«Закрытое» выступление Л. И. Брежнева во время зернового «турне» в 1972 г.

Over the years several authors have attributed the decline in Nigerian agricultural production to the neglect of the agricultural sector that resulted from the discovery of crude oil, what is known as the oilboom factor. This paper set out to find answer to the question: was agriculture really neglected as a result of the oilboom? The study took a historical perspective to trace the path of capital expenditure allocations to the agricultural sector in Nigeria. Secondary data on planned capital expenditure allocation to the agriculture sector before and during the oilboom period; and the budget estimates of capital expenditure allocations to the Agriculture, Water Resources, Health, Education and Defence sectors in Nigeria during the oil boom period 1977-1983 were sourced and used. Graphic descriptive statistics and the one-way analysis of variance technique were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The Tukey’s Multiple Comparison method w as employed to determine which mean(s) differ, in both cases, in the one-way analysis of variance tests conducted. The empirical findings of the study indicate significant increase in the quantity of capital expenditure allocation to the agriculture sector during the oilboom period; and that more capital expenditure was allocated to the agriculture sector than was allocated to either of Health, Education or Defence sectors in Nigeria during the oilboom period. Thus, it concluded that the decline in agricultural production in Nigeria was, statistically, not attributable to the neglect of the agricultural sector resulting from oil boom. The reason could be as a manifestation of Dutch Disease, Natural Resource Curse, Rent Seeking phenomenom, or something else.

The production of national agricultural products in the last 10 (ten) years has fluctuated and tends to decrease. Burning straw waste in rice fields contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, known as one of the causes of global warming that will decrease the quality and quantity of natural resources and impact the decline in agricultural product production. Analyzing these problems, the author conducted a literature review to find good practices based on the latest study's results. The results show that the bio-economy as part of agriculture can be a strategy to mitigate the impact of climate change to support sustainable agriculture. The bio-economy will manage waste into valuable products while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impact. To support this, the Regional Head and the Cirebon Regency legislature must draft a regional regulation on the prohibition of burning rice straw waste to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Agriculture has always played a prominent role in the economic life of Hungary, this being attributable to the geographical situation, natural conditions and historical traditions of the country. However, in consequence of the social changes which occurred in 1989 a strong decline in agricultural production has been observed. This unfavourable tendency is illustrated clearly by data indicating that, in contrast to the 17.5 % of Hungarian GDP produced in the agricultural sector between 1981 and 1985, this proportion had fallen to 6.6 % by 1996. Unfortunately, due to the decline in agricultural production an undesirable deterioration in quality is also now being experienced. With respect to improvement of the quality of milk, the endeavours of breeders are oriented towards accomplishing an increase in milk protein and fat content. Taking into consideration the fact that among the dairy breeds the Holstein-Friesian dominates worldwide, no penetrating improvement can be anticipated within a short period of time. The quality of pig meat can also be improved substantially by means of nutritional procedures. In the formulation of animal diets it is essential that account be taken of the ratio of digestible amino acids to digestible energy. In the past few years research projects in animal nutrition have been oriented primarily towards establishing how the fatty acid composition of meat may be influenced by means of the diet fed, since fatty acid composition bears great significance with respect to human nutrition.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to measure the effect of land degradation and the environmental changes on agricultural productivity in Somalia, as well as the other factors that affect crop production in Somalia.Design/methodology/approachCobb-Douglas production function assumes crop production as a dependent variable and land degradation, labor, capital, fertilizer and climate change as the explanatory variables. In this study time-series data (1962–2017) collected from the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Development Indicators were used. The unit root of the data was examined using Ng-Perron and the Lee-Strazicich methods to explore the unit root property of the breaks. Structural breaks are observed using the Chow test, and the long-run relationship between the variables is examined using Gregory and Hanssen's approach.FindingsThis study found that land degradation and climate change have a negative relationship with agriculture production in Somalia. Land degradation leads to the decline in agricultural production as the loss of one hectare of land due the depletion causes agriculture production of Somalia to fall by about five percent. Climate changes and warming of the environment lead to the reduction of agriculture production. One degree Celsius rise in the temperature leads to a three percent decline in agricultural production. Capital contributes immensely to agricultural production as one unit of additional capital raises production by seven percent. The contribution of labor to agricultural production is limited because of land contractionPractical implicationsLand degradation is a significant contributor to the decline of agricultural production. As land degradation continues to worsen, rural poverty increases, which in turn causes the rural migration and the social conflict. The government should develop land improvement programs such as increasing market orientation of the farmers, encourage private sector engagement in agribusiness and establish a regulatory framework of the land uses.Originality/valueThis study examines the structure of the time-series and specifies the break periods to determine when and where significant and sudden changes occurred within land degradation and agricultural production. The study employs advanced econometric methods, namely, Ng-Perron method and the Lee-Strazicich method to test the unit root property of the breaks. It also examines the long-run relationship between the variables using Gregory and Hanssen's approach.

