Доктор В.Ф. Чиж и психиатрическое направление в русской школе криминальной антропологии

The main content of the monograph by O.E. Puchnina (Sorokopudova) «Political Outlook of V.V. Rozanov» which makes up the main and largest section of the book «Russian socio-political thought in the 19th and early 20th century: V.V. Rozanov» is examined in detail. It is noted that the authors of the serial edition and above all the author-compiler of its monographic section, O.E. Puchnina, managed to bring out in a detailed study of the work of one of the most original Russian thinkers of culture in the Silver Age a whole layer of conceptually related socio-political ideas giving them the status of a political worldview. The methodological basis of the review rests on the methods of analysis and evaluation of the results of the research conducted by the author that are typical of this type of scientific criticism. The assessment of the quality and completeness of the bibliographic description of the sources used in the monograph rests on the resut of the analysis. The degree of influence of biographical themes taken from the biography of V.V. Rozanov on the character of his ideological formation is presented. The features of Rozanov's creative style and method of analysis of socio-political reality highlighted by the author of the monograph are considered and critically evaluated. The political processes and phenomena in relation to which the philosopher formulated his original political ideas are listed. The role and place of V.V. Rozanov's political outlook in the Russian historiography and the history of the Russian socio-political tradition are shown. The argument of the thesis about the typicality of Rozanov's unique creativity for the Russian consciousness in the late 19th‒ early 20th century is partially supported. It is concluded that despite the critical remarks that were expressed in the article, O.E. Puchnina's innovative experiment of an ideological reconstruction of Rozanov’s socio-political ideas should be recognized as very successful.

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

The significance and relevance of the issues are predetermined by the fact, that, by the time of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev’s activity, the political and social situation of Kazakhstan in the early 20th century was on the verge of collapse. The main factor that influenced this situation was the policy of spreading illiteracy, people alienated from religion language, and writing. From the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kazakhstan suffered from the colonial policies of the Russian Empire. Currently Kudaiberdiev writes a work “Catechism of Muslims”. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of the creative work on the economic and spiritual and cultural development of Kazakhstan. During the analysis, several scientific sources and materials were analyzed, and the following scientific methods were used: structural-functional and dialectical methods, the method of synthesis, logical and comparative analysis, and the method of generalization. During the research, it was proved that in the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev the calls to fight against the policy of tsarist Russia and to revive their language, customs, religion, and history were present. The main result of this research is proof that the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev had a tremendous impact on the social status, culture, religion, and language of the Kazakh people. His works acted in opposition to Russian policy and encouraged people who were tired of colonial oppression. The research on this issue is actively developed, therefore this work is of practical value for the definition of the role of Shakarim’s creativity during the economic, cultural, social, and political development of Kazakhstan at the end of 19 – the beginning of 20 century.

The article examines the role of the art of the "Silver Age" (late 19th – early 20th centuries) in the historical process of axiological transformation of Russian culture. Based on a comparison of the dominant values of the "Golden" and "Silver Ages", as well as an analysis of philosophical and aesthetic theories and specific examples of works of art, the mechanisms of art's influence on public consciousness and value orientations are investigated. The article examines the convergent and divergent processes in the art of the "Silver Age", caused by the crisis of traditional values and the search for new spiritual guidelines. The relevance of the experience of the "Silver Age" is emphasized for understanding the role of art in modern society, in the context of the search for moral guidelines and solutions to global social problems.

The article examines musical culture and education formation and development in the Tavria governorate in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This period in the Southern region of Ukraine is characterized as an era of social and cultural uplift, progressive changes in the educational system, and enhancing the role and place of music and singing in students’ education. Moreover, it is marked by increased attention of the governorate residents to the problems of musical and aesthetic education of children and youth, the growth of public and private educational initiatives, and the formation of general and professional music education.The article identifies the reasons for the greater intensity of the education system development in the Crimean districts compared to the mainland ones; it also provides statistical data on the people’s literacy and education rate in the Tavria governorate in the early 20th century. The article also explains the role of private musical institutions and the influence of the artistic intelligentsia, outstanding musicians and composers on the musical culture and education development in the region.The article highlights that in the late 19th century, Yalta became – to a certain extent – a cultural centre of the Tavria governorate due to its well-developed concert and theatre infrastructure. Yalta and Simferopol have become a focus of establishing public associations with outreach, organizational, musical and educational functions. Activities of the members of these musical societies in Crimean cities resulted in the opening of music courses and classes and one of the first people's music schools in the Russian Empire with free-of-charge tuition. Besides, they arranged public concerts, music evenings, and tours of prominent composers and musicians.The article provides a historical analysis of the establishment of branches of the Imperial Russian Musical Society (IRMS) in the Tavria governorate, the role of the IRMS in the concert, performance and educational activities, its impact on the cultural, educational and social processes in the South of Ukraine, in particular, the establishing the institution of a secondary level of professional musical education – the Simferopol Musical College.

The aim of this study is to elaborate comparative portraits of Korean and Japanese beauty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Six portraits of beauty in the Korean Joseon Dynasty (early 19th century) and 5 in Japanese Edo Dynasty (late 18th century) were analyzed. Twenty anthropometric items were applied to the measure of the features on each portrait and 18 proportional indices of the face were calculated. Among the 18 indices, Korean and Japanese beauty did not show any significant differences in 13, but in 5: 1) the ratio of eye fissure to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 2) eye inclination was greater in Japanese beauty; 3) the ratio of nasal width to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 4) the ratio of nasal and facial width was greater in Korean beauty; and 5) the ratio of vermilion size to mouth width was greater in Japanese beauty. It is assumed that Korean had narrower eye fissure, lower eye inclination, wider nasal ala, and thinner lip than what Japanese craved during that era.

The heights of lower- and upper-class English youth are compared to one another and to their European and North American counterparts in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The height gap between the rich and poor was the greatest in England, reaching 22cm at age 16. The poverty-stricken English teenagers were among the shortest for their age so far discovered in Europe or North America; in contrast, the English rich were the tallest in the world in their time: only 2.5cm shorter than today's US standard. Height of the poor declined in the late 18th century, and again in the 1830s and 1840s conforming to the general European pattern, while the height of the wealthy tended rather to increase until the 1840s and then levelled off. The results support the pessimistic view of the course of living standards among the ultra-poor in the Industrial Revolution period.

The Image of Japan in Russian Symbolist Literature The present paper deals with the image of Japan in Russian Symbolist literature. This image existed simultaneously with the myth of “the geisha country” as well as the myth of “the yellow peril”. It was born after the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895 and finally took shape after the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905. The image of “the geisha country” gave rise to a Russian version of European ‘Japonism’ in literature and visual and plastic arts. The image of “the yellow peril” became an important part of the Weltanschauung and creative work of the main actors of the Russian ‘Silver Age’ like Vladimir Solovyev, Valery Bryusov and Andrey Bely. European and Russian politicians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries took little interest in Japan and underestimated this country as a potential world power with imperialistic ambitions. Japan was seen as a little and remote exotic country. Thinkers, poets and artists were more attentive and more sagacious than diplomats and politicians. They were the first to respect and to understand Japan, to estimate her potential in the field of world politics and not only in culture and the arts. Neither in Europe nor in the USA the image of Japan as “the yellow peril” was a part of “highbrow” culture, remaining in the domain of the gutter press. In Russia this image directly influenced principal artists of the time.

The publication, based on the study of biographical and autobiographical information, characterizes the educational, professional artistic, and educational activities of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries. An analysis of the role of artists as active participants in the national, cultural, intellectual, and social life of Ukrainian society is presented. The author has studied not only the artistic heritage of artists, but also their multifaceted activities, which covered educational, journalistic, and organizational spheres. The article highlights theoretical positions on the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, which are illustrated by specific examples of their experience and influence on the state of society and professional and general education in Ukraine in the 19th - 20th centuries. The author touches on the problems of the direction of the high society of the middle 19th - early 20th centuries. on the development of Ukrainian culture and education; highlights biographical and autobiographical information about Ukrainian artists of the 19th - 20th centuries; reveals the role of the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, their influence on the formation of public opinion; focuses on the relationship between artistic activity with educational and pedagogical practice, the organization of art circles, schools, the creation of studios and participation in cultural and educational societies. Their pedagogical work in schools, colleges, and academies contributed to the formation of a galaxy of famous Ukrainian artists who continued the national artistic and educational tradition of their predecessors. The work also highlights the problem of self-identification of Ukrainian artists as educators and public figures, since art is considered a powerful tool for influencing and shaping public opinion, a means of broadcasting the idea of national revival, social and cultural renewal of the state. Artists took the position not only of creators of aesthetic values, but also of leaders of the national idea, founders of an intellectual space capable of uniting society around common ideological values. The publication highlights the need to understand the heritage of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries not only as artists, but also as outstanding figures of education, who contributed to the formation of national identity with their work.

Introduction. Currently, scientific interest in the representatives of the Crimean Tatar noble class has increased, and more and more attention is being paid to the topic of the daily life of the Muslim elite of Crimea in different periods of time. The range of issues studied in the article is an unexplored aspect in the history of the Taurida province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The article examines the Murz estate of Crimea in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the eyes of its contemporary, Ismail Bey Gasprinsky, a reformist teacher and publisher who had a significant impact on the development of culture, education and public life of the majority of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Russian Empire. The goal of the research is to explore those aspects of social and private life of this class that most comprehensively inform about their hobbies, interests and lifestyle in general. It is these components that are vivid expressions of the spirit of the era and help to better understand the peculiarities of the daily life of representatives of noble Crimean Tatar families.The Materials and Methods. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative historical and problem-chronological methods have been used in the research. The research is based on unpublished sources, such as articles from the newspaper Terjiman, as well as books stored in the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve.The Results. In accordance with the principles of historicism and objectivity, the author was the first to introduce previously unpublished sources on the history of the Crimean Tatar nobility into scientific circulation.Discussion and Conclusion. The social life of the Crimean Murz have been examined: attending official events, participating in agricultural exhibitions, charity events. The leisure time of the Crimean Tatar elite, wedding celebrations and entertainment have been considered. It’s been concluded that the intellectual heritage of the enlightener I. Gasprinsky is not only a valuable source on the history of the formation and development of national periodicals and the education system of the Turkic-Muslim population of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but also provides insight into the virtually unexplored world of daily life in the Crimean Murz.

Teaching and Learning Guide for: A Window on the ‘New’ Sociology of Childhood

The article presents transformation of medical care for patients with mental disorders and the establishment of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in the late 19th century. Since the proclamation of Bukovyna as the crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the provision of psychiatric care has changed. A psychiatric service appeared and helped to understand what a mental disorder really is. There was a transition to a scientific interpretation and a scientific approach to providing psychiatric care.The authors research and systematize information from various available sources, various articles, information messages, data from the state archives of Chernivtsi region, etc.It is known that the model of the regional psychiatric hospital in Chernivtsi was developed by the latest requirements for the construction of mental health facilities in Austria and other European countries of the time.At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bukovynian psychiatric hospital was extremely modern, equipped with all necessary equipment and the location of the wards in accordance with the standard of the time. Leading doctors were involved, as well as local ones, who had the opportunity to train at the University of Vienna and psychiatric hospitals. 15 hectares of land were allocated for the territory of the hospital, which was located outside the city on the territory of the former Strazagasse (Storozha) and Maisgasses (Kukurudziana) streets, now Mussorgsky Street.The opening of the regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna took place on May 1, 1902. The structure of the psychiatric hospital included 6 buildings, as well as the administration building and other technical facilities.The purpose of the article was to highlight the main historical moments of assisting persons with mental disorders in Chernivtsi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Describe the historical chronology from the first psychiatric ward at the city hospital to a separate regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna. The methodology of the article is a synthesis of the historical chronology of psychiatric care as part of health care in Chernivtsi.The history of the emergence of psychiatric services in Chernivtsi has experienced ups and downs that corresponded to challenging conditions of the time. The transformation of mental service changed from the worldview and level of development of contemporary science. We can observe changes from mystification to the formation of psychiatry, as real modern neuroscience with an evidence-based approach and humane treatment of patients. Through the ages, different countries and changes in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders, Chernivtsi remains the centre of mental health in Bukovyna.

This chapter investigates the deep theoretical and political justification behind the anarchist critiques of the criminal justice system and how they were shaped by Spanish libertarian thought in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. What is interesting for those engaging with the ideas and traditions of penal abolitionism, critical criminology or legal sociology is that aspects of anarchist abolitionist discourses were given in response to (or in continuous dialogue with) the strong discourses of positivist criminology and penology which constructed the anarchist as the enemy of evolution and progress. The chapter charts a journey through the philosophical-theoretical bases of criminological discourses and their configurations of the ‘anarchist problem’. It delves into prophylactic narratives to combat anarchism, while examining how these criminological discourses influenced the actual practices of the criminal justice system. Turning to the counterproposals, the chapter draws on libertarian media accounts to explore how criminal anthropology was received, discussed and contested, and how a distinct diagnosis of and solution to crime was proposed. It concludes by reflecting on how anarchist ideas and their encounter with criminological positivism informed the Spanish abolitionist tradition and its implications for abolitionist ideas and praxis in the present day.

The subject of the article is the formation of legal dispute practices among Lithuanian emigrant periodical publishers in the USA during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The aim is to analyze the legal cases brought against emigrant periodical publishers during this period, assessing their causes, aspects of the cases, their coverage in the press, and their consequences, based on scientific research and contemporary press publications. The main focus is on the 1897 case against the newspaper “Saulė” published in Mahanoy City, Pa., where publisher D. T. Bačkauskas was accused of violating a US postal ban by distributing immoral literature. Other notable cases include the 1898–1900 litigation involving Chicago newspaper “Lietuva” publisher A. Olšauskas and editor J. Šernas against local Lithuanian priest A. Kriaučiūnas over critical articles directed at him, and the lawsuit of Shenandoah, Pa. newspaper “Viltis” publisher V. Šlekys by A. Savickas, who accused the newspaper of defamation and demanded the disclosure of the article author’s name. The analysis of these and other cases from the period revealed that litigation was one of many manifestations of the ideological split within the emigrant community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As the role of the press grew within the community, clergy, who constituted the majority of the right-wing leadership, found themselves losing the unchallenged authority they had in Lithuania and were unable to compensate for it through their own press and polemics against other factions. Therefore, they tried to exploit legal opportunities. The case against “Saulė” can be partially explained by its popularity within the emigrant community and its occasional positioning as a Catholic newspaper, