От платоновского анамнезиса к архитектонике философского знания: историко-философский статус реминисценции

The article explores the philosophical dimensions of Marcel Proust's novel “In Search of Lost Time” through the prism of the ideas of Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze and Paul Ricoeur. The main focus is on the analysis of anthropological aspects of memory, time, and subjective experience, which allow the text to be interpreted not only in literary terms but also from philosophical, hermeneutic, and semiotic perspectives. The article examines how Bergson’s concept of duration and his critique of linguistic means influenced the structure and aesthetics of Proust’s novel, which becomes a form of expression of inner time and the deep mechanisms of involuntary memory. Proust's poetics is analyzed as a kind of philosophical study of time, in which the literary text serves as an instrument of anthropological cognition. Deleuze's interpretation reveals the semiotic dimension of the novel, focusing on the ‘signs’ through which the path to truth unfolds: signs of secularity, love, sensuality, and art. The problem of the Other, another key aspect of the study, appears as an insoluble hermeneutical task, where the subject is constantly trying to decipher signs that remain ambiguous or deceptive. A separate analytical block is devoted to the interpretation of the novel according to Ricoeur, who focuses on the narrative and temporal constitution of experience. In the light of Ricoeur's hermeneutics, Proust's novel is seen as an act of reconstructing life history, where memory and fiction create a space for symbolic reinterpretation of the past. As a result, Proust's novel appears as a multilayered philosophical canvas, which is simultaneously an attempt to overcome the limitations of language, a tool for deciphering the signs of the Other, and an act of artistic comprehension of time. Accordingly, the work functions as an instrument of cognition - not only of the past, but also of the future, as a space of meaning-making through the sign structures of memory and experience.

IntroductionThe benefits of urban blue spaces in promoting health and well-being have been confirmed by a growing body of research. However, existing relevant studies mostly focus on objective proximity or accessibility and underestimate subjective experience and perception. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between subjective experience and perception of blue spaces and human health in inland urban public parks.MethodsTo fill this gap, we conducted a field survey of five selected urban-inland public parks with blue spaces in Xi’an, to examine the association of subjective experience of urban-inland blue spaces in parks in terms of their quality, attraction, facility, and management, as well as individual well-being, and to identify the mediating role of subjective perception indicators in terms of social interaction, environmental improvement, recreational activity, and emotional recovery in the relationship.ResultsThe study collected 429 valid samples through field surveys and questionnaires, and adopted structural equation modeling to further validate the relationship between subjective experiences and perceptions of urban-inland blue spaces in public parks and individual well-being. The results suggest a potential mediating pathway, and that the quality of urban-inland blue space in parks significantly contributes to well-being outcomes. In addition, indirect pathways have significant associations with outcome variables mainly through subjective perception indicators of pollution reduction and exercise activity.DiscussionAlthough this study employed a cross-sectional design and self-reported data, which may impose limitations on causal inference and introduce potential biases. The findings of the study emphasize the importance of the subjective experience and perception of urban-inland blue space in public parks, enriching the evidence on urban-inland blue space planning and public health policymaking.

Chapter 8 - When Being Good at Math Is Not Enough: How Students’ Beliefs About the Nature of Mathematics Impact Decisions to Pursue Optional Math Education

Upon performing a critical analysis of the current key general scientific methodology concepts in Russian and foreign literature, the following integrated concept could be suggested: scientific methodology is a form of scientific knowledge about scientific cognition principles, methods, means and processes as well is a form of development, organisation and implementation of such a cognition. The unity of both these forms constitutes the system of methodology knowledge or general methodology, which (along with science and philosophy) is the third fundamental form of consciousness. The book methodology has its own system of concepts, its own object, subject, structure and composition as well as its own place among other disciplines and its own clearly defined boundaries. All the above facts indicate that a new discipline is emerging in the book science. This discipline will have a vital role while obtaining new knowledge about the book, forming the book theory and developing the common book science. The methodological book cognition instrument is a system of intermingled book cognition principles, methods and means, which are also related with to levels of cognition. Cognition principles, as a high concept idea or cognition rules, show the directions, character, level and methods of the cognition process. The following principles can be classified according to cognition levels: principles of monitoring, reconstitution and integrity at the empirical level; principles of logical determination, systematicity, functionality and historicity at the theoretical level. The key elements of the methodological instrument of book cognition are methods. Methods are classified according to two levels – theoretical and empirical – of scientific cognition. Methods of the first level include visual inspection and empirical explanation, whereas the second level includes formal logical, systemic, functional, sociological, historical and other methods. Scientific methods of book cognition as elements of the methodological instrument are not a mere set of methods. They are a systemic formation predetermined by the system of cognition principles on the one hand, and on the other hand – by a system of elements, aspects and phenomena for the cognition of which these methods are designed. However, their efficiency can be ensured only through integration with book cognition means. All means of scientific cognition can be divided into three groups: 1) means designed for a specific aim; 2) production means designed for other purposes but used as means of cognition; 3) items or phenomena of the surrounding world, used for cognition. The system of book cognition principles, methods and means, harmonised in terms of hierarchy, structure and functions, constitutes a methodological book cognition instrument. The methodological book analysis comprises three procedures: construction of the cognition process, preparation and inclusion of the methodological instrument, and reception of knowledge about the book. The structure of the book methodological analysis (a scheme of the movement of cognition levels) can be general (based on general aims) and specific (based on a subject specific features). The general structure of the methodology of book analysis can serve as a model while developing special structures predetermined by the specificity of the subject under analysis.

