Типы и функции словообразовательных моделей в аспекте разных лингвистических парадигм

The article discusses ways of replenishing and changing the English language vocabulary that are relevant for the modern period of its development. The purpose of this study is to identify, describe and classify the most productive types of word formation in the lexical system of the English language at the present stage. The study of the most noticeable lexical transformations, which significantly intensified after the year 2020 under the influence of a number of extralinguistic factors, is carried out on the basis of frequently used vocabulary, the popularity of which was recognized and recorded by authoritative British, American and Australian dictionaries, and also by the analytical agency The Global Language Monitor, and the non-profit scientific organization The American Dialect Society. In the context of the ongoing research, the greatest interest is in neologisms that quickly gained popularity and became part of the English language, in particular those that were recognized as Words of the Year in 2022 and 2023. During the study, a classification of selected neologisms was compiled in accordance with the methods of word formation, a count of new lexical units in each group was carried out, the percentage and share of each type of word formation was determined, and the most productive ways of replenishing the word stock of the English language in the specified time period were identified (new combinations of words, semantic derivation, compounding and blending, affixation, respelling, partial reduplication, abbreviation and acronymization, borrowings). Besides, some word formation models, which can be considered interesting from a linguistic point of view, are described. The results of the proposed analysis may be useful for further study of evolutionary trends in the lexical system of the English language.

This research discussed about types of word formation processes in children’s literature in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz novel and its animation movie. This research used the word formation theory proposed by Yule (2010) to find out the types of word formation in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz novel and its animation movie. This research was the descriptive qualitative method. The data were all sentences containing word formation in the selected chapters studied in the novel and animation movie of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The findings showed that there were 64 data contained word formation in novel and animation movie. In the novel found 35 data which are word formation, they are blending (1 data), borrowing (9 data), compounding (12 data), clipping (1 data), and derivation (12 data). Children's literature in the novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz uses half types of word formation, there are five types of word formation out of ten types of word formation. Meanwhile, in the animation movie found 29 data which are word formation, they are back-formation (1 data), blending (1 data), borrowing (1 data), compounding (10 data), derivation (15 data), and multiple process (1 data). Children's literature works in animation movie used more than half the types of word formation, there are six of the ten types of word formation. The researcher concluded that compounding and derivation is the word formation process mostly used in novel, whereas in animation movie the most word formation process used is derivation.

The article shows that lexico-semantic innovations in the Ukrainian language system of proper names which are characterized by a specific neurophysiological mechanism of formation require in-depth study. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that lexico-semantic word formation used to be mainly considered in the diachronic aspect, which led to little attention to ergonyms and pragmonyms as relevant classes of proper names. The article aims to analyze lexico-semantic innovations in the context of ergonyms and pragmonyms and determine their role in word formation in the system of naming-related tools in the modern Ukrainian language. Research methods include observations, analogies, analysis, synthesis, linguistic description, component analysis, structural-semantic analysis, statistical methods. The article proves that lexico-semantic word formation is the most active and productive way of replenishing the fund of ergonyms and pragmonyms in the Ukrainian language under the conditions of a transition economy. The main types of lexico-semantic word formation are derivational metaphor and derivational metonymy. They enable the formation of both simple and compound lexico-semantic innovations mostly represented by binary word combinations. Including all layers of vocabulary in the scope of such a type of word formation can bring unlimited prospects of its functioning in the future. The international value of the research implies clarifying the role of lexico-semantic word formation in the naming system of modern Ukrainian, describing important fragments of the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language, systematizing modern lexico-semantic naming models, and determining the ways of activating lexico-semantic substitution. For the first time in Ukrainian linguistics, the research analyzes peripheral classes of proper names in various ways, classifies ergonyms by thematic groups and motivational features underlying the naming unit and reveals the specifics of different semantic groups of Ukrainian pragmonyms.

