Корпоративные интересы городских обитателей Прикамья по материалам центральных и местных учреждений XVIII века

With the continuous acceleration of urbanization, the link between the level of urban community governance and the well-being of residents is becoming closer, and the unique position and function of urban community governance in the process of urbanization and modernization are becoming more and more prominent. This study establishes the mediation effect and moderating effect models based on the behaviors of multiple subjects participating in community governance, and proposes the testing methods of the two effect models for urban community governance. On this basis, the urban governance operation model and organizational structure are constructed based on the collaborative governance of multiple subjects. Through empirical analysis, in the analysis of the mediation model of urban governance, the coefficients of determination R² are 0.62, 0.71 and 0.75, respectively, and in the analysis of the moderating effect model, the coefficients of determination R² are 0.55, 0.518 and 0.553, respectively. After community governance, the scores of urban community’s satisfaction with public services, sense of well-being, social support, sense of belonging to the community, motivation for public services and sense of political efficacy of the community are all greater than 4 points. The scores of the six aspects are all greater than 4. The urban governance model in this paper has significant effects and provides an effective method for improving the effectiveness of urban community governance.

The community is the basic unit of primary-level social governance, and the transformation of community governance practices in the urban-rural dual field to an integrated path is a key measure to promote the modernization of urban and rural primary-level social governance systems and governance capabilities. China's urban communities are characterized by rich basic resources but lack of endogenous power, and rural communities are generally in the initial stage of construction but have a solid cultural consensus. Based on the Functional Course Theory, this study analyzes the differences in the development of urban and rural community governance in China and reveals that the disconnection of institutional systems, lack of interaction between organizations, and disjointed governance models are the reasons for the large differences in the development paths of urban and rural community governance. Institutional interdependence, structural complementarity, and method of mutual learning are the footholds of the integrated development path of urban and rural community governance. In the context of urban-rural integration, it is necessary to coordinate urban and rural community governance and promote community governance innovation through urban-rural social interaction, gradually narrow the gap in community governance paths, and promote the integration of urban and rural social governance.

To investigate differences in sleeping behaviours in school-age children between urban and rural Chinese communities. Children aged between 6 and 12 years old were selected from rural (n= 472) and urban communities (n= 576). Children's sleep habits questionnaire was completed by the parents to assess sleep patterns and sleep problems of the children. In the 6-8 and 9-12 years groups, the average sleep time in urban children was shorter than in the children from rural areas (9.0 +/- 1.1 vs. 11.3 +/- 1.1 h, and 9.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.2 +/- 0.9 h, respectively, all P < 0.01). The rate of abnormal sleep behaviour in the urban and rural cohort was 82.8 and 70.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of sleep delays in the 6- to 8-year-old children from urban areas was higher than in the rural areas (60.3 vs. 40.3%, P < 0.01). In the urban 9-12 years group, the rate of day-time sleepiness was higher than in the rural group (52.6 vs. 26.8%, P < 0.01), whereas the night waking rate was lower (43.8 vs. 58.6%, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the location of the residence, mother's age, parent's sleep habits and education levels predict the sleeping problems in these children. Children from urban communities appear to have sleeping problems than children from a rural setting. A parent's sleep habits, education levels and the location of children's residence have significant impact on the children's sleep behaviour and habits.

Intelligent vs. Cultural: Research on the path to improve the resilience of urban and rural community governance based on the AHP-FCE model

For the success of sustainable tourism, it is important to know residents’ perceptions and attitudes toward tourism under its influences. Relevant research enjoys an enduring popularity in sustainable tourism research. It has long been recognized that tourism has complex impacts in economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects which could greatly influence local residents’ life. With its quick development worldwide, tourism has gained recognition more than serving as an economic driver. In many developing countries and regions, tourism has been closely associated with some socio-economic development issues such as quality of life improvement, poverty alleviation and women’s empowerment. Hence, research on local residents’ perceptions of tourism’s effects related with these issues would make some certain contributions to tourism literature of this traditionally important research field. This study was conducted to observe rural residents’ perceptions and attitudes toward tourism under special consideration of socio-economic sustainability issues using a case study in China. Information of research interest was collected with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. A questionnaire survey was operated with a sample size of 450 respondents from 10 rural communities in the city of Guilin (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region). Various influences of tourism concerning the local tourism setting were investigated from the perspective of the local residents. Furthermore, the study also tried to theoretically develop and empirically test a set of structural equation models which integrate some development effects of tourism as potential benefits into the residents’ perception-attitude models based on social exchange theory. The results of the study show that the increase of residents’ perceptions of tourism’s beneficiary effects could significantly positively influence their supportive attitudes toward tourism. Additionally, the beneficiary effects perceptions are influenced by various tourism impact perceptions and possibly by some relevant perceptions of facilitating policy implementation. Regarding practical policy and managerial implications, the research results suggest that the interests of local communities should be taken as a priority in government’s work. Efforts should be made to realize potential benefits tourism could bring, so as to gain more residents’ support to tourism development. Residents still expect that the government could play strong facilitating roles in various aspects in the local tourism development as the public sector. However, what to be noted is that local residents as one of the most important local stakeholders should not be excluded from various tourism benefits which need to be strengthened through political support. The government should play more leading roles in facilitating the realization of more tourism’s benefits and gradually enhance local communities’ roles in local tourism development through various effective measures. Regarding theoretical implications, the study provides empirical and statistical evidence for the application of social exchange theory as a theoretical framework explaining residents’ perceptions and attitudes toward tourism development. It is hoped that the practical policy and managerial implications, as well as the theoretical implications drawn from the current study could help the policy makers, tourism managers and tourism researchers make progress in their work for enhancing sustainable tourism development.

The article is devoted to an urgent scientific and practical problem of city management modern concept formation in a context of public authority modern norms implementation. In the Russian Federation, concept and practices of public authority have been developing since the early 1990s. They received their final legalization in the early 2020s. A system of self-government is turning into the “lower floor” of state power. This political decision carries both undoubted pluses and some minuses. As a prerequisite, it is assumed that the population influence will increase in the development of the city's development policy. It is expected not just to take into account the opinion of the citizens, but to recognize the preferences of the population as priority tasks for the activities of the authorities. The public policy of city management involves the implementation of the so-called norms of advanced development. These include: taking into account the real potential of the totality of material and social resources; orientation to the application of the most progressive, advanced methods of solving urgent problems to create favorable living conditions for citizens; use of authoritative public expertise of strategic decisions; professionalism of managers at the level of world standards; timely development and use of the best technologies for solving management problems; adequate and timely resolution of potential conflicts in the interaction of local authorities and citizens. Modern public policy of urban management is increasingly turning to the “smart city” concept. The practice of digitalization is now becoming its important component. However, now in Russia it is justified to talk about the introduction of public policy of managing a “smart city” only in relation to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Kazan and Krasnoyarsk.

The purpose is to conform to the development of the times and study a new way of urban community network governance. First, the ways of governance, social governance, urban community governance, and urban community network governance are discussed. Next, the intelligent sensor function of Internet of things (IoT) technology is applied to realize the communication between IoT and urban community network governance. An urban community network governance system based on an intelligent sensor network is established. The system combines Kalman filtering to realize the dynamic monitoring of the mobile Application (APP) of the urban community residents and can update and process the collected information in real time. Finally, a survey is conducted on the satisfaction of residents of a community in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, in 2019 on community network governance under the IoT. The efficiency and ability of urban community network governance under different network modes are compared and analyzed. The results show that the community has improved the needs of community residents through IoT network governance in multiple aspects, but the community service level of culture is not high. The community needs to strengthen the network publicity of community culture to improve the cultural level of the community. Meanwhile, in urban community governance, the comprehensive governance ability of the network governance model under network organization management is the highest, with an average of 50.93%. It shows that the established system is beneficial to the construction of urban community network governance. This exploration provides the direction for the IoT urban community network governance and constructs the urban community network governance system based on the intelligent sensor network.

Village government is the administration of government affairs and the interests of the local community in the government system of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. The birth of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning villages has provided independence to regulate and manage affairs in accordance with the interests of the local community. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the authority of the village head as the holder of authority over village financial management is in accordance with the principles of good governance. This research is expected to be able to provide understanding to the community so that the authority of the village head given by the law is not misused. So that village governance still refers to the principle of good governance. The method used is juridical normative, descriptive anaistic research specifications, data collection methods with qualitative analysis. The results showed that the authority of financial management authority granted by the Law means the highest authority giving so that it blocks other participation in the village governance system. The highest authority is also not aligned with a good governance system which includes transparency, accountability, responsiveness, and participation.