World food production systems primarily crop lands are set to face unprecedented stress for matching production with overwhelming population growth in the backdrop of increasing natural calamities and climate change. Another green revolution does not seem likely with the same approaches as followed in the past. A large extent of marginally productive lands (including salt affected) in India and the world presents opportunity for bolstering food security via land reclamation, improved productivity, and resource conservation by enhancing biological functions of soil. The presence of soluble salts in the soil and water, including surface water and groundwater, poses great threat to productivity of land. Land use practices, such as clearing and irrigation, have significantly increased the extent of the problem. The most obvious effect of salts in soil includes decline in agricultural productivity. High concentrations of salt in the soil are toxic to plants, restrict plant uptake of water, and prevent plants from taking up essential nutrients. There are several approaches to manage these lands including chemical reclamation, but they are very resource expensive. Nanotechnology as an emerging science may play a greater role for managing these salt-affected marginal lands. Though nanotechnology, in respect of both research and development, is as yet at a nascent stage, it can be effectively directed toward understanding and creating improved materials, devices, and systems and in exploiting the nano-properties for managing these lands. Nanotechnology has not left agricultural sector untouched and promises to revolutionize the agricultural sector with new tools for molecular treatment of plant diseases, rapid detection of diseases, and enhancing the ability of plant to absorb nutrients, thus increasing soil fertility and crop production. The potential of nanotechnology is yet to be fully exploited in salt-affected land management, and agriculture, yet if once realized, it is likely to bring a sea change in agricultural production and productivity.

Climate change in Indonesia, including erratic rainfall intensity, extreme temperatures, El Nino and La Nina events, can cause farmers not to implement agricultural efforts optimally. Multiplier effect caused is the risk of decreased agricultural production and even crop failure that causes losses for farmers. The impact can broadly reduce farmers’ welfare, food security and increase poverty, for which most Indonesians livelihood as farmers. The negative consequences of climate change require efforts to minimize the impact and anticipate through adaptation strategies. These research aims are to analyze the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and develop an adaptation strategy to address the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector. This method uses review literature related to the impact of climate change on agricultural products and adaptation strategies to climate change in the agricultural sector. The impact of climate change caused a decline in agricultural production and even crop failure. The main actors of climate change that affect the agricultural sector include rain patterns, extreme climate events (floods and droughts), and increased air temperatures. Recommendations for adaptation strategies are using superior plants, adjusting planting time and pattern, water management technology (rain harvesting and irrigation), and biotic environmental strategies.

Soybean is one of Indonesia's leading food commodities, which continues to experience a surge in demand every year. Land conversion is the cause of the decline in agricultural product production, resulting in a difference between demand and food production. Hydroponics can be a solution for utilizing narrow land as agricultural land with easy and diverse application techniques. The utilization of plant waste as a planting medium is an alternative to reduce waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction of type and composition of hydroponic media on the growth and yield of transgenic soybeans. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD), which was arranged with 2 factors, namely the first factor in the form of media type: (M1) Apple Waste; (M2) Moringa Waste; (M3) Banana Waste; (M4) Coconut Waste; (M5) Pineapple Waste. And the second factor is the composition of the media: (K1) 1/8; (K2) 1/6; (K3) 1/4; (K4) 1/2. So that 20 treatments were obtained with 2 replications for each treatment. The results of the study included: (1) No interaction between the type and composition of the media for all observations, (2)the impact separation of type and composition of the media have seen in the second observation, namely the number and area of leaves; (2) The best treatment of hydroponic media with coconut waste (M4) had a significant effect on the height, number of leaves and leaf area of soybean plants; Meanwhile, Moringa waste (M2) has a significant effect on the formation of flowers and pods; (3) The best composition of media that affects the growth and yield of soybean plants is 1/4 part of the waste (K3) which affects plant height, number of leaves, leaf and flower area; while 1/2 part of waste (K4) has a significant effect on the formation of pods; (4) The treatment of media with the best composition for vegetative growth of soybean plants is that 1/4 part of the content of Moringa waste (M2K3) affects the increase in leaf number and leaf area, while 1/4 part of the banana waste content (M3K3) affects the increase in plant height; (5) The media treatment with the best composition to accelerate soybean production is 1/4 part of the waste content of Moringa (M2K3) and 1/6 part of the content of coconut waste (M4K2).