This study analyzes the process of forming words from slang words in the Camp Rock film script. This study uses the word formation process theory from George Yule (2014) to analyze how the process of forming slang words in the Camp Rock film script and find out which type of word formation is the most dominant used in the Camp Rock film script. The research method used is descriptive method, namely collecting data and then analyzing it descriptively. The researcher found 5 types of slang word formation in this film script, consisting of clipping, derivation, compounding, acronym and blending. This study found that the most dominant type of word formation used in this film was clipping with a percentage of 57%, then followed by acronyms with a percentage of 19%, then blending with a percentage of 14%, and the last two namely derivation and compounding which only had a percentage of 5 %.

Slang is an informal type of language often used in everyday communication, especially on social media. Meanwhile, X, a popular social media platform, features many comments that frequently use slang words in its threads. Thus, this study aimed to classify the types of slang word formation and the functions of slang words found in comments on X. The theoretical framework for this study included Yule's (2010) theory on types of slang words and Zhou and Fan's (2013) theory on the functions of slang expressions. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from comments by users on Elon Musk's X account, uploaded by Elon Musk from July to August 2023. The findings identified several types of word formation: 1) clipping (7 data), 2) derivation (6 data), 3) acronyms (4 data), 4) borrowing (4 data), 5) coinage (2 data), 6) compounding (1 data), and 7) multiple processes (1 data). Among the types of word formation analyzed, clipping was the most common type of slang word formation found, with 7 examples identified. The main function of slang words in these comments was to express user’s feelings, especially their disappointment with the rebranding of Twitter to X. This suggests that users use slang and word creation techniques in a variety of ways, demonstrating linguistic innovation and originality in online communication. Keywords: Comments, Elon Musk, Functions, People, Slang Words, Types, X

This research aims to determine the types of derivative word formation and inflectional word formation found in the poetry collection “Couleur Femme” and determine the dominant types of word formation. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research method. The data source for this research is poetry by Pranita Dewi in the bilingual poetry collection “Couleur Femme.” The poems by Pranita Dewi which are the source of research data are “Ambarawa, vile sans personne; Edge Park; Melka, la mariée d’une saison; and Je commence cette année avec toux et asthma”. The data for this research are words that have derivative and inflectional word formation in the four poems. The research results show eight types of derivative word formation: prefixation, suffixes forming nouns, adjectives forming adjectives, adverbs forming adverbs, verbs forming verbs, zero derivations, popular compositions, and absorption. Furthermore, there are five types of inflectional word formation: conjugation, flexion of masculine nouns to become feminine, flexion of singular nouns to become plural general nouns, flexion of singular adjectives to plural, and flexion of masculine adjectives to feminine. The dominant type of derivative word formation is verb-forming suffixes. The dominant inflectional kind of word formation is conjugation.

One distinctive feature of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) is that it distinguishes two types of derivational processes: Lexical derivation, which takes place in the lexicon, and syntactic derivation, which takes place in the grammar. The aim of this paper is to consider some of the implications of this approach by addressing three major issues: i) on the basis of which criteria do we decide which derivational processes are lexical and which are syntactic, ii) how does the FDG approach deal with recursive processes of derivation, and iii) how do these two derivational processes interact with other types of word formation, such as compounding, conversion and back-formation.

ABSTRACT
 Nowadays, almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia, are still facing and struggling with COVID-19 pandemic. In Indonesia, the first case was confirmed by the president on March 2nd, 2020. Since then, Indonesia has been fighting against COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic is affecting all aspects of human life including language. There is an interesting phenomenon dealing with the emergence of new words during COVID-19 pandemic. As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the number of ‘new’ or ‘re-emerge’ terms will also be increasing. Most of the terms’ meanings are discoverable through news articles published massively on the internet. The terms that are occurring are not only caused by the new virus that needs certain terms for the medical or scientific matters, but it is also because of the ‘new normal’ that people are being forced into. This research entitled “Word Formation that Occur in Indonesian Language during COVID-19 Pandemic” is aimed to find out what types of word formation that occur in Indonesian language during COVID-19 pandemic. This research employed a descriptive analysis method which belongs to qualitative research. This method was chosen because the researchers described the linguistic phenomenon dealing with word formation. The object of this research was the official website https://covid19.go.id/ which is Indonesian official website that provides any information about COVID-19. The data were collected by reading several sections in https://covid19.go.id/. Therefore, the technique used to collect the data were reading and note taking techniques. The researchers used several steps in collecting the data: (1) reading several sections in https://covid19.go.id/ ; (2) identifying words containing word formation process; and (3) collecting the words in the table. After collecting the data, the researchers went to the next step which was analyzing the data. There were several steps that the researchers took in analyzing the data: (1) data collection; (2) data display; (3) drawing and verifying conclusion. The results of this research showed that there are three types of word formations that occurred which are initialism, blending, and borrowing.
 Keywords: COVID-19, Morphology, Word Formation

