Суицидологическая характеристика молодых женщин и мужчин с нервной булимией: систематический обзор

External project funds are essential for conducting research and establishing an academic career, and the funding application process itself can have numerous benefits for researchers. However, applying for external funding is a pervasive and time-consuming process affecting researchers’ capacity and workload. Further, the success rates of funding applications are low, ranging from 8% to 11% at the largest funding organs. Despite this, or arguably because of this, half of the researchers in higher education report experiencing higher institutional expectations and pressure to acquire external funds, rather than to generate high-quality research. There are also notable gender differences in the rates of external funding applications accepted by RCN, as around 63% of all accepted funding applications are for projects led by men. This gender distribution almost perfectly mirrors the gender distribution in submitted funding applications, as around 65% of all submitted applications are for projects led by men. Due to both this gender difference and the overall increasing relevance of external funding, it is important to investigate factors that might impact researchers’ motivation to apply for external funding and their capacity to do so, both overall, and by gender. Thus, this report from the Prestige Project aimed to investigate UiT employees’ attitudes regarding applying for external project funds and any potential gender differences. To do this, we conducted a survey that explored UiT employees’ attitudes around applying for external funding, as well as factors that may impact this. Specifically, we investigated researchers’ motivation for and against applying for further research, their capacity to do so, their perceived institutional support, and how much of their work versus personal time was spent working on external funding applications. We aimed to answer three main research questions: What are the main factors motivating researchers to (not) apply for external funding? 2 Does the motivation to (not) apply for external funding differ by gender? Are there gender differences in employees’ prioritisation and capacity to apply for external funding? Are there gender differences in employees’ perceived institutional support for applying for external funding? The findings indicated that overall, employees reported moderate levels of motivation to apply; motivation to not apply; capacity to apply; and institutional support to apply for external funding. There were found no gender differences in mean rates of reported motivation or capacity, but women reported slightly lower institutional support than men. However, when examining all statements from the survey separately, a tentative pattern emerged. As a slight tendency, women reported a higher level of agreement with some statements relating to facing greater adversity, and lower capacity and institutional support for external funding applications than men did. Moreover, men indicated a significantly higher agreement with some statements relating to having a higher capacity to apply for external funding than women. To help illustrate potential gender differences in employee responses to different statements, all survey statements were presented together with response distribution (ranging from Strongly agree to Strongly disagree) by gender. Maybe most saliently, the current findings also found that both men and women reported that around 40% of their work related to external funding applications is done in their personal time. The findings are discussed, and the report concludes by summarizing and highlighting the most notable findings.

PurposeThe authors provide firm-level evidence that external financing affects international trade in a way different from internal financing.Design/methodology/approachThe authors separate new entrants from incumbent exporters and investigate the roles of external and internal financing in export market participation and export quantity.FindingsThe authors find that external financing is of particular importance, as well as internal financing, in helping a firm become a new exporter. By contrast, external financing, unlike internal financing, is not significantly important for an incumbent exporter to stay in the international market. Regarding export quantity, a firm's internal financing is positively associated with more export quantity, whereas external financing is not.Originality/valueThe authors’ findings are consistent with the existence of significant fixed cost for entering the export market and external financing is particularly needed to cover such cost. Meanwhile, the financial need for maintaining the export status is much less and can be satisfied via internal financing.

This chapter analyses how the increasing external research project funding has affected the authority over research for managers and researchers in Nordic universities. Drawing on both the qualitative and quantitative data from the FINNUT project, the chapter uses institutional theory to investigate how authority relations between managers and researcher unfold by focusing on the themescontent,time, andpeople. For researchers, the increasing external funding has resulted in some reduction of the authority over research. However, researchers do employ a range of defence mechanisms in order to protect their research freedom. For managers, the results are ambiguous since, on the one hand, their authority over the content and direction of research in their units are limited due to external funding, while, on the other hand, the pressure in general to secure external funding has spurred abudget-maximisationlogic which has helped legitimise a range of managerial control techniques intended to pressure researchers to obtain more external funding.

Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University.

This study investigates the relationship between external financing and accrual earnings management (AEM). In examining this association, this study distinguishes external financing through debt and equity financing, which are more associated with AEM. In addition, this study also explores how audit quality moderates this relationship. This study employed a sample of non-financial companies from 2015 to 2019. We find that external financing is positively associated with AEM. This positive association is more pronounced with debt financing rather than equity financing. In addition, this study does not find that audit quality can mitigate AEM motivated by external and debt financing. Our results are robust after examining another EM measurement, real earnings management (REM).

