Правовые и экономические проблемы информационных отношений в структуре сельского хозяйства Кыргызской Республики

Generation and disposal of biosolids (solid and semisolid materials left after the wastewater treatment) has becoming a challenge globally. A large number of objectionable components like heavy metals, pesticides, detergents and pathogens restricts the direct application of biosolids in the cultivation of agricultural crops as it contaminates the soil as well as the cultivated crops and causes health issues. Co-composting of biosolids can be a viable option to utilize the biosolids in a definite proportion along with different types of biodegradable materials (co-substrate) such as, kitchen waste, agricultural residues, forestry waste and waste from the animal husbandry etc. Co-composting improves the nutrients status of the composted biosolids and reduce the risk of accumulation of toxic heavy metals and pathogens in the soil and cultivated crops. The application of biosolids compost in to the soils significantly improve the physical structure, nutrients composition and microbial profile of the soils and subsequently enhance the crops productivity. It also reduces the risk of contamination of the soils and cultivated agricultural crops in comparison to the direct use of biosolids in soil amendment. In this paper we discussed the use of biosolids in agriculture, co-composting of biosolids with different co-substrates and their application in the cultivation of different agricultural crops for sustainable agriculture production.

The demographic situation in the Kyrgyz Republic leaves no doubt that caring for older people is a pressing issue and a huge medical and social problem.OBJECTIVE. Тo assess the state and development prospects of the gerontological service and to study the level of geriatric care for the population of the country.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Legislative, regulatory documents and materials from open sources have been studied since 1991. Using the example of Bishkek and Nizhne-Serafimovsky social inpatient institutions, the health status was analyzed and 442 wards were examined.RESULTS. According to the National Statistical Committee, the total population of the republic at the beginning of 2019 was 6,389,500 people. Of these, the rural population was 4,215,900 people, and the urban population was 2,173,600 people. About 500,000 citizens, or almost one in eight residents of the republic, are older than working age. The number of men over working age (63 years and older) was about 150,000 people (4.7% of the male population), and women (58 years and older) — more than 349,000 people (10.8% of the female population). This means that the number of women in this age group exceeded the number of men by 200,000, or 2.3 times. There have been some successes in the development of gerontological services: the Kyrgyz Republic became a member of the international gerontological network AgeNet International (2005), and the law “On Elderly Citizens in the Kyrgyz Republic” (2011), and an Action Plan to Improve the Quality of Life of Older Citizens for 2019–2025 (dated August 30, 2019) was approved. Despite these successes, the republic's gerontological services do not meet the modern challenges of an aging population, and problems related to geriatric care remain: there are no geriatricians, no geriatric clinics, no geriatric centers, geriatric medical care for the elderly is not provided at the proper level, and residents of social inpatient facilities remain under-examined.CONCLUSION. The Kyrgyz Republic needs to create a single coordinating body for the gerontological and geriatric services, which will be responsible for its work and development. In order to develop the gerontology service, achieve health and quality of life indicators for the elderly, it is necessary to develop collaborative scientific research and improve specialized training in geriatrics. Coordinated actions of the healthcare and social protection system are needed to help provide the elderly and senile population of the country with highly specialized medical and medical-social care, which will undoubtedly have an impact on prolonging their active longevity.

Background/Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for over 80% of all deaths in the Kyrgyz Republic, with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) contributing 52.1%. This data demonstrates that the Kyrgyz Republic faces challenges in the insufficient and untimely identification of CVD risk factors. Purpose To study the prevalence of combinations of cardiovascular risk factors by age and gender. Methods This study was conducted within the framework of the international project "STEPS" 2023. The survey used a questionnaire developed by WHO, adapted to the Kyrgyz Republic. As part of the study, 2483 people aged 18 to 69 years were selected, of which 65.5% were women and 34.5% were men. Of all respondents, 60% were aged 40-69 years, and this proportion was the same among men and women, as well as among the urban and rural population. A total assessment of all risk factors was conducted. The proportion of respondents with no risk factors, with 1-2 risk factors and with 3-5 risk factors was studied. The risk factors included in the analysis were: current daily smoking, eating less than five portions of fruit and/or vegetables per day, not meeting WHO recommendations for physical activity for health (<150 minutes of moderate activity per week or equivalent), overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), high BP (SBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, or currently taking medication for high BP). Results In the overall group, only 5.6% of respondents had no risk factors for CVD, 66.8% had 1-2 risk factors and 27.6% had 3-5 risk factors for CVD. With age, the number of respondents with no risk factors or with 1-2 risk factors progressively decreased: with no risk factors from 7.7% at the age of 18-39 to 1.7% at the age of 40-69 and with 1-2 risk factors from 75.6% among 18-39-year-olds to 49.6% among 40-69-year-olds. At the same time, the number of respondents with multiple risk factors significantly increased from 16.7% to 48.8%. There were no significant gender differences in the frequency of respondents with different numbers of risk factors, apart from the 18-39 age group: there were significantly more women with no risk factors (11.6%) than men (4.6%). Conclusion Overall, 94,4% of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic have more than one CVD risk factor. Prevention and improving the assessment and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk at the primary healthcare level are vital strategies for addressing the high burden of CVD in the Kyrgyz Republic. These measures not only prevent complications but also reduce mortality and disability, improving both individual and population health outcomes.

The Country Diagnostic Study (CDS) for the Kyrgyz Republic uses the Hausmann-Rodrik-Velasco growth diagnostics model to identify the binding constraints being faced in its quest for higher and more sustained economic growth and make recommendations to relax these constraints. Hence, the findings of the CDS can help the Islamic Development Bank in identifying areas where it can have a greater impact and provide an evidence-basis to support the development of the Member Country Partnership Strategy (MCPS). During the last two decades, the Kyrgyz Republic has recorded low performance in economic development. The country recorded only 3.0 percent of average annual Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)-adjusted Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita growth from 2000 to 2019. The Kyrgyz Republic is facing several economic and social problems that are challenging its economic development model. This CDS report shows that the most binding constraints to inclusive and sustainable growth include i) low human capital, ii) poor infrastructure, iii) government and market failures, and iv) high cost of capital. The Kyrgyz development model’s performance is a subject of concern not only for the government and other local stakeholders but also for the technical and financial partners of the Kyrgyz Republic, including the Islamic Development Bank. The MCPS aims to contribute to the global efforts made by the Kyrgyz Republic to meet its economic and social needs through leveraging opportunities offered by the new business model of the Bank. Given the Kyrgyz Republic’s positives, the Bank can consider financing transport, energy and ICT infrastructure projects and supporting manufacturing and agricultural sectors to assist economic growth.

The subjectof the research is the study of mining, cryptocurrency, crypto assets in the legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic. Relevance. The relevance of the article is due to the presence of gaps in the field of mining, cryptocurrency, crypto assets in the legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic. The objectivesof the article are to analyze the areas of mining, cryptocurrency, crypto assets and identify legal problems, as well as make proposals for improving the national legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic. Methodology. The authors use scientific methods: general methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison); special methods (legal, comparative legal).Main results.Problems were identified, such as: lack of legal status of crypto assets, cryptocurrencies; lack of legal status of a cryptocurrency exchange operator; the system of risk management in the field of cryptocurrency is not indicated; lack of detailed study of the legal status of mining; subjects of mining, mining objects, classification of mining, standards for conducting financial transactions are not defined; lack of understanding of the nature of cryptocurrencies, crypto assets and virtual assets; lack of licensing and permitting activities in the field of mining, cryptocurrency, crypto assets; the absence of the category of mining, cryptocurrencies, crypto assets in the State Classifier of Economic Activities; lack of legal status of blockchain in the format of a regulatory legal act and etc. Relevant proposals were given: to finalize and adopt a single regulatory legal act (in the form of a law) in the field of crypto assets, cryptocurrencies, since they are interconnected; establish the legal status of a cryptocurrency exchange operator and introduce licensing and permitting activities (obtaining a license from the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic); develop and adopt a regulatory legal act (in the form of a law) on mining, with a detailed designation of what mining is, its classification, mining object, mining subjects; understand the nature of cryptocurrencies, crypto assets, virtual assets and understand what they can be attributed to, in particular, to money, a product, a medium of exchange, a universal service or other activity; Enshrine in civil law the concepts of cryptocurrency, crypto assets, virtual assets, including the rights and obligations arising from them; add to the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On licensing and permitting activities of the system in the Kyrgyz Republic" paragraph 61 of Article 15 - the activity of mining, cryptocurrency, crypto assets; add a category to the State Classifier of Economic Activities - mining, cryptocurrencies, crypto assets; form a working group at the level of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic to study blockchain technology with areas of application, both in the private sector and in the public sector, including smart contracts and etc.Conclusion.Introduce legal regulators in the field of mining, cryptocurrency, crypto assets in the Kyrgyz Republic in order to avoid possible legal gaps that can lead to negative consequences in relation to the state, ranging from various shadow schemes in the economy that can slow down the digital transformation of the country.

The article discusses the impact of machine-tractor unit (MTU) undercarriages during soil cultivation and cultivation of agricultural crops. With a movement of row-crop units across the field, MTU propellers repeatedly compact the soil. This negatively affects the production of seedlings, the growth and development of plants, and the yield of agricultural crops. In this regard, these studies are purposed at determining compaction effects on soil and conducting an agroecological assessment of the undercarriages of existing MTUs, studying soil compaction under the influence of general-purpose caterpillar and wheeled tractors during pre-sowing soil cultivation and its effect on the quality of seedlings, the growth and development of plants; and the yield of cotton. Depending on the zone, technological operations were carried out, preceding sowing, early spring harrowing of the plow to close the moisture, chiseling soil after leaching irrigation or chiseling the plow after spare winter irrigation, spring plowing with subsequent smalling, leveling, etc. The expertise of wheeled and tracked agricultural MTUs on soil according to the criterion: vertical force acting on a wheel, consisting of weight of the machine and external forces (mounted unit for soil cultivation, etc.). The vertical force is transferred to the soil by a contact surface formed between the wheel and the soil.

The issues of determining the optimal values of the regulatory parameters of irrigation systems engaged in the cultivation of agricultural crops are considered. Following the requirements of a market economy, the main emphasis is placed on taking into account two types of criteria: maximizing the yield of agricultural crops and minimizing monetary costs. The proposed method for solving the multi-criteria optimization problem is based on the combination of the minimax criterion and the medium-step convolution, which makes it possible to scalarize the vector optimality criterion with access to smooth optimization methods. Concerning the case of priority uncertainty according to particular optimality criteria, an intelligent algorithm is proposed based on the approximation of the preference function of the decision-maker by the fuzzy Mamdani model. The multi-criteria optimization of the irrigation system used for growing cotton results differ favorably from the average values. The one hectare yield in the republic- increased by 2%, monetary costs - reduced by 4.5%. It could be concluded that the developed methodology makes it possible to bypass the computational difficulties that arise when solving problems of multi-criteria optimization of irrigation systems engaged in the cultivation of agricultural crops and to obtain real results in conditions of certainty and uncertainty goals.

The problem of tillage is one of the most pressing in agriculture and the most controversial. Mechanical tillage is the most common type of work in agriculture, without which it is hardly possible to cultivate crops. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals in 2008–2016. The soil is leached chernozem of heavy loamy granulometric composition with morphological features and properties typical for Western Siberia. As a result of the long-term research, the effectiveness of differentiated main soil processing while the cultivation of crops in the crop rotation was established. It should be noted that the yield of spring wheat is higher when placed with the first crop after the full fallow, the yield of the second spring wheat after the full fallow is lower than the yield of the first wheat. Reducing the depth of processing led to a decrease in the yield of cultivated crops. In terms of crop rotation, the highest yield of fodder and grain units per hectare was obtained by differentiated deep processing, which is higher than the control (moldboard) and moldboard-free. As a result of a decrease in the depth of processing, there was a decrease in the yield of fodder and grain units. The lowest yield of both fodder and grain units was obtained in the fields without main processing. In the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region, the cultivation of agricultural crops (annual grasses, spring wheat) is effective in terms of differentiated main tillage in crop rotation.

Objective: In recent years,an important place is given to the analysis quality of life(QoL)of patients with arterial hypertension(AH).In turn, it is proved that the prevalence of AH is characterized by significant racial/ethnic differences.Aim is to study the ethnic differences of the QoL of persons with hypertension depending on the status of treatment among residents of rural areas of the two countries:Russia and the Kyrgyz Republic Design and method: This study is a cross-sectional epidemiological study of chronic non-communicable diseases and its risks of 2012–2014.Data on the representative of the rural population of the Russian Federation(n = 1050),Kyrgyz Republic(n = 1341).The share of the Russian population in Kyrgyz sample was 36,8%.All results were age-standardized.All the examinees were divided into 4 groups:1.Persons without AH 2.Persons with AH 3.Persons with AH,who not taking therapy 4.Persons with AH,who taking therapy.QoL was assessed with questionnaire EUROQOL-EQ-5D.QoL index was done with Shaw LW methods Results: Age-standardized hypertension prevalence in Russia was 40,1%,in Kyrgyz Republic 37,1%.QoL index for EUROQOL was higher among persons without AH,comparing persons with AH,in two countries among men and women(p < 0,01).In the Kyrgyz Republic we found ethnic differences,among the patients with AH QoL index was significantly lower among the Russian population(p < 0,01).In the analysis of QoL index in each age groups, the expected decrease in QoL with age in both men and women with AH was obtained.QoL was significantly higher among people with AH not taking therapy,compared to those with AH taking therapy(p < 0,01) in two countries.In general, in women with AH QoL is worse than in men in two countries.Moderate disruption in movement was observed in 34,4%of Russian men and 25,6%in Kyrgyz men and 55,1%in Russian women and 44,1%in Kyrgyz women(p < 0,01).Moderate depression and anxiety were experienced more often by Russian women and men Conclusions: QoL in persons with AH is lower in comparison with persons without this disease in two countries.In the Kyrgyz Republic QoL was lower among Russian population with AH.In persons with AH taking therapy QoL was lower in comparison with those with AH not taking therapy.Thus,AH in combination with drug therapy was associated with a decrease of QoL in the samples studied

Objective: In post-Soviet countries, mortality rates from CVD are one of the highest in the world. High hypertension prevalence and low control is the common problem for most CIS countries. Aim is to study the association of hypertension with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among rural residents of the two countries: Russia, the Kyrgyz Republic, with an analysis of ethnic characteristics (according to the Interepid study) Design and method: This study was carried out as part of the international project Interepid, which included a one-stage epidemiological study of the prevalence of major chronic noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors, and a prospective stage among residents of small towns and rural areas of the two countries. The analysis includes the results of a survey of representative samples of the rural population of the Samara Region of Russian Federation (n = 1050), the Chui region of the Kyrgyz Republic (n = 1341) aged 20–64. The study in Russia and the Kyrgyz Republic was conducted according to a same protocol. The following endpoints are included in the analysis: 1. Cases of death from all causes 2. Deaths from CVD 3. Cases of non-fatal cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction(MI), nonfatal stroke), unstable angina pectoris, revascularization (surgery-aortocoronary bypass, percutaneous angioplasty, carotid endarterectomy, revascularization of the arteries of the lower extremities) Results: Prospective follow-up was 3.9 years. Hypertension impact was insignificant on the outcomes in the Samara region, but not in Kyrgyz Republic. In Kyrgyz Republic among Russian population hypertension was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (RR 2.27(95% CI 1.09; 3.61), p < 0.01), cardiovascular mortality (RR 2.98 (95% CI 1.14; 5.37), p < 0.01), non-fatal endpoints (RR 3.30 (95% CI 1.30; 6.06), p < 0.01). Among native population hypertension was associated only with non-fatal endpoints (RR 1.47 (95% CI 1.12; 1.88), p < 0.05) Conclusions: Despite a short observation period, the results indicate significant unfavourable effect of hypertension on the risk of cardiovascular morbidity, with ethnic and country differences. All this underlines the need to develop differentiated preventive and treatment and preventive programs adjusted to country specific and ethnic specific differences in hypertension prevalence and its impact on the prognosis

The last century was characterized by noticeable climatic changes. The whole world, including Ukraine has been significantly impacted. Such changes are characterized by increased average annual temperature on the planet surface, increased level of the water in the oceans, increased number of natural disasters and cataclysms, such as desertification, landslides, hurricanes, etc. Furthermore, the climate change coincides with the period of increasing food shortages in the world. The aim of the article is to study the dependence of agricultural efficiency on the changes in agro-climatic conditions of production in the long term and the impact of these changes on the cultivation of agricultural crops and their productivity. Research methods are general scientific and special, qualitative and quantitative, theoretical and empirical, comparative analysis. Agriculture is the sector of the Ukrainian economy that is the most vulnerable to fluctuations and climate changes. Given its inertial nature and the dependence on weather conditions, it is essential to make timely and adequate decisions regarding the problems caused by climate changes. Taken the expected increase of the air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere, Ukraine's food security will largely depend on the efficient adaptation to upcoming climate changes. The consequences and risks of the climate change for the food production vary from region to region, however the negative impact of climate trends outweighs the positive one. Thus, the research of the impact of climate change on the efficiency of agro-food production is crucial for the development of policies that would help to adapt to the consequences of these changes.

Article refers to the study of theoretical issues and problems arising in the investigation of criminal cases related to organized extortion as exemplified by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The paper examines the theoretical and methodological ideas, solutions of the appropriate problems related to organized extortion, considers criminalistic aspects of the appropriate issues. The paper presents the basic concepts and categories, the structure and the system of investigating criminal cases related to organized extortion, as well as the genesis of the formation of a technique to investigate criminal cases concerning organized extortion, the concept of interrelation of the problematic issues related to the investigation of organized extortion criminal cases in the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the states. The authors have made a legal analysis of the Criminal Procedure Code rules and regulations applicable in the investigation of organized extortion criminal cases, have studied the legal problems in application of new techniques in the investigation of such criminal cases. The basic theoretical principles and recommendations for the improvement of the existing criminal procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic have been sets out.