The article is devoted to the study of zoonyms functioning in the speech of the inhabitants of Troel’ga rural settlement, Kungur district (Perm Krai). Methodologically, animal names are considered in the article in line with the theory of derivation, that is, as a result of dynamic processes at different levels of the language system. It is necessary to distinguish between nicknames that appeared in the course of zoonymic transformations and those that appeared due to transformations of ready-made lexical means (products of pre-zoonymic transformations). We have found that the first ones form as a result of six types of derivation: word-forming derivation (with the formation of words that are absent in the literary language), lexical and word-forming derivation (with the formation of words that are homonymous to the words of the literary language), lexical derivation (with the use of non-derived words that are absent in the literary language: neologisms and barbarisms), lexical-semantic derivation (with the reinterpretation of the semantics of the generating word), lexical-grammatical derivation (with the functional transformation of the generating word), morphological derivation (with the grammatical transformation of the generating word). The words of the second group are included in the zoonymicon through lexical derivation (using derived and non-derived words of the literary language), lexical-semantic derivation (with semantic transformation of all-Russian words), morphological-syntactic derivation (with a change of the part of speech of all-Russian words). Within these types, certain derivational models are implemented, in particular k-suffixation, word convergence based on paronomasia, onymization and transonymization, substantivization, etc. The paper provides a conclusion about a variety of ways of forming modern zoonymicon, about the specificity of some particular derivational models for the given sample.

This study is an analysis of slang words found in the dialogues of the Furious 7 movie. This study aims to determine the types of word formation and the function of the slang words used in the Furious 7 movie. The theory used in this research is Yule (2010) regarding the types of word formation and Allan & Burridge's (2006) about the function of slang. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach to solving research problems. The data used is taken from dialogues between characters in the Furious 7 movie. Researcher found 37 slang words used by the characters in the movie. This study reveals that there are seven types of word formation and seven different functions in the use of slang words The most dominant types of word formation are borrowing and multiple processes with 8 data each, while the most dominant slang function is to initiate relax conversation with 10 data.

This study investigates the processes of compounding and conversion in Albanian, two major types of word formation alongside derivation. Unlike derivation, which has been extensively studied in Albanian linguistics, conversion and compounding have not received adequate theoretical attention. conversion is often conflated with derivation, lacking a distinct theoretical framework that recognizes its full potential for new word creation. Similarly, the study of compounding in Albanian linguistics has been dominated by orthographic considerations, resulting in a limited understanding of its role in word formation. The research aims to address these gaps by employing a cross-linguistic approach, comparing the capacities of conversion and compounding in Albanian to those in German, English and other Indo-European languages of Europe. This comparison highlights the untapped potential of these processes in Albanian. Due to the isolation of Albanian linguistics from other European linguistic traditions and the marginalization of word formation in morphology studies, these word formation types have been underutilized. The objective is to establish a comprehensive theoretical framework for both conversion and compounding in Albanian, emphasizing their semantic aspects. By doing so, this study seeks to elevate these processes to their rightful place among word formation types and to encourage their use by Albanian speakers. This approach will demonstrate that conversion in Albanian extends beyond merely changing word classes and that compounding should be understood through its semantic unity rather than orthographic criteria.

