas chemical projects in the medium and long term in 2022-2030, especially in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.