Climate change has been known to exert influence on agri-business. This study is an attempt to look into the direct and indirect economic impact of climate change to three (3) business sectors: tourism, commercial and agricultural, of Zamboanga del Norte by canonical path analysis. Results revealed that temperature and rainfall variations led to a decline in agricultural productivity (-1.90%) but spurred greater economic activities in the commercial (47.0%) and tourism sectors (17.12%). The traditional farming method commonly used in the province accounts for the adverse sensitivity of this sector to climate change. This study recommends that the agricultural sector looks into possibilities of using modern farming systems in order to counter the negative consequences brought about by climate change.

The successful development of Northern and Arctic areas depends on sustainable functioning of the agricultural sector. Agriculture and fishing agriculture is a way of life of the indigenous population. The article discusses the state of agriculture and food self-sufficiency in the Komi Republic in the years of relatively stable development (1960-1980) and in the conditions of market reforms. It analyzes production and consumption of food and shows a positive effect of modernization processes on the agricultural sector in the pre-reform period. It studies market transformation of the agrarian economy, accompanied in the 1990s by the sharp decline in agricultural production, degradation of productive capacity, rural demography, rural infrastructure, decrease in living standard of farmers, and disparity of prices on agricultural and industrial products. The paper discloses trends in food self-sufficiency of the northern region in 1980-2013 and reveals reasons for the decrease in its level in the period of market reforms. It considers possible scenarios to develop the agrarian sector and food self-sufficiency. To predict the agriculture development the author identifies strong and weak sides, opportunities and threats by means of SWOT-analysis. The article proposes 3 scenarios: inertial (pessimistic), baseline and optimistic. It finds out the most reasonable optimistic development scenario based on innovative modernization for the Komi Republic. The study results can be used to adjust the current State program of agricultural development and elaborate the strategy of the agro-food sector of the region.

Climate change is expected to have a significant impact on agricultural production both locally and globally. High temperatures and irregular precipitation projected by the IPCC could lead to a decline in agricultural production, which would require significant changes in agricultural practices. A concomitant factor to climate change will be the increase in population and its distribution and level of consumption, which also influences agricultural production strategies, the conversion of agricultural land, and the type of irrigation. Determining the impacts of these forcings on land use will depend on our understanding of past changes in the agricultural sector (cereal) and how future climate change will occur. It is proposed to develop an innovative methodology that will integrate agricultural production, socio-economic statistics, demographic trends, and patterns of agricultural land use caused by climate change and human development.

Agriculture is an important factor in the basic economic sustainability of the population of Lamongan Regency. The large number of people whose livelihoods are farmers makes agriculture as the main commodity of the local community. It is undeniable that the agricultural sector in Lamongan Regency is an agricultural product contributing to the top ten of East Java’s GRDP. If agriculture occurs the problem will have an impact on the decline in agricultural production. The variables used in this study are labor, agricultural land, irrigation, subsidies as independent variables and the production of dependent variables. The methodology of this study uses a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression, partial tests, simultaneous tests and dominant tests. The data source in this study was conducted in the period between 2010-2018 with the approach of 3 multiple linear regression models, so that it can compare the models that look good and have an impact on agricultural production. The analytical tool used in this study was eviews 10. The results of this study partially occurred a positive relationship between labor, land, and irrigation to production, while partially a negative relationship occurred between subsidies to production. But simultaneously there is a simultaneous or joint relationship between labor, land, irrigation and subsidies affecting production. The dominant value of the four variables of labor, agricultural land, irrigation and subsidies is in the labor force.

Development strategies increasingly emphasize agricultural development, employment, and equity; it is therefore important to examine the role of education in light of these new emphases. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the conclusions of a number of studies of the effect of a farmer's educational level and exposure to extension services on his productivity. Eighteen studies conducted in low-income countries provided 37 sets of farm data that allow a statistical estimation of the effect of education. The overall conclusion of this paper is that farm productivity increases as a result of a farmer's completing at least 4 additional years of elementary education rather than none. Also, the effects of education were much more likely to be positive in modernizing agricultural environments than in traditional ones.

Agriculture and commercial economy of the Northern zone developed together with the development of the territory, is a way of life of the peoples rooted here. It was based on centuries-old agricultural traditions taking into account the extreme harsh natural conditions and agricultural features. The agro-industrial farm is designed to provide the population with biologically complete local food products, perform a social function. The purpose of the article is the sustainable development of agricultural production, providing an increase in the level of food self-sufficiency of the population of the northern territories on the example of the Komi Republic. The subject of the study is the process of managing the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The research methods used were systematic, comparative analysis, analogies, statistical, generalization of accumulated experience. The hypothesis of the study. The development of local agricultural production will increase food self-sufficiency, which will lead to savings in investments in transport, reduce product losses and improve its quality. Presentation of the main material. The possibilities and limitations of the development of northern agriculture are revealed. The trends in the development of the agricultural sector in the 1960s-1980s and in the conditions of market transformations are considered. The reasons for the decline in agricultural production, the reduction of the coefficient of food self-sufficiency are established. Priorities for the development of agriculture have been determined. Practical significance. Conclusions and recommendations can be taken into account by the Ministry of Agriculture and Consumer Market of the Komi Republic and other government bodies when determining the directions for improving state policy on the development of the agricultural sector. Conclusions of the study. Sustainable development of agriculture and increasing food self-sufficiency will require strengthening innovative modernization, the formation of a multi-layered agrarian economy, improving the economic mechanism, priority development of rural infrastructure, improving the level and quality of life of peasants.

The Green Revolution, which occurred from the 1940s to the late 1970s, saw a major boom in the Agriculture sector in many parts of the world. It was based on the introduction of chemical fertilisers and superior varieties, irrigation improvement and agricultural extension programmes. This led to a dramatic increase in wheat yields and world coarse grain production. Following this, for numerous reasons, many of which were social and economic, there was a major decline in agricultural production. The main objective of this paper is to explore and propose new ways of stimulating growth in agriculture by the introduction of the “New Green Revolution”, through the use of green technologies. Different forms of renewable energy, such as solar, wind and biomass, are proposed to have greater penetration in the agriculture sector, thereby stimulating growth, creating a new revolution in agriculture.

Climate change refers to significant alterations in long-term climate conditions. If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, there is a high probability of exceeding the 1.5°C and 2° thresholds of global warming throughout the 21st century. This situation poses a serious threat to the agriculture sector and can lead to a decline in agricultural production and a reduction in product quality. Additionally, intensive farming practices can decrease the resilience of agriculture. This study aims to examine the effects of climate change on the agriculture sector, explain the concept of modeling and the parameters that can be measured, provide guidance on how modeling studies on alfalfa, and similar crops can be improved by identifying their shortcomings. The modeling method is used in many different fields by creating abstract representations of real-world objects or events via a mathematical equation, writing algorithm, or simulation. Parameters used in alfalfa modeling include yield, growth, carbon, water, nitrogen balance, climate effects, and other factors. However, these models have shortcomings such as the need for more comprehensive data collection and testing, the requirement for more parameter adjustments, the inability to address various crops and different growth cycles, the lack of simulation of crown and root roles in growth, sensitivity in measuring soil and input factors, limited testing and research, inaccuracies in automatic classification, the absence of growth and yield simulation models, and the lack of deep learning techniques. Addressing these shortcomings is crucial for achieving more reliable and effective results in the agricultural sector. Strengthening models and addressing these deficiencies have the potential to lead to more robust and sustainable solutions in agriculture.