Subjective thermal perception in stable and dynamic environments has been measured primarily by categorical rating scales. At present, there is an increasing use of visual analog scales (VAS) to assess whole body and body region thermal perceptions in laboratory and other thermal environments. The rationale behind the use of VAS is that individuals are more accurate in conveying their subjective experience if they are not forced to make ratings according to numbers or categories. Unipolar scales have the advantage of focusing on a single subjective perception, such as the amount of cold the subject experiences. With bipolar scales (e.g., cold to hot), the sensitivity in measuring the extent of a specific thermal experience may be diminished because the subject needs to make a discontinuous change from one thermal perception to another. The robust psychometric properties of VAS indicate their usefulness in measuring thermal experience. Unipolar VAS with a large equal interval scoring range will enable the investigator to measure small gradients of change in perceptual experience. However, the subjective perception of thermal status is not highly accurate at thermal extremes, and caution is needed in sole reliance on subjective report in these conditions.

Childbirth-related PTSD is generally believed to result from multiple factors, including negative objective and subjective experiences and patient predisposing factors. There is conflicting evidence regarding whether severe childbirth pain affects development of PTSD. We hypothesize that a woman's retrospective subjective appraisal of birth pain is a greater predictor of postpartum-onset PTSD than medically documented measures of pain, and that a positive subjective experience communicating with medical providers during labor also reduces risk for postpartum-onset PTSD. A sample of 112 women, who screened positive for psychopathology within a year postpartum, were interviewed probing for their subjective labor experiences. Interviews were coded for subjective labor pain perception and quality of provider communication. Regression analyses tested associations between subjective labor pain perception and quality of provider communication with postpartum PTSD. Pain scores recorded during labor were not significantly associated to probable PTSD at any recorded time point up to 12months postpartum. Positive perception of birth pain was associated with reduced risk of probable PTSD at 6weeks postpartum (aOR = 0.34, p = 0.03). Positive provider communication was associated with reduced risk of probable PTSD at 6months (aOR = 0.29, p = 0.02) and 12months (aOR = 0.2, p = 0.03) postpartum. Pain recorded during childbirth is not necessarily a negative experience leading to trauma. For some women, even severe pain may be seen positively, and lacks traumatizing elements. Interventions to positively shift women's childbirth pain appraisal and educate medical workforce in patient-provider communication may reduce rates of postpartum PTSD. ClinicalTrials.gov Indentifier: NCT03004872.

Visual expectations change subjective experience without changing performance.

How to study subjective experience in an animal model of blindsight?