Startup Product Development and Financing Decisions against a Market Incumbent

This study applies Stackelberg game theory to analyze and compare optimal operational strategies in four supply chain finance scenarios: traditional trade financing (TI), trade financing through the blockchain platform (BI), traditional external financing (TE), and external financing through the blockchain platform (BE). The main findings are as follows: First, the adoption of the blockchain platform reduces the interest rate threshold, making external financing more advantageous for retailers with higher capital constraint. Further, financing through the blockchain platform leads to higher wholesale prices, retail prices, and order quantities compared to traditional financing scenarios. Second, internal trade financing and the use of blockchain technology are preferred over external bank financing. However, conducting external bank financing through the blockchain platform yields greater profit growth for manufacturers and retailers. Accessing the blockchain platform is the optimal strategy for retailers and banks, leading to a favorable “multi-win” situation when the manufacturer’s platform fees are reasonable. Third, the manufacturer’s risk guarantee ratio plays a crucial role in determining the choice of financing mode, particularly when the retailer faces the risk of debt default. This study contributes to the literature by quantifying the impacts of blockchain technology deployment for three aspects that have been overlooked in previous studies: the set-up cost and access fee of the blockchain platform, the service level provided by the platform, and the demand increase resulting from blockchain technology adoption.

Purpose This study aims to determine how access to finance and more specifically access to internal, external and total finance impacts small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) innovation in Afghanistan. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on 404 SMEs; the data were collected by the World Bank enterprise survey between May 2013 and July 2013 in Afghanistan. This study uses a quantitative research design using logistic regression. The binary nature of the dependent variable required the use of ordered logistic regression and the analysis was done using STATA software. Findings The empirical results show that internal finance significantly impacts the innovation of firms, but external finance does not impact it significantly because most SMEs do not have access to bank loans due to too much administrative work and high collateral requirements, the second reason is the religious belief of society, which interest rate is prohibited in Islam, most of the firms usually do not issue loans from the financial institution which give loan on interest base. Even the collateral requirements variable has been omitted due to the small number of observations. The study found that older firms and those with research and development are more engaged in innovation activities. The city-wise result showed that external, internal and total finance significantly impact firms’ innovation in Herat city; firms are more innovative in this city. Access to external and total finance significantly impacts the innovation of SMEs in Kabul. Originality/value The research findings have important policy implications for achieving SME’s innovation, by facilitating SMEs’ access to finance sources. What brings innovation in developing and underdeveloped countries, especially in Afghanistan due to data limitation, the World Bank enterprise survey data gave has this opportunity.

A growing number of health systems are establishing learning health system (LHS) programs, where research focuses on rapidly improving the health system's internal operations and performance. The authors examine funding challenges facing such initiatives and identify strategies for managing tensions between reliance on external research funding and directly contributing to improvement and learning within the researchers' own system. Qualitative case studies of LHS research programs in 5 health systems were performed via 38 semistructured interviews (October 2019-April 2021) with 35 diverse respondents. Inductive and deductive rapid qualitative analysis supported interview, system-level, and cross-system summaries and analysis. External funding awards to LHS researchers facilitated some internal improvement and learning, scientific advancements, and the reputation of researchers and their systems, but reliance on external funding also challenged researchers' responsiveness to concerns of system leaders, managers, practitioners, and system needs. Gaps between external funding requirements and internally focused projects arose in objectives, practical applicability, audiences, timetables, routines, skill sets, and researchers' careers. To contribute more directly to system improvement, LHS researchers needed to collaborate with clinicians and other nonresearchers and pivot between long research studies and shorter, dynamic improvement, evaluation, and data analysis projects. With support from system executives, LHS program leaders employed several strategies to enhance researchers' internal contributions. They aligned funded-research topics with long-term system needs, obtained internal funding for implementing and sustaining practice change, and diversified funding sources. To foster LHS research contributions to internal system learning and improvement, LHS program leaders need to manage tensions between concentrating on externally funded research and fulfilling their mission of providing research-based services to their own system. Health system executives can support LHS programs by setting clear goals for them; appropriately staffing, budgeting, and incentivizing LHS researchers; and developing supportive, system-wide teamwork, skill development programs, and data infrastructures.

Although ‘research income’ is one of the most common indicators for assessing research quality, its validity has never been systematically investigated. The conditions under which Australian and German physicists obtain external funding were analysed in a comparative qualitative study. The study demonstrates that success in obtaining external funding is only partly related to the quality of researchers and their proposals. Therefore, the validity of a straightforward counting of external funding must be assumed to be low. A comparison of external funding with citation indicators shows ways to improve the validity of indicators based on external funding. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.

Background: Use of contraceptives improves individual and national health outcomes and indices as it prevents maternal mortality and morbidity, child mortality, incidence of sexually transmitted infections and retains adolescents and young girls in school with improvement in the economic earning power. Contraceptive Logistics is the supply of contraceptives in the right quantity and quality at the right place at the right time for the right cost to the right people. The Contraceptive Logistics Management System in Nigeria stipulates that to ensure uninterrupted product availability and minimal stock out, Family Planning Service Delivery Points (SDPs) are to be re-supplied on a bi-monthly basis to bring their stock level to a maximum of 4 months of stock at any given time. Method: A retrospective analysis of the impacts of the three logistic models operational in six southern states in Nigeria under the auspice of UNFPA funded family planning logistics supply chain. Three outcomes of interest used to assess the impacts were stock out rates, gaps in supply and proportion of new users of contraceptives. The three models of family planning logistics reviewed were direct government last mile distribution with external funding, direct government last mile distribution without external funding and a third party private logistic company last mile distribution Result: The stock out rates for the direct government logistics with external funding was 6-20%, the direct government logistics last mile distribution (LMD) without external funding had a stock out rate of 20-58% and the private logistic company last mile distribution had a stock out rate of 10-30%. In terms of the gap in supply, the supply gap with the direct government LMD with external funding model was 48%, while the direct government LMD with no external funding model had a supply gap of 73% and the private company LMD logistics model had a low supply gap of 28%. The proportion of FP users who were new users was 19% in the direct government LMD with external funding, 8% in direct government LMD without external funding, and 16% in private logistic company LMD. Discussion: Direct government last mile distribution (LMD) with external funding reached the highest number of new FP users followed by private logistic company LMD and therefore contributed the greatest to the reduction of unmet need in family planning and increasing the contraceptive prevalence rates. The highest stock out rate of contraceptives was associated with direct government LMD without external funding and the least stock out rate was associated with same direct government LMD but with external funding. The greatest gap in supply of contraceptives was seen with direct government LMD without external funding followed by direct government LMD with external funding. Private company LMD had the least supply gap in contraceptives.

The Effect of Foreign Currency Hedging on External Financing

Purpose: The study investigates the effect of implementation capacity on the relationship between the internal, external and PPP infrastructure financing methods and the success of public capital projects in Kenya. Materials and Methods: Using positivistic approach, the study adopted descriptive cross-sectional design to analyze data from high-impact infrastructure projects in the roads, energy, and water & sanitation sectors under Kenya’s Medium-Term Plans (MTP I and MTP II). A sample of 313 projects were purposively and randomly selected covering the three types of infrastructure projects and ensuring representation across all regions of the country from projects developed in the three sectors over the 10 year period. A response rate of 260 high-impact infrastructure projects (representing 83%) was achieved with secondary data on cost and time overruns, for each of the three identified infrastructure financing methods analyzed using ratio scale, and primary data collected from the project managers' perceptions of implementation capacity using Likert Scale of 1 to 5 where 1 was the lowest and 5 was the highest. Findings: The study findings show that the effect of implementation capacity on the relationship between internal financing and success of public capital project in terms of costs overrun was negative; for external infrastructure financing positive; and for PPP financing negative. In the case of time overruns the effect on internal infrastructure financing was positive; for external financing the effect was negative; and on PPP infrastructure financing the effect was negative. The study also notes that out of the four factors explaining the implementation capacity, payment to the contractors exhibits the highest risk. Unique Contribution to Theory Practice and Policy: The study recommended that the government prioritize external financing over internal financing; strengthen implementation capacity by improving the payment to contractors; and further study be made on PPP financing once more capital projects are developed using this mode of financing.

Who Wants it and Who Gets it? A Dynamic Perspective on the Supply-Demand Nexus of External Innovation Finance

Real investment in Poland declined from 1990 to 1993, and has only slowly since recovered, while real credit decreased for a number of years. Has declining credit adversely affected investment? Controlling for industry and time fixed effect, and using dynamic panel data techniques, I estimate an investment model, which includes external and internal finance as investment determinants. The results suggest that internal and external finance are positively related to investment. Thus, industries seem to operate under hard budget constraints. Also, internal finance is more important than external finance in determining investment, thus indicating that credit rationing occurs. Finally, the effects of external finance are slightly greater among durable goods producing industries than among non-durable goods producing industries.