Today, small and medium-sized businesses in the Kyrgyz Republic are the main priority area of the country’s economic growth. I would like to note that the pandemic that has overtaken the whole world has significantly affected the state of business, since during this period many citizens of our republic were forced to look for a new type of income in order to feed themselves and their families. The purpose of this study is to identify factors influencing the development of entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan with an environmentally oriented economy. But when conducting analytical work in this sector of the economy, we see that it is experiencing difficulties not only in attracting capital, but also in attracting highly qualified personnel. It should be noted that at the moment the dominant small and medium-sized businesses in the republic are: ecotourism, trade, agriculture, public catering outlets, hotels, transport and transport services, communications, financial activities, educational services, medical services, provision and further implementation of social -utilities and personal services. And it is necessary to develop small and medium-sized businesses in these sectors of the national economy.

Abstract. The countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in Central Asia are highly prone to natural hazards, particularly floods, earthquakes, and landslides. The European Union, in collaboration with the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), created the programme Strengthening Financial Resilience and Accelerating Risk Reduction in Central Asia (SFRARR) to advance disaster and climate resilience in the region. As part of the SFRARR project, the “Regionally consistent risk assessment for earthquakes and floods and selective landslide scenario analysis for strengthening financial resilience and accelerating risk reduction in Central Asia” was developed to achieve the project's objectives. This article presents the data, model, methodology, and results for the five Central Asian countries of the flood risk assessment, which represents the first high-resolution regional-scale transboundary risk assessment study in the area aiming to provide tools for decision-making. The output information will inform and enable the World Bank to initiate a policy dialogue. A fully probabilistic risk assessment for fluvial floods has been carried out for these countries to support regional and national risk financing and insurance applications, including potential indemnity and/or parametric risk financing solutions for a regional programme. A homogenised risk assessment methodology for the five countries and across multiple hazards (floods and earthquakes) and asset types has been adopted to obtain strategic financial solutions consistent across geographical areas and economic sectors. The largest relative (to the total exposed value) expected annual damages are found in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, with values above 6 ‰. In the five considered countries, the largest relative expected annual damages by sector are found for the transport and agricultural sectors. Climate change is expected to have contrasting impacts, with increases in risk for some regions (the most severe increase is found in the Mangistauskaya region in Kazakhstan) and decreases for other regions (Lebap, Turkmenistan; Khatlon, Tajikistan; Samarkand, Uzbekistan; and Batken, Kyrgyz Republic).

This paper traces the digital transformation occurring as a result of the application of computer information and communication technologies. Digital transformation is the digitization of the economy, complete change of the organization's structure, its relationships with the environment in which it operates, and the products and services it creates. Digitalization and related transformative processes lead to the creation of pervasive connectivity between people and institutions, diversification of activities, resources and data in the online space and parallel work in the digital and real worlds. The main goals of the paper are to show that the digital transformations enter all areas of the economy, social life, civil society, which also changes people's quality of life. Digital transformations enable people, businesses and governments to operate efficiently and at lower costs. This creates a huge potential for a large number of enterprises, banks, telecommunications companies, companies providing payment services; start-ups; retailers, as well as institutions in the fields of education, culture, healthcare, politics, etc. Today, even the smallest organization has the opportunity to function as a global one, carrying out cross-border activity in some form. The digital networks that connect everything and everyone span ever larger spaces, so companies, communities and individuals are challenged to rethink what it means to function globally connected. Digital networks are important for the development and promotion of business and communication both at work and in leisure. Therefore, their management is time-consuming and requires both technical and marketing knowledge.The analysis in this article was made within the framework of the project "Quality of Life and well-being in the context of professional communities and their activity" КП-06-ПН80/12, funded by the National Science Fund. The research work is theoretically based on already conducted empirical surveys that track the digital skills of employees in different economic sectors and professions. Five professional communities are studied - teachers; computer specialists and programmers; researchers and university lecturers; technical staff; people employed in trade and services. On the basis of nationally representative surveys for the respective professions, the level of basic and specific digital skills possessed by employees in these professions and the level that the current development of information and communication technologies and the needs of the respective profession require as necessary for the performance of professional activities were identified. On this basis, the need for up-skilling training and the importance of the company's training offerings for enhancing employees' digital skills is highlighted. The role of enhancing employees' digital skills in improving their quality of life is outlined in terms of creating better opportunities for professional and career development, higher incomes and achieving a better balance between work and leisure and work and family life. The article also traces the risks and prospects that digitization creates and that the economy and society face. The main conclusion is that digital technologies contribute to improving the quality of life, as well as to a more economical and efficient use of available resources.