ارزیابی تنوع زیستی علفهایهرز در بومنظامهای زراعی ارگانیک و پرنهاده برنج (Oryza sativa L.)

بمنظور بررسی تأثیر نظامهای زراعی با نهاده های مختلف بر تنوع، ترکیب و تراکم علف‌های‌هرز در ذرت (Zea mays L.) آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 88-1387 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سه نظام زراعی کم نهاده، متوسط نهاده و پرنهاده بودند. نظام کم نهاده با 30 تن کود دامی و نظام کم نهاده با 30 تن کمپوست، بدون عملیات آماده سازی زمین و وجین دستی، نظام متوسط نهاده شامل 15 تن در هکتار کمپوست، 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره، دو مرتبه عملیات آماده سازی زمین و علفکش توفوردی (در مرحله پنج برگی ذرت، به میزان 5/1 لیتر در هکتار) و یک مرتبه وجین دستی و نظام پرنهاده شامل 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره، چهار مرتبه عملیات آماده سازی زمین و پاراکوات (بعد از کاشت، به میزان 2 لیتر در هکتار) و توفوردی (در مرحله پنج برگی ذرت، به میزان 5/1 لیتر در هکتار) بودند کود دامی پوسیده و کمپوست در زمان کاشت و کود شیمیایی 25 روز پس از کاشت (اوره به میزان 150 و 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار به ترتیب برای نظامهای متوسط نهاده و پرنهاده) به خاک افزوده شد. نمونه برداری از جمعیت علف‌های‌هرز در سه مرحله ابتدا، وسط و انتهای فصل رشد انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که در بین تیمارهای مختلف مدیریت نظام زراعی، تاجریزی سیاه (Solanum nigrum) با دامنه 00/75-09/9 درصد بیشترین فراوانی نسبی را نسبت به سایر گونه های علف هرز داشت. نظام کم نهاده بر پایه کود دامی بیشترین تعداد گونه علف هرز را به خود اختصاص داد. اثر مدیریت نظامهای زراعی بر وزن خشک و شاخصهای تنوع علف‌های‌هرز معنی دار بود. بیشترین و کمترین وزن خشک علف‌های‌هرز به ترتیب در نظام کم نهاده بر پایه کود دامی و نظام پرنهاده مشاهده شد. در مرحله اول، دوم و سوم نمونه برداری، بیشترین شاخص تنوع مارگالف در نظام کم نهاده بر پایه کود دامی (به ترتیب با 3/5، 4/5 و 3/3) و کمترین میزان آن در نظام پرنهاده (به ترتیب با 8/0، 3/2 و 6/2) به‌دست آمد. بیشترین میزان شاخص تنوع شانون در مرحله اول، دوم و سوم نمونه برداری در نظام کم نهاده بر پایه کود دامی (بترتیب با 5/0، 7/0 و 6/0) و کمترین آن در نظام پرنهاده (به ترتیب با 1/0، 4/0 و 3/0) حاصل شد. دلیل کاهش تعداد و وزن خشک علف‌های‌هرز در نظام پرنهاده در مقایسه با سایر نظامها بدلیل کنترل شیمیایی آنها در طی فصل رشد و اعمال سیستمهای خاکورزی فشرده و تراکم بالای ذرت بود.

To study weed species diversity and community structure in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) orchards in 33 orchards of 12 villages an investigation was conducted in Bardaskan County, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran during 2008-2009. Weed population sampling was conducted in a w shape method using 1m² quadrate. The results showed that the weeds of pistachio orchards were belonging to 15 families and 44 species. dicotyledons (31 species) were more than monocotyledons (13 species). Such as in this community, weed species of C3, C4, annual and perennial were 26, 18, 28 and 13, respectively. The majority of weed species were belonging to the plant families of chenopodiceae (9 species) and poaceae (12 species) amongst dicotyledons and monocotyledons, respectively. the most important species of monocotyledon annual weeds were including Echinochloa crus-gali, Digitaria sanguinlis, Setaria viridis and perennial weeds were including Cyperus routundus, Cynodon dactylon and convolvulus arvensis. Weed species were grouped in seven clusters for density average, frequency and uniformity (similarity 75 percent) whereas in eight clusters for relative density average, relative frequency and relative uniformity (similarity 75 percent). Amplitude changes of Shannon-winter diversity index were between 2.3 and 0.16 and of Simpson dominant index were between 0.97 and 0.17. The difference among indices of biodiversity and dominant clusters were relative to scale and type of management practices.

The influence of different cropping systems on the soil weed seed bank after the first crop rotation within a five-field crop rotation (barley undersown with red clover, red clover, winter wheat, pea, potato) in three organic (Org) and in two conventional (Conv) cropping systems was investigated. In organic systems Org I and Org II cover crops were incorporated as a source of nutrient inputs to the soil and in Org II composted cattle manure was also applied. The Org 0 acted as the organic control system without cover crops and manure. The two conventional cropping systems were treated with herbicides and fungicides and differed in fertilizer application (i.e. Conv I no fertilizer use (as control) and Conv II mineral fertilizer use). In general, the lowest number of annual weed seeds was found in system Conv I, the highest in Conv II. In organic systems with cover crops (Org I, II) there was a strong tendency for decreased weed seed numbers and increased biodiversity. The highest values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef richness index were in Org II system. In all systems the most abundant species in weed seed banks were Chenopodium album L. and Viola arvensis Murr.

Introduction Weeds deprive the crop plants from limited available nutrients, space, light, and moisture. Hence, the physiological activities and growth of crops are negatively affected in the presence of weeds. Ultimately, poor crop productivity is the result of weed-crop competition. Allelopathy is primarily based on the ability of certain plant species to produce secondary chemical compounds, which exert some sorts of biological ef fects on other organisms (Waller, 2004). It is biochemical interaction between individuals and ecological communities systems. Allelopathic compounds are released into the soil through root exudation, leaching by dews and rains, volatilization and decaying different plant tissues in soil (Rice, 1984). The transport of allelochemicals to target weed species is facilitated by microorganisms. Allelochemicals also, promote the activities of soil microbes, which pose a positive effect on crop plants. In many cases, these compounds inhibit the germination or growth of neighboring plants (Ebana et al., 1981) and affect plant populations (Chase et al., 1991). Sunflower contains water-soluble allelochemicals that inhibit the germination and growth of other species (Sadeghi et al., 2010), and could be used in weed management programs. Orooji et al. (2008) evaluated allelopathic potential of sunflower on redroot pigweed and common lambsquarter in the laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Ashrafi et al. (2008b) studied the allelopathic effects of sunflower on germination and growth of wild barley. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important legume worldwide. It is predominantly grown as a post-rainy season crop on conserved soil moisture and experiences progressive terminal drought stress with varying intensity. Chickpea is a weak competitor against weeds and availability of post–emergence herbicides particularly against broad-leaf weeds is limited (Solh & Palk, 1990). Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of sunflower residue levels on population, density, dry weight and diversity of weeds and yield components, biological yield and grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad during 2013. Treatments included application of zero, 625, 1250, 1875 and 2500 kg.ha-1 sunflower residues. Traits such as density, dry weight and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of weeds at two sampling stages, height of main stem, distance of first pod to soil surface, number of branches, pods and 100-seed weight, biological yield and grain yield of chickpea were measured. Results and Discussion The results indicated that 14 weed species belong to 10 families were observed at two sampling stages. Poaceae was the most dominant family amongst these. The effect of sunflower residue levels was significant (p≤0.01) on weed density and dry weight and Shannon-Wiener diversity index at two sampling stages. Increasing the residue level considerably declined the density and dry weight of weeds. At the first and second sampling stages, the lowest Shannon-Wiener index was recorded at 2500 kg sunflower residue ha-1 with 0.2 and 0.03, respectively. Moreover, growth characteristics, yield components and yield of chickpea were significantly affected by sunflower residue levels (p≤0.01). The maximum biological yield and grain yield were observed in 2500 kg.ha-1 sunflower residue with 237.9 and 97.2 kg.ha-1, respectively. It seems that the application of increased residue levels of sunflower through decreasing weed growth and improvement of soil characteristics has resulted in an enhanced growth and yield of chickpea. So, in order to achieve the principles of sustainable agriculture, the application of sunflower residues could be considered for weed control and yield enhancement of chickpea as an important and valuable legume. Conclusions Allelopathic crops express their allelopathic activity through exudation of allelochemicals. Growing allelopathic crop may become an important way to suppress weeds, especially So the use of allelopathic plant residues as mulches are important ways that can be practiced for economical, environment friendly weed management in agricultural systems. The allelopathic potential of crops is desired to be strengthened using conventional and modern plant breeding techniques.

Herbicidal effects and crop selectivity of aqueous leaf extracts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) were evaluated against several weed species for developing sustainable weed management in organic farming. Aqueous sorghum leaf extracts were highly phytotoxic to different weed species. No broadleaf weeds were germinated in the concentration of 5 fold or higher concentrated sorghum leaf extracts and 90% of seed germination was inhibited within that range in grass species. Sorghum leaf extracts strongly inhibited the growth of different weeds by pre-emergence and foliar applications in greenhouse condition. Foliar application of sorghum leaf extracts had a higher inhibitory effect than the pre-emergence application. Broadleaf weed species were more susceptible than grasses to the application of sorghum leaf extract in foliar applications than grasses. Galium spurium, Erigeron candensis, and Rumex japonicus were completely killed at the highest concentrated sorghum leaf extract both in pre-emergence and foliar application. Most broadleaf weed species were inhibited more than 80% at pre-emergence application at 50 fold concentrated sorghum leaf extract. G. spurium, E. candensis, R. japonicus, Eclipta alba, Plantago asiatica and Portulaca oleraeea were most susceptible to sorghum leaf extract in foliar application. Growth of most broad leaf weed species was suppressed by greater than 90% at 50 fold concentrated sorghum leaf extract. Most crop species were tolerant to sorghum leaf extract but shoot growth was slightly reduced by the application of 40~50 fold concentrated extracts, Sorghum leaf extract may used to control weeds in organic fanning without affecting the growth of crop.

Species composition in weed seedbank was studied in low, medium and high input wheat fields. Two fields were selected for each input level based on the intensity of external inputs, e. g. chemical fertilizers, pesticides (in particular herbicides) and soil manipulation. Soil samples from 0-30 cm depth were taken systematically at 40 points in each field. Sampling was conducted in spring (early growing season) and autumn (end of growing season) and weed seeds in the soil seedbank were identified using standard methods. Total numbers of 18 weed species, mainly annual broad leaves, were extracted in three input levels and two samplings. Shannon diversity index (H) for weed seedbank was generally low (H

The weed survey was carried out in 2012 and 2013 cropping season on eight to ten upland rice farmers’ fields respectively in Bambasi, Ethiopia to determine weed prevalence, species composition and distribution. A quadrant size of 0.25 m2 were used in a systematic sampling technique and a total of 21 weed species belonging to 12 families were identified and counted. The most dominant weed family based on the number of species recorded was poaceae (grasses) which comprized 5 species. during both cropping season survey, most (66.67 %) of the species were broad leaved herbaceous plant. weed species composition was analyzed using quantitative means and most frequent weed species in upland rice field during 2012 cropping season was cyprus rotondus (100%) followed by Ageranthum conizoid, Commelina subulata, Digitaria abisynica, Elusin indica and Leucas martinicensis. The dominance range during this year was 0.09 to 54.59% and Ageranthum conizoid accounted 54.59% of the species which was followed by Cyprus rotondus, Spergula arvensis and Commelina subulata. during 2013 cropping season Ageranthum conizoid and Polygonum nepalense were the most frequently (100%) occurred weed species followed by Cyprus rotondus, Commelina subulata, Digitaria scalarum, Elusina indica, Galensoga parviflora. The dominant weed species during this year (2013) was Polygonum nepalense (20%) followed by Ageranthum conizoid and Cyprus rotondus, Commelina subulata and Leucas martinicensis dominance level range between 16.36% and 4.02% respectively. The prevalence and density of most species on upland rice during 2012 and 2013 cropping season was similar. Moreover, similarity index between the 2012 and 2013 surveys were higher (100%). Thus, the weed control and management research strategy should consider the dominant and frequent weed species of both cropping seasons and weed flora composition.

To investigate the typical weed communities of perennial medicinal crops, floristic analyses were conducted both in spring-summer and autumn-winter throughout the four years of the agronomic cycle of ten different medicinal herbs cultivated with organic methods. The data were analyzed using the most commonly adopted parameters for determining plant communities (relative density percentage, relative abundance) and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices. Although a predominance of certain species was observed in the warm season (Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Portulaca oleracea) and the cool season (Poa annua, Stellaria media and Veronica persica), altogether 69 species were found, 38 of which were detected in autumn-winter samplings, and 31 during spring-summer samplings. During the four-year period there was an increase in perennial species (geophytes and hemicryptophytes) and a consequent decrease in annual species (therophytes). Also, an increase in relative density of warm-season and cool-season grasses was observed, the relative density percentage being confirmed by significant linear regressions (p<0.05). Furthermore, probably on account of the minimum agronomic soil disturbance during the four-year period, significant increases (p<0.01 and/or 0.05) in species diversity were noted. The study showed the high biodiversity level of weed communities of medicinal crops cultivated with organic agricultural systems.

To evaluate the effect of seed and nitrogen rates on weed species composition, density, biomass and diversity in two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties, a field experiment was conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011 rainy seasons at Samaru, Nigeria. Four seed rates, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg ha−1, four nitrogen rates, 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 and two sesame varieties NCRIBEN 01M and E8 were arranged as factorial in a split plot design. Weeds with the highest important values in sesame field were Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Ludwigia decurrens, Ageratum conyzoides and Cyperus esculentus. Year had a significant effect on weed density, biomass, diversity, evenness and richness. Weed density, biomass, diversity and richness were lowest in the 2011 trial and weed species evenness in 2009. Variety E8 reduced weed biomass better than NCRIBEN 01M. Averaged over years, weed diversity and evenness were lowest at 4 kg seeds ha−1. Seed × nitrogen rates effect of 4 kg seed ha−1 and 30 kg N ha−1 produced the lowest weed species diversity and evenness. The result suggests that variety E8 at 4 kg seed ha−1 and 30 kg N ha−1 with hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS may provide better weed control, and it is recommended in sesame production.

Size and composition of weed seedbank in long-term organic and conventional low-input cropping systems

Modifying the conventional rice cropping systems and creating innovative cropping techniques might be considered as a way to increase performance, reducing the environmental pollutants and, enhancing the productivity. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the different cropping systems and planting patterns of rice crop. Field trials were conducted in Babol region located in north of Iran during the periods of 2016 and 2017. The experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with four replications. Five cropping systems including conventional, low-input, high-input, improved and organic systems were used as main plots. Two planting patterns (traditional and semi-mechanized) were considered as subplots, respectively. The findings displayed that the days from transplanting to tillering, panicle initiation and full maturity of rice in traditional method was significantly higher than semi-mechanized method. The no. of tiller per hill, no. of fertile tiller per hill, nutrients (N, P, K and Zn) harvest index and nutrient (N, P, K and Zn) unitization efficiency in semi-mechanized method was significantly greater than traditional method. Days from transplanting to panicle initiation in conventional system was higher than high-input, improved, low-input and organic systems, respectively. Days from transplanting to full maturity in conventional system was greater than high-input, improved, low-input and organic systems, respectively. Paddy yield (PY) in high-input system (4331 kg ha−1) was 6.07%, 19.44% and 28.52% greater than conventional, low-input and organic systems, respectively. PY in improved system (4293 kg ha−1) was 5.14%, 18.39% and 27.39% higher than conventional, low-input and organic systems, respectively. The most nutrients (N, P, K, Zn) grain and straw uptakes was obtained in high-input, improved and conventional systems. In contrast, nutrient utilization efficiency in organic system was significantly greater than low-input, improved, high-input and conventional systems, respectively. Therefore, it seems that by designing an innovative improved system, the production productivity can be enhanced and will be resulted in enhance of nutrients uptake and utilization efficiency in rice crop.

Throughout the last decades, the intensification of farming practices accompanied by simplification of crop rotations, increased nitrogen fertilisation rates and weed control by highly effective herbicides has been associated with a substantial loss of weed species diversity in agricultural systems. However, it has been increasingly recognised that weed species are playing a key role for the maintenance of beneficial ecological functions such as support of higher trophic levels and the provision of environmental services such as pollination and biological control. This thesis aimed to provide insights into the impacts of crop management strategies on weed species diversity in temperate winter wheat crops and evaluated an implemented payment scheme for environmental services targeted at weed diversity conservation in agricultural landscapes. All experimental and observational studies conducted within the framework of this thesis were carried out in Lower Saxony, Germany. In a first experimental study, an on-farm approach was used to analyse the effect of crop rotation intensity and weed control treatment on weed communities and crop yield in conventional and organic winter wheat crops. Weed species richness and richness of species with beneficial functions for associated higher trophic levels were significantly greater in the organic crop rotation but did not differ between conventional diverse and conventional simple crop rotations. However, multivariate redundancy analyses (RDA) revealed that crop rotation intensity accounted for a substantial part of the explained variation in weed species composition. Weed control treatment reduced total species richness and number of species with beneficial functions in fields of both conventional rotations but not in the organic fields. Results from this study showed that the maintenance of weed species richness and conservation of species with important ecological functions requires not only temporal diversification of crop species in the rotation but also an adjustment of weed control strategies. Within a second experimental field study, selective herbicide treatments with a narrow spectrum were identified suitable for controlling pernicious species (Galium aparine) whilst having less effect on less competitive weed species with beneficial functions for higher trophic level (Papaver rhoeas) and rare species of high conservation concern (Centaurea cyanus). Applications of fluroxypyr and amidosulfuron + iodosulfuron were identified as the most appropriate treatments. Multivariate analysis by means of principle response curves (PRC) revealed that herbicide treatments significantly affected weed species composition; the impact of treatment, however, varied according to the target species and experimental sites investigated. These results demonstrated that the application of selective herbicides could provide a feasible option for in-crop management of weed diversity. However, it was concluded that weed control strategies have to be site-specific to account for damaging abundances of highly competitive species and associated yield reductions. The conducted experiments clearly demonstrated links between management strategies targeted at weed diversity conservation and loss of crop yields. Against this background, conservation payment schemes are designed to compensate farmers for any opportunity costs resulting from adaptation of biodiversity-friendly management. Incentive-based conservation schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) by means of conservation auctions have been suggested to provide biodiversity conservation for a limited predetermined budget more cost-effective than commonly used fixed-priced payments. In a third study, the implementation of a regionally-scaled incentive-based PES scheme targeted at the conservation of arable plant diversity was evaluated. In the scheme, the amount of incentives paid was linked to a measurable environmental service that was a pre-defined threshold of arable weed species. Each farmer participating in the PES conservation auction submitted a sealed bid with an associated payment he was willing to accept for the provision of the pre-defined environmental service. The results demonstrated that the implemented PES was successful in ensuring environmental service delivery by enhancing weed species diversity on participating fields. In contrast, bid prices submitted in our PES scheme exceeded individual farmers opportunity costs substantially. Hence, bid prices were strongly influenced by factors other than opportunity costs such as perception of productions risk, transaction costs or farmers profit expectation. The potential of conservation auctions to raise cost-effectiveness therefore requires additional rigorous research, objective monitoring and evaluation of pilot PES schemes. In conclusion, this thesis provides experimental evidence that management strategies for encouraging the provision of weed diversity can be integrated into conventional cropping systems. However, achieving a balance between the retention of weed species diversity and the maintenance of profitable crop production remains challenging. Therefore, financial incentives provided by PES schemes targeted at biodiversity conservation are important steps towards the goal of designing more economically and ecologically sustainable cropping systems that incorporate the diversity of weed communities.

Weeds are a major cause of yield and quality loss in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops. Therefore, weed control is important in sunflower production. In this context, the study was conducted in 2023 to determine the effectiveness of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides with different modes of action on weed population, dry weight of weeds and sunflower yield and yield components in sunflower. Four herbicides with different modes of action, three pre-emergence (aclonifen (A), pendimethalin (P), linuron (L) and one post-emergence (quizalofop-p-ethyl) (Q) and combinations of these herbicides were used in the study. To determine the effects of herbicides on weed populations and species, four different assessments were conducted at regular intervals. As a result of the study, a total of 10 weed species belonging to 5 families were detected in the trial area. The weed species with the highest density were Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Xanthium strumarium L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Chenopodium album L. The study found that the effects of herbicides on weed populations and species varied. In the study, the highest rates of weed control were achieved in plots where both pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides were used together. The highest weed control rate was observed in plots P+Q (96.66%). The highest effect on weed dry weight was obtained in plot L+Q with a rate of 89.63%. The highest weed dry weight was recorded in the weedy control plots. In the study, the highest yield (287.53 kg da-1) was obtained in the weed-free (hoe) control plot. Yield increases of 18% to 45% can be achieved by controlling weeds in sunflowers. As a result, herbicide efficacy on weed population and dry weight of weeds increased when herbicides were used in combination. Some herbicides have been shown to increase yields when used alone. However, it is important to use herbicides in combination to control more weed populations and prevent a potential resistance problem.

There are indications that plant diversity can influence soil arthropod abundance and diversity in terrestrial ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between weed and soil arthropod diversity in organic and conventional agroecosystems. The fields involved in this study were: a) two organic and two conventional vineyards, b) two organic and two conventional olive-groves, and c) one organic rotation system with maize (Zea mays L.) and one conventional maize field. Weed sampling was carried out within a randomised complete block design with five replications, where soil arthropods, were sampled in pitfall traps. For both, weeds and soil arthropods, Shannon’s diversity index was calculated in all studied fields. Weed diversity indices were lowest in conventional vineyards, conventional maize and in organic maize. The highest diversity indices for soil arthropods were found in organic vineyards and the lowest in conventional maize. Coleoptera and Isopoda had higher diversity indexes in conventional than in organic maize. In all fields diversity indexes were significantly lower for Isopoda than for Coleoptera. A positive trend was found between diversity indices for weeds and arthropods. Generally, diversity indexes for weeds showed higher values in organic fields than in conventional ones.

Weed floristic Characteristic of apple, walnut, grape, apricot, nectarine, peach and plum gardens was surveyed in Khorramabad with selection of many garden by randomized sampling method in different regions in 2008. From 86 weed species in fruit garden, most Frequency (86.9 percentage) belonged to perennial weed of field bindweed. Percentage of frequency for field bind weed species was higher than other species. In addition of field bind three other species had 50. Abundance of foxtail, crabgrass, and Johnson grass were 56, 52, 4 and 50% respectively. In this case, four species, 4.7% of population, had 50% abundance or more. Three species of predominant weeds were perennial. Prickly lettuce and common- lambrsquarter with 36.7 and 33.3% abundance compared to other species had relative preference. Among weed species with more than 10% abundance, poaceae family was predominated. Higher level of density (15.9 plants m2) belonged to crabgrass (a perennial weed). In addition to crab grass, also three species in comparison with others had higher level of density. Average pecies density in foxtail, Johnson grass and field bind weed, were 12.3, 8.1 and 7.8 shrub in m2, respectively. Within these four species with a higher level of density, just one species was broad leaf and the other three were grasses. Between six studied fruit gardens, higher level of weed density (137.5 plants m2) belonged to plum garden. Average of weed density in plum garden obviously was more than other gardens. Average weed density in walnut, apricot, apple and grape gardens was 86.4, 84, 76.3 and 75.7 shrub in m2, respectively. High population of weed in plum garden in comparison to other gardens, was due to stability of environment. Overall, 22 grass species was observed in gardens. The highest ratio of perennial species to total population, belonged to plum garden. This ratio in plum garden, was obviously more than other gardens. Grass species of weeds belonged to three families: poaceae, cyperaceae and liliaceae. Within mono cotyledons the highest number of species belonged to poaceae family. Number of species in poaceae and liliaceae families was 18, 2 and 1, respectively. Fabaceae family with 8 species, Brassicaceae and Apiaceae with 4 species and Amaranthaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Polygonaceae with 3 species were other abundant families. Keywords: Flora, Weed, Fruit garden