Внешнеэкономические ограничения Российской Федерации: вызовы и возможности в контуре цифровой трансформации

Nowadays, such digital devices as laptop, tablet, computer, smartphone are an important component of life in all age categories of population that differently affect their health. The article presents analysis of problems of digital behavior of children and youth as related to health. The materials of sociological survey were used to consider mutual effect of recommendations on safe use of digital devices and behavior indicators of health of students. The purpose of the study is to analyze significance of digital behavior for health based on materials of normative legal documents, results of various studies exemplified by students using digital devices in context of various components of self-preservation behavior. The normative legal documents regarding digital educational environment and research materials (including the study "Digital transformation in the life of students" carried out by Russian Society of Sociologists in 2023 in 29 cities of Russia (N=8,734) were analyzed. The study was focused on importance of formation of communication human culture of communication with various types digital devices and advisability to begin this work from children age. The difficulties existing in this area are noted. Among students, almost half of respondents don't follow basic recommendations concerning working with digital devices important for health prevention. The rest of hygiene recommendations are ignored by up to 87% of respondents. The presence of students' attitudes to healthy lifestyle, physical activity and increased self-estimation of health positively affect those who apply recommendations on communication with digital devices. The role of family and pedagogues as subjects in formation of hygienic culture of using digital devices is currently significant, but yet insufficient. The increasing of culture of communication with digital devices among youth and more active orientation on positive health indicators can input into health amelioration.

The article examines sociotechnical convergence, which causes hybridization of social space, resulting in simultaneous social interaction in both digital and real space. The subject of the study is the influence of this phenomenon on digital marginalization, expressed in the occupation of individuals in a transitional state between these spaces. And people who limit the use of digital services, devices and technologies or refuse to use them may even be excluded from the digital format of society. When studying digital marginalization, it is important to take into account the dangers and risks of socio-technical convergence. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of various risks of socio-technical convergence on the process of marginalization of the population. The methodological basis for the study of digital marginalization is the concept of socio-cultural marginalization and the domestic concept of structural marginalization, adapted to the realities of a hybrid social space. The methodological basis for studying the risks of socio-technical convergence is the concept of convergence of dangers into risks. The method of empirical research was an expert survey of specialists associated in their professional activities with digital transformation. The study found that the main risks of sociotechnical convergence are technical and technological, sociotechnical and social vulnerability risks. According to experts, technical and technological and sociotechnical risks that violate the security of using digital services are becoming critically important: it is the lack of security in the hybrid space that inclines people to either limit the use of digital technologies or abandon them, which contributes to their marginalization. Social vulnerability risks that aggravate the process of marginalization include internal resistance to change, lack of skills and knowledge to use digital devices, technologies and services, as well as the lack of necessary technical means to work with them.

The author explains the ambiguity of the meaning of digitization, digitalization and digital transformation expressions. She discusses the genesis of digital transformation of enterprises, and compares the access, scope and quality of used technological innovations, ITC solutions, digital software and hardware in companies in various sectors, and of different sizes and scope of functioning. The digitization, digitalization and digital transformation are often used incorrectly and interchangeably without proper understanding, especially when one talks about business. Digitalization leads to a digital business, which is essential together with full digitization to start the digital transformation of the society, environment and business itself. Investing in appropriate computer equipment, digital devices, machines and robots involves costly purchase and expenditure of money for their software, service and updating. In addition, an extremely important element of transformation is the constant need to acquire more expertise and competences, which can also be, and usually is, expensive.

Recently, digital transformation has been rapidly developing in China, along with an increasing aging trend. The elderly are well-pushed to face the challenges brought by this transformation. This study aims to explore the elderly’s perception of a digital-driven society in terms of their abilities to use digital devices or services and the effects of digital transformation on their daily life. This study conducted an online survey among elderly users of digital devices in Guangdong Province, China. It was found that around half of the elderly have used digital devices in their daily life and admitted that digital transformation has made life more enjoyable and convenient. However, because of their physical health status, there were various challenges. The developer of digital devices should well consider the needs of elderly users to enrich a senior-user-friendly society.

Digitalization and digital transformation of companies have turned from global trends to an urgent need. Thanks to digitalization and digital transformation, organizations can overcome the times of crisis, the times of lockdowns with less losses and respond more effectively to any adverse changes in the external environment. The assessment of the level of digitalization and digital transformation allows to determine how fast the processes of introducing digital technologies and optimizing processes with digital solutions proceed, both in companies and across the industry as a whole. The article provides an analysis with the systematization of foreign and domestic methods, methodological approaches, methods for assessing the digitalization level and digital transformation, as well as reveals their positive and negative aspects. Based on a comparative analysis, an improved author-developed methodological toolkit is proposed for assessing the level of digitalization and digital transformation, alleviating the disadvantages of the existing methodological experience. The approbation of the author-developed methodological toolkit was performed using the oil and gas industry as an example; the following companies, being the industry leaders, were analysed: PJSC “Lukoil”, PJSC “NK “Rosneft”, PJSC “Gazprom”, and PJSC “Tatneft”. According to the results, the digitalization and digital transformation processes of the domestic oil and gas industry are insufficiently dynamic. It was found that in the period from 2016 to 2020, the Russian Federation industry leaders were in the following order from the most advanced to the least advanced in terms of the digitalization level and digital transformation: PJSC “Gazprom” topped the list; PJSC “NK “Rosneft” was second; PJSC “Lukoil” was the third largest company, and PJSC “Tatneft” held the fourth position.