With China’s economic development from high growth to high-quality development, urbanization from 1.0 to 2.0, urban development from incremental construction to stock quality improvement and incremental structural adjustment, the focus of urban governance has also shifted from economic development to urban modernization. The modernization of urban governance is an important aspect of the country’s governance system and capabilities. Under the background of accelerating urbanization process and the continuous emergence of urban diseases, the topic of how to promote the modernization of urban governance has attracted wide attention. Based on this, this paper from the perspective of urban governance modernization, combined with the advantages of city brain in urban governance, explore the difficulties and pain points in urban governance, and further analyze how from urban governance concept, multi-city governance, and urban governance digitalization to improve the level of urban governance,drive the digital, intelligent, and modern development of urban governance.KeywordsModernization of urban governanceHaidian city brainUrban governance community

By examining the community-focused informatics work of Transparent Chennai (TC) (India) we seek to contrast the Smart Cities agenda — with its focus on the consumption and commercialization of digital technologies and infrastructure — to citizen-driven approaches, what we term, Smart Citizenship. A Smart Citizenship approach engages citizens in complementary digitally mediated and face-to-face processes that respect local knowledge systems. We devise a framework for understanding Smart Citizenship and link this to our case study of Transparent Chennai. Our research identifies how information and communication technologies (ICTs) can serve to spotlight overlooked or undervalued urban infrastructural, planning and environmental issues — such as the need for access to safe and clean public toilets; road safety and pro-pedestrian planning. We conclude by suggesting that a locally grounded Smart Citizenship agenda can reprioritize the needs and interests of local communities and neighbourhoods in urban governance, rather than those of exclusivist private commercial interests.

Статья посвящена выявлению особенностей барокко в архитектуре на территории Верхнекамья. Авторы предлага­ют рассматривать регион как отдельный ареал с присущими особенностями. Пристальное внимание уделено Усольскому и Чердынскому районам Пермского края, поскольку (в отли­чие от аналогичных объектов в центральной России) история строительства и особенности декора барочных памятников архитектуры указанного ареала недостаточно изучены. Де­тальный анализ истории строительства храмовых построек городов Усолья, Чердыни, посёлка Ныробы позволил вы­явить типичные черты в их пространственной композиции и особенности декоративных элементов, которые позволяют считать архитектуру Верхнекамья отдельным ответвлением барокко. На формирование стилистики барокко в Прикамье оказали влияние местные зодческие традиции, мастерство пришлых артельных мастеров и культурные предпочтения заказчиков храмов. Удалённость от столицы позволила задержаться стилю и продолжить развитие, несмотря на официальный переход к классицизму, хотя стилистиче­ские особенности Москвы и Петербурга находят отклики и в провинциальной архитектуре. Региональные черты особенно ярко проявляются в постройках, возведённых местными артелями каменщиков. Строгановские постройки в Верхнекамье некорректно выделять в отдельный стиль, поскольку их объединяет лишь фамилия заказчиков, а не общность стилистических приёмов и декор фасадов. К общим региональным чертам рассмотренных в настоящей статье памятников архитектуры можем отнести следующие декоративные элементы: жучковый орнамент, кубические пояски, зубчатый карниз из лекального кирпича. Среди объёмно-пространственных решений наиболее характерным было соседство богато декорированных храмов с отдельно стоящими предельно аскетичными колокольнями.

This paper presents to the reader’s attention a unique case of a local “messianic” prophecy which combines features of folk religious movements and principles of functioning of the bureaucratic machine. The manuscripts of civil servant and merchant Adrian Pushkin, who lived in the 19th century in the city of Perm (Kama region, West-ern Ural), are considered as a variation of development of popular religion which includes a messianic-apocalyptic narrative. This places the provincial clerk closely to founders of the alternative to the official Orthodox discourse movements in the Russian Empire, as well as new religious movements of the later period. The aim of this paper is to determine the place and the role of Pushkin’s revelation in the religious space of that historical period. The main sources of the research are local archival documents which include business correspondence, personal letters, photographs, also documents related to Pushkin’s psychiatric examination and his subsequent expulsion to the Solovetsky Monastery, letters and family photos of the “prophet”, and service notes. The research method is based on the phenomenological approach with elements of hermeneutical analysis. The new revelation was founded on biblical text well known to the Perm messiah, and its content was provided by the social and historical context. The targeted audience for the new prophet was the middle strata of the society, comfortable for him. The preferred way of communication involved the tools of the bureaucratic system of pre-revolutionary Russia. The development of the new interpretation of Christian teaching was based on individual choice of the revelator and mediated by already initiated processes of secularization of public life. Traditional narratives and imagery of the sacred books of the Orthodox tradition were placed by the messiah-bureaucrat in the context of local space of the region and the country, and were interpreted through realities of personal life. Open criticism of the official Church was combined with a complex of mythological ideas. The main accents of the prophetic text were apocalyptic and chiliastic, related to the personal and professional crisis experienced by the author. The latter was triggered by the abolition of serfdom and destruction of the habitual environment and self-realization system. The style and con-tent of Pushkin’s text represent a mixture of theological concepts and elements of folk narratives based on the biblical tradition. As a result of the textual development, the signature myth was formed, rooted formally in Chris-tian dogmas and associated with folk religious culture.

The article addresses the problem of mastering the anthropological approach and the biographical method in studying the events of early Soviet history. This research aimed to reconstruct the life path of a member of the Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet (Tsentrobalt), one of the leaders of the Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists Pavel Agafangelovich Krasnopyorov, who was born in Sarapul Prikamye. The study relies on official documents, periodical press of the Russian Civil War period, sources of private origin, including protocols of the Red Guards and Red Partisans committees, publication in such Soviet, Red Army and party newspapers as Volya, Truzhenik and Borba, memoirs of Krasnopyorov’s wife A.D. Krasnopyorova-Egorova-Zamytskaya, memoirs of prisoners of the Death Barges P.M. Nevler and A. Ralnikovs and others. Many of sources were first introduced into scientific discourse. The materials and conclusions were compared with historiographic results obtained by other authors. The analysis of historical evidence revealed how Krasnopyorov, who was born in a poor peasant family in the village Chernovo in Arzamastsevsky volost, Sarapul uyezd, Vyatka governorate, Russian Empire, rose to become a statesperson and a party leader at the regional level. Commissioned by Tsentrobalt and Petrosoviet, he actively contributed to the establishment of Soviet power in the Kama region and was killed by his enemies during the Izhevsk-Votkinsk Uprising in October 1918. The findings can be useful for those who study biographies of historical figures of the same period, helping to understand and evaluate their place and role in the socio-political process without bias.

Currently, urban and rural communities have become the new focus of social governance in China; however, the existing standards for urban and rural community governance cannot meet the new demand for governance modernization, and thus a new standards system is required. This study aims to research the development strategy of an urban and rural community governance standards system. In this article, we analyze the demand for standardizing urban and rural community governance in China, summarize the development status of standards systems related to urban and rural community governance in China and abroad, and explore the problems in the standardization in China. Moreover, we propose a preliminary framework and key directions for the standards system, covering general standards, community infrastructure, community information platform, community autonomy, community management, and community service. Considering the focus and weaknesses of urban and rural community governance in the new era, we propose several suggestions from five aspects: Top-level design, pilot demonstration, multi-party participation, overall urban–rural planning, and personnel training.

The purpose of the article is the analysis of the main parts of the state protecting politics over the process of the coins and banknotes counterfeiting in Russian Empire. Research methods: analytical, synthetic, logical, retrospective, mathematical and illustrative. Main results. The article reveals the processes of coins and banknote counterfeiting in the Russian Empire referred to the material from state historical archives, official government laws and pre-Soviet periodicals (newspapers). The authors paid main attention to the question of state policy against money counterfeiting that includes legislative analyses of that time, in particular Conclusion of Criminal Punishment and Penitentiary, issues of 1845s and 1866s, Monetary Statute, issue of 1857 as well as nominal imperial edicts, regulations and manifestos of Senate as to forgery counteractions and coins protection, published in Complete Edition of Collected Laws in the Russian Empire. Practical significance. The material presented in the article will allow a thorough analysis of the aspect of counterfeiting money in Ukraine in the imperial period. Originality. The corpus of analyzed sources allowed us to form conclusions as to efficiency state in fighting politics against money forgery in Russian Empire in the 19th and the beginning of 20th century. The perspective of the further research we see in the widening of sources base that will help us to conduct deeper aspect analyses on money forgery in Ukraine as part of Russian Empire. Scientific novelty. The basic constituents of public policy are considered in relation to a fight against forgery counteractions, which is population informing of imitations appearance with the list of their signs; implementation of investigation features based upon population encouragement to the malefactors’ exposure; state expert assessment implementation of suspicious and forged money extracted during the investigation; legal procedure and punishment for committed crimes in money and banknotes counterfeiting; in investigation cases of State Archives Fund some unknown before facts within state fight against money counterfeiting have been found and a new stamp on physical evidence has been implemented into the scientific circulation, the absence reasons for money and loan-bills forgery in the Fund of State Museums have been estimated. The research is based upon unknown sources, most of which have been implemented into the scientific circulation for the first time. Analyses of legislative system of that time against money forgery, peculiarities of investigation, trial and sentence helped us to find out some misconceptions in factual decisions from those, fixed in laws and layouts. Article type: analytical.