A plethora of campaigns focuses on communicative practices, such as the use of public warnings in the form of advertisements, with the aim of informing smokers about the potential risks of starting and maintaining smoking. Conducted researches have shown the effectiveness of such campaigns on smoking cessation. The present survey examines the influence of threatening messages given to 150 smokers, who are students of Athens Panteion University, aged between 18 and 28, by estimating subjective risk perception, the intention to quit smoking within 30 days and within 6 months, and the disengagement beliefs. The participants were separated in two groups, the control group and the experimental group, in which they received a threatening message, and subsequently completed the questionnaire. The results indicated that smokers in the experimental group had higher subjective risk perception. In specific, those who were in the later stages of changing behaviour appeared to have a higher intention to quit smoking. The smokers' high adherence to disengagement beliefs reduced the risk perception, but there is a correlation between disengagement beliefs and groups related to this variable. The results suggest that threatening messages are an effective strategy for preventing and motivating people to quit smoking.Keywords: Sociology of health, risk perception, medical information, health campaigns.IntroductionHealth campaigns usually attempt to boost conscious-raising and motivation in order to change unhealthy behaviour patterns by issuing them with health warnings. This communicative attempt mostly pertains to exposing to fear and threatening messages, thus increasing smokers' subjective perception that something bad will happen (risk perception) and motivating them in adopting healthy behaviours, preventing themselves from future health risks (Lipksus, 2007: 696-713).It is also argued that the subjective experience of being at risk is conducive to altering smokers' health identities, especially in conditions that their vulnerability to health diseases has been statistically measured before (Gillespie, 2012: 194-207). It is noticeable that our analytical focus on behaviour and experience energetically synthesizes sociological and psychological concerns on a highly interdisciplinary research basis.In health sociology literature, the increase of smokers' risk perception and vulnerability can be arguably achieved by taking advantage of different types of threatening messages. Specifically, there is considerable evidence that graphic advertisements about the negative impact of smoking are effective and suitable in low and middle income countries, whilst media campaigns affect more economically advantaged populations (see for example Durkin et al., 2013; Niederdeppe et al., 2008).Last but not least, another course of action taken by various health campaigns is the increasing depiction of tobacco industry's action as seriously deceitful and exploitative (see Thrasher et al., 2006). This significantly conduces to preventing adolescents' smoking and raising highly their levels of concern, even on health risks regarded as being of less importance (Mart, 2012: 87-97).Actively cutting across disciplinary boundaries, the current sociological study uses (a) the Transtheoretical Model to carefully examine the effects of the stages of change and of the reception of threatening messages on risk perception and the intention of the smoking cessation, (b) the Health Action Process Approach Model (HAPA) to investigate the factors that intervene and increase the motives and intention, leading to action, and (c) the disengagement beliefs for the examination the (low or high) adherence to them, after the received warning message.Risk and Addiction in the Sociology of HealthOver the recent years, many sociological attempts have been made in order to define and describe the term risk, which, within contemporary culture, is a ubiquitous issue being stretched over a wide range of social activities and practices, such as national security, terrorism, food, smoking, drugs, safety, and so on. …

Purpose of the study: Physical Education, Sports, and Health are vital in developing elementary school students' fundamental motor skills. However, previous studies have often examined students' perceptions of physical education and motor skill development separately, overlooking how students' subjective experiences and attitudes toward Physical Education, Sports, and Health directly relate to measurable motor skill outcomes. Methodology: The research employed a quantitative survey involving 40 randomly selected 5th-grade elementary school students. Data were collected using a closed-ended Likert-scale questionnaire designed and validated for elementary students, measuring perceptions across six dimensions, and an observation checklist aligned with the national curriculum indicators to assess basic motor skills. Main Findings: The results showed that 75% of students reported high enjoyment of Physical Education lessons, and 65% actively participated in physical activities during class. Observations indicated that most students demonstrated strong locomotor and manipulative skills, though balance and coordination still required development. The analysis suggested that students who reported higher enjoyment and perceived benefits of Physical Education tended to show better motor skills, indicating a positive correlation between perception and skill development. Novelty/Originality of this study: The findings highlight the need for more inclusive and engaging Physical Education, Sports, and Health curricula that foster enjoyment and systematically develop under-emphasized skills like balance and coordination. This study contributes novel empirical evidence linking students' subjective perceptions with objective motor skill outcomes in Indonesian elementary education, an area largely overlooked in prior research.

Recent years have seen a rapid proliferation of game-based learning applied in language classes. Second language teaching and learning are being inspired by the increasingly mature game-based learning technology. Currently, educational games are regarded as a new technology with great potential. The game-based promotion of oral English has also become one of the research hotspots. This research carried out an empirical study on the subjective experiences and perceptions of using game-based second language learning to cultivate the oral English of Chinese college students. By using Unity 3D technology, "Digital Game-Virtual College" game software was developed for Chinese teenagers as the experimental carrier. Sixty-six freshmen majoring in review engineering at a university located in a first-tier city in southern China were invited as participants. Based on the courses "College English-Reading and Writing" and "College English-Listening, Viewing and Speaking," this research explored the game-based teaching of "Words Arena Contest" and "Words Talents," respectively. The analysis of the attitude and achievement data not only indicated the advantages and disadvantages of game-based learning, but also suggested the significant points in game-based learning software design. The results of tests and survey provide insight into the evaluation and reflection of the subjective experiences and perceptions of using digital game-based language learning. The results of this research can not only provide guidance for exploring the psychological contributors and barriers to game-based second language learning, but can also shed some light on and provide a reference for the design of game-based second language learning software.