Objective. In the empirical study reveal the peculiarities of parents’ position in relation to preschoolers’ media use and parent-child relationship under digital transformation. Background. In recent years all over the world children tend to get acquainted with gadgets very early and spend more and more time with them. There is also an increase in digital content, designed for children of early and preschool age. In these circumstances many parents face challenges in organizing their children’s interactions with digital devices. Despite the importance of the problem, the research, devoted to various aspects of preschoolers’ use of technologies, is still rather scarce. The relevance ofsuch research is due to the need of constructing efficient means of child-adult cooperation, mediated by new digital signs. Study design. In the framework of the study a questionnaire “Parents and children in digital interactions”, which included 19 questions, was elaborated. The survey was conducted in different social networks via a Google-form. Participants. The study sample included 6376 parents of children aged from 2 to 7 years old (from the Russian Federation). Measurements. Quantitative analysis of the data was conducted by the means of descriptive statistics, while calculations were made in SPSS V23. Results. The empirical data revealed some tendencies in the use of digital devices by contemporary Russian preschoolers. First, Russian preschoolers more often get access to “adult” devices, such as smartphones, computers, or tablets, rather than to gadgets, specifically designed for children (IoT, books and games with QR-codes, AR etc.) The data also showed, that while providing access to gadgets, preschool¬ers’ parents expect a developmental and educational effect. However, while organizing their children’s interaction with gadgets, most parents rely on their child’s preferences and their own curiosity, rather than on professional recommendations. Conclusions. Under the fourth Information Revolution humanity faces a situation, when the child from early age gets access to the adult’s labour tool. This actually means a totally new social situation of development, that is, new forms of child-adult activity. Therefore the academic community faces the challenge of investigating digital media as a new cultural means.

The initial methodological approach to the analysis in the article is the position of students as a social group of young people experiencing a high digital load due to the digitalization of the educational process, which increases the attention of researchers to the impact of digital technologies on the health of students in higher education. Experts have documented a deterioration in the health of students in recent decades. The negative impact of the use of electronic devices has been particularly evident during distance learning during the coronavirus pandemic. According to the study “Digital Transformation in the Life of Students”, conducted by the Russian Society of Sociologists in 2023 in 29 cities of Russia, only about half of the students surveyed follow basic hygiene recommendations for working with digital devices. This process is positively influenced by awareness of the importance of taking care of health, interest in information about a healthy lifestyle, the use of various types of physical activity, as well as the elimination or limitation of behavioral risk factors associated with smoking, drinking alcohol and energy drinks. The role of such social institutions as the family and the education system in the formation of a hygienic culture of using HC is currently insufficient. Further raising students’ awareness of the importance of following hygienic recommendations when working with digital devices and more actively promoting a healthy lifestyle can provide the necessary results in improving the health of students

This study investigated blind adults’ experiences of adapting to digital technologies. The authors’ focus was on how they have been experiencing changes implied by digital transformation, which provided the starting point for assessing their prospects and/or limitations for self-development through new technologies in the future. The second point concerned designing technologies for blind adults by adding questions about their specific needs and expectations for digital device designers. To develop these main issues, we planned a qualitative grounded theory study in which 16 blind adults were individually interviewed. It aimed to provide rich descriptions of a selected phenomenon. The research analysis was conducted by using the sociological and philosophical methods, which provided insights into the social assessment of digital development for ageing by blind adults. The data analysis revealed five distinct categories that captured these experiences and expectations: (1) wishing to learn—“Digital technology gives me privacy and independence”; (2) having to learn—“If you do not have new digital devices or do not know how to use them, you end up on the margins of society”; (3) being socially excluded—“Designers of new technologies do not think about blind adults”; (4) fearing to stop understanding—“Technological development is too rapid, it is difficult to be on time while ageing”; and (5) waiting for the changes—“I hope my situation will change in the future”. Together, these five categories form the basis of the core category “Ageing and keeping pace with technology”, which encapsulates the initial adaptation experiences of the interviewees to the technological development. The findings indicate that the blind adults experienced digital devices as tools for improving their well-being, but they also saw them as posing the threat of being socially excluded because of new technology designs and accessibility barriers.

Climate change has posed a lot of dangers to economic growth and development. Such dangers include hotter temperatures, severe storms, increased drought, inadequate food supply, poverty, displacement of people and many risks to human life. These dangers occur on earth through human activities which release greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, this paper aims to look at environmental sustainability through digital transformation, in order to reduce the effect of climate change on economies, businesses, governance, and socio-political outcomes in the 21st century. It also identified how digital transformation plays an increasingly significant role in promoting environmental sustainability. The paper adopted a systematic literature review, a qualitative approach, and a historical analysis. Findings revealed that non-conformity with environmental best practices has gross adverse effects on achieving sustainable development. It was also discovered that non-enforcement of environmental laws and regulations poses a danger to environmental sustainability. The paper concluded that adopting digital transformation will be of great advantage to environmental sustainability thus reducing the impact of climate change and accelerating sustainable development in our economies. This paper recommended strict enforcement of environmental laws and regulations. There should be a paradigm shift in the approach to achieving environmental sustainability by improving the circular economy through digital devices (enabling reuse and recycling), extending the lifespan of software and devices, and promoting technologies that help reduce carbon emissions and energy consumption. Also, the importance of less usage of energy by switching to LED light bulbs and energy-efficient electric appliances in our various homes and offices should be emphasized.

This research studies the effects of digital transformation (DT) and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) internationalisation on the Malaysian manufacturing industry. The application of advanced technologies facilitates Malaysian manufacturing SMEs to optimise their processes, enhance productivity, and become active players in the international markets. With digital devices and technologies, such companies have efficiently handled supply chains and engaged consumers, making it easier for them to enter new overseas markets. The overall sample size for this study was 402. A set of research instruments was developed bilingually for English and Bahasa Melayu respondents through a translation procedure. Data were gathered by email and Google Forms, and a random sample method was utilised. The Smart PLS version 4.0 data analysis allowed a thorough assessment of the complex links between DT and SME internationalisation. The significant results, measured by using recognised statistical standards, highlight their major impact on increasing the productivity and competitiveness of Malaysia's manufacturing industry. In conclusion, DT has undeniably proven to be a vital enabler of Malaysia's manufacturing industries’ internationalisation. By embracing advanced technologies and innovative practices, these industries have significantly enhanced their productivity, responsiveness, and competitiveness, positioning themselves as formidable players in the dynamic and challenging international market landscape.

Looking at the history of computing one can find out that the designers repeatedly addressed specialized ( non von-Neumann ) architectures which provide comparatively high performance in some specific applications. Suffice it to say that one of the earliest supercomputer projects, the S. Unger's system destined for pattern recognition was a rectangular array of interconnected simple processing modules. At the beginning of 60s, an original conception of a reconfigurable cellular structure called Homogeneous Computing Medium was suggested in Russia. It is worth to note that recently this promising idea found its continuation in the MIT project Raw based on newest technology. Great consideration was given to associative memories and fine-grained SIMD architectures. Thus, in the late 80s the massively parallel fine-grained systems DAP (S. Reddaway) and CM (D. Hillis) made at the market a grave competition to the supercomputers of conventional architecture. In 90s, powerful microprocessors of essentially traditional architecture occupied the dominating position due to the rapid progress in microelectronics and the corresponding dramatic decrease of component cost. Nevertheless, the well-known rule remains valid: taking into account specific features of a given class of problems and computational methods, one can get great improvement in performance and cost/performance factor when using application specific unconventional architectures. After the publishing of the CFP for this Special Issue of SCPE, we received 10 papers submitted by 19 authors from various countries. In the present Issue five papers are being published which obtained the highest rating from reviewers. These papers introduce some interesting trends in the development of unconventional parallel computing systems. The first paper Reaction-Diffusion and Excitable Processors: a Sense of Unconventional by Andrew Adamatzky is devoted to a very important and prospective subject of parallel data processing in chemical media. So-called architecture-less processors are discussed where a layer of an oscillating reaction is considered a massively parallel system each elementary processor of which is represented by a micro-volume reactor. Cellular automata are used as a computational model. The author demonstrates that excitable media can constitute universal massively parallel computing devices. In the second paper A Scalable Multiprocessor for Real-Time Signal Processing Applications Hans Eberle and Daniel Scherrer present a new platform for real-time processing of continuous data streams such as audio, video or graphical data. To overcome the limitations of existing DSPs the authors designed a flexible and scalable communication infrastructure Switcherland which guarantees data transfer with bounded latencies. The advantages of suggested multiprocessor provide for a wide range of applications in real-time signal processing. Bernard Girau in his paper Conciliating Connectionism and Parallel Digital Hardware presents an original paradigm of digital hardware implementation of neural computations, Field Programmable Neural Arrays (FPNAs). Both theoretical and practical aspects are discussed including the mapping of FPNAs into FPGAs. It is shown that the suggested FPNA framework results in efficient fine-grained reconfigurable parallel hardware. Bertil Schmidt and Manfred Schimmler describe in their paper KPROC—an Instruction Systolic Architecture for Parallel Prefix Applications a highly parallel architecture with 1024 floating-point processors on a single chip (at 0.25 micron CMOS technology). These processors constitute an instruction systolic array implementing parallel prefix computation. It is shown that many important applications can take advantage of the suggested model. Examples are discussed from different areas such as image processing, long argument arithmetic, etc. Finally, researchers from Computer Technology Institute (Patras, Greece) C. Konstantinopulos, A. Svolos, D. Serpanos, and D. Maritsas in the paper The Effect of Interword Connectivity in Associative Processing bring forward an important development of associative processors. They introduce an asssociative memory with a single-stage hypercube network interconnecting the memory words. Significant performance improvement of this architecture is demonstrated through the analysis of various real applications. We wish to express our deep gratitude to the reviewers (D. Sima, F. Vajda, K. Grosspietsch, P. Szolgay, E. Luque, A. Pimentel, D. Ortega, M. Valero, O. Bandman, V. Malyugin, P. Keresztes, M. Amamiya, Y. Fet, R. Moore, K. Waldschmidt, S. Theodoridis, L. Ricci, A. Ripoll, S-W. Lee, J-L. Gaudiot, V. Estigneev, S. Sedukhin) who helped us to select the best papers and to improve the quality of the accepted. Guest Editors Yakov Fet and Peter Kacsuk

In order to promote the curriculum reform of our university and further expand the digital informatization in higher education, this paper targets several teaching reforming issues in the electronic information discipline of our university. Guided by the CDIO-OBE teaching philosophy, multifaceted teaching strategies are proposed for the major, such as overall planning of talent cultivation, teaching methods of teachers, and advanced evaluations of core basic courses. Starting from the compulsory course of 'Digital Circuits and Logic Design', the top-down implementation of practical reforms and the effects of updating teaching team, and continuously improvement on setting experiments are analyzed. Based on the feedback from students’ survey, it is confirmed as well that only through the effective integrations of digital technology and the higher-level blended teaching methods, and continuously optimized experiment reforms together can fundamentally promote the discipline construction and talent cultivation in the major of electronic information. Furthermore, through the closed-loop feedback of quantitative data from students’ questionnaires, the practical reforms facilitate the digitization transformation of basic courses in our university.

The digital transformation affects all aspects of the society, including educational and scientific areas. Regarding the educational area, digital devices as a part of vocational lessons seem to be promising a better support of the learning processes. In a given design research project (tabletBS.dual) in the field of vocational education, didactical prototypes for using tablets in a motivational and effective way are developed in different vocational schools. For this, four design cycles with the phases design application and evaluation are carried out. The article focuses on the description of the digital character of the design cycles. In the presented project, different digital devices and tools are used in the several phases of a design cycle (e.g. digital consultation hours for vocational teachers to plan lessons or to conduct digital interviews with their students in the evaluation phase). We will go into detail about the digital devices and technologies used to point out the potentials of digitization in regard to the design of design and evaluation processes.

The article examines the issues of managing the digital transformation of the Russian industrial sector. The author notes that a new content of the industrial development strategy is currently on the agenda a digital strategy, for the development of which there are a number of prerequisites: the availability of the Internet, the use of digital services, mobile devices, and other digital technologies. The article deals with the issues of digital transformation management and the directions of its development. The author reveals the advantages of implementing digital transformation, suggests directions for implementing the roadmap for digital transformation of the industrial sector, and identifies trends in the digital transformation of the industrial sector. It is noted that digital transformation begins with the creation of a digital platform where the interests of industry, the state and science are united. Digital platforms are proposed to be organized by type of economic activity (FEA), using digital ecosystems. Digital platforms are proposed to be created in the areas of digital transformation, such as: uber-ization, the Internet of things, neural technologies, Big Data, network interaction with partners, blockchain, crowdfunding. The article reflects that one of the types of digitalization is uber-the transformation of the economy, which represents a digital service for the provision of services, the rejection of hierarchical multi-level organizational structures, to production and management structures based on the blockchain. Uber-ization of the economy is a digital management service that includes a whole range of other digital services. In this article, the author proposes a model of digital transformation of the industrial sector of the Russian Federation based on the creation of digital doubles that allow using such advantages as reducing the time of business processes, increasing the accuracy of calculations, and improving the quality of work performed. Digital transformation forms new forms of organizational, innovation and management activities, takes a leading position in the development of domestic industrial potential, new competitive advantages by improving business processes for knowledge and information management, increasing the number of technological innovations, and filling them with professional competencies.

Corporate digital transformation and labor structure upgrading