The relevance of the paper is focused on the usage of new approaches to the study of word-forming mechanisms. In this paper the authors propose a cognitive approach for studying and describing the derivational features of prepositions and conjunctions in modern English, resulting from word formation or semantic derivation, elaborate the idea allowing to reveal the specifics of word-formation potential of secondary nominated prepositions and conjunctions through the light of cognitive linguistics, present the linguistic and cognitive models, disclose new problematic areas in the study of secondary nominated prepositions and conjunctions, identify peculiarities of their formation. The secondary nominated prepositions and conjunctions of the English language represent the concept RELATION in the qualitative and procedural (dynamic and static) aspects. In the course of study, a number of cognitive (propositional) models in formation of the derivative English prepositions, reflecting the concept RELATION is revealed. Propositional structures in the form of hybrid or integrated space reflect the specific features of the prototypical situation representation. Depending on the character and type of interaction between the derived unit and the motivating one, various relations (basic predicates) between elements of the prototypical situation reflecting the formation of secondary nominated prepositions and conjunctions are presented. The relations of TEMPORALITY, CAUSE, COMPARATIVITY, EXCLUSION, ADDITION, OPPOSITION and CONCESSION are established between the elements of prototypical situation when it is nominated by secondary nominated prepositions and conjunctions of the English language because of syntactic and lexical derivation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of slang words used by Sophia, the main character of the Girlboss TV Series. The writer conducted this study to determine the types of word formations formed in Sophia's slang words in each episode and the morphological processes involved in the creation of those slang words. Additionally, this study was carried out in a qualitative approach. The writer used the theory of word formation and morphology by Yule (2020) in her study. The findings revealed that compounding, blending, clipping, coinage, acronyms, derivation, and multiple processes were all used in the formation of slang words used by the main character in the Girlboss. Meanwhile, borrowing, backformation, hypocorism, and conversion were not found in the data analysed. Based on their respective origin words and the theory of the types of word formation processes, the slang words that appear in these 11 episodes are divided into several different types of word formation. In short, it showed that the main character of Girlboss TV series often uses slang when communicating with their peers, some of which are in the form of abbreviations, modified elements from original words, and some use new words.

The aims of this research are to find out word formation in the movie entitled “Wonder” and to describe the application of word formation in movie “Wonder” to teach vocabulary. This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The object is the movie entitled “Wonder”. The data of this study is word formation processes in the movie. To collect the data, the writers do some steps. Those are watching the movie, reading the movie script, and identifying the word formation processes. In analysing the data, the writers conduct some steps: identifying word formation processes in the utterances used by the main characters, classifying the data into types of word formation based on George Yule’s theory, and applying the finding to teach vocabulary. The result of this research shows that there are 148 word formations that are classified into ten types of word formation: 53 of compounding (36%), 5 of coinage (4%), 23 of borrowing (16%), 2 of blending (1%), 8 of clipping (5%), 3 of backformation (2%), 5 of conversion (4%), 2 of acronyms (1%), 45 of derivation (30%), and 2 of multiple processes (1%). The finding of this research can be applied in teaching vocabulary.

Word formation and derivation, although receiving considerable attention on the part of theoretical and descriptive linguists (Aronoff 1975; Dardano 1978; Bauer 1983; Scalise 1984, etc.), have not yet been granted the same treatment in psycholinguistics from the point of view of both firstand second-language acquisition (but see Vasvari Fainberg 1983). This is rather surprising since derivation seems to be the perfect testing ground for a number of theoretical claims, whether they are concerned with linguistic structure, acquisitional processes, language transfer, language competence or firstand second-language pedagogy. This paper deals exclusively with lexical derivation as it is manifested in the oral and written production of Anglophone learners of Italian. There are four main assumptions underlying my analysis: 1. Lexical derivation belongs to that linguistic competence which is based on creativity. In other words, speakers have the ability not only to generate sentences never before heard, but also to create and understand derived words never before heard. 2. It follows from (1) above that no essential differences exist between native and non-native speakers regarding their ability to utilize this competence. Differences are apparent, however, at the level of production, and they will be discussed below. 3. Foreign language learners, contrary to the hypothesis expressed in Vizmuller (1983:78), do indeed engage in the spontaneous activity of deriving new words from those they already know by means of suffixation and prefixation. 4. Straight language transfer plays a relatively minor role in this particular linguistic process. Lexical (or morphological) derivation is basically a process which is used to form new words from those already existing in the language by means of prefixes, suffixes (and, less frequently, infixes). For a number of reasons, in a setting where foreign language acquisition takes place,