With the advent of the modern transportation era, road design needs to emphasize landscape and recreational functions more than traditional safety functions. However, quantifying drivers’ subjective perceptions and the objective visual landscape characteristics that influence them remains challenging due to the subjectivity of landscape perception, and the limitation of data size and the complexity of environmental information capture. This paper aims to overcome these limitations, based on deep learning techniques to achieve high-precision automatic identification and rapid processing of spatial visual elements in the highway landscape. Based on supervised fully connected neural networks, the ELO scoring algorithm, and ArcGIS, it realizes the quantitative evaluation of subjective perception emotions and visual mapping representation. Furthermore, the paper integrates optimization algorithms with deep learning, employing a Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) enhanced XGBoost regression model to analyze the interplay between spatial features and subjective experiences. The model’s effectiveness is confirmed through comparative experiments and SHAP analysis, offering insights into the coupling of subjective and objective data. The research results provide theoretical methods and quantitative analysis tools for the digitalization and refinement of highway landscape design, and also help researchers and urban planners to understand the interaction between subjective perception and objective semantics, providing new ways and insights for highway landscape planning and design.

Medication nonadherence constitutes a major problem in adolescent psychiatry. Previous studies have identified various factors associated with nonadherent behavior. The aim of this study is to explore adolescents' health beliefs and subjective perceptions relating to psychotropic medication, and to statistically link these to reported medication adherence. The findings presented in this study are part of the multicenter SEMA study (Subjective Experience and Medication Adherence in Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders). Patients 12-18 years of age were included, who had been treated with a psychotropic medication for at least 2 weeks. The validated MARS (Medication Adherence Rating Scale) and the QATT (Questionnaire on Attitudes Toward Treatment) were used to measure adherence, and a qualitative semi-structured interview was conducted to examine patients' subjective experiences and perceptions. A conventional content analysis was conducted, and Fisher's exact tests were performed to analyze group differences between completely adherent and not completely adherent patients. A total of 64 patients were included in the study. 40.6% (n = 26) were classified as not completely adherent. Distribution patterns of answers to 7 out of 64 questions showed statistically significant group differences between completely and not completely adherent patients. Patients with lower adherence reported the following: feeling worse after taking medication; a lower sense of self-efficacy concerning the improvement of their symptoms; a less trustful physician-patient relationship; a worsened attitude toward medication after experiencing adverse events/"side effects"; less support from their relatives; and fewer individuals in their family who were fully informed about their condition. To our knowledge, this is the first interview-based study to investigate subjective experiences and health beliefs of adolescents with psychiatric disorders and to correlate these findings with rates of medication adherence. The study results will be useful for the development of tools and approaches to increase medication adherence, for example, psychoeducation programs and personalized treatment concepts.

Reaction times reflect subjective auditory perception of tone sequences in macaque monkeys

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend marketing knowledge into perceived risk in online transactions beyond the current positivistic, hypotheses‐driven research by providing qualitative insights into how individuals construct their accounts of perceived risk online. Additionally, the study reported in this paper aims to explore how communication sources influence both these subjective constructions and individuals' behavioural experiences with transaction activity on the web.Design/methodology/approachThe study was developed within a grounded theory method. Ten in‐depth interviews were conducted which were analysed using constant comparison of incidents procedures to provide rich descriptions of the interviewees' subjective perceptions and lived experiences with online transaction activity.FindingsThe findings provide insights into how the human element is present in individuals' perceptions and constructions of their accounts of the risk involved online. The findings also identify the influence of mass communication sources on the construction of these accounts. The study provides insights into whether change agent communication sources, such as marketers or web designers, influence consumers' behaviours towards online transaction activity through mediating their perceptions of the risks involved. The study also reveals how social communication networks influence the interviewees' decisions to use the web for transaction activities, in particular online purchasing, and how the group in this study might act as a communication source to influence others.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the findings cannot be generalised to the internet population overall, the sample used was able to provide relevant information regarding the phenomenon of interest. Future research should continue to examine perceived risk and the influence of communications sources, such as e‐mail, discussion groups and virtual communities.Originality/valueThe value of the paper lies in permitting the participants to account for perceived risk for themselves. The findings explore what this means at increasing levels of personal relevance and the influence of communication sources to create, sustain or mediate perceptions of this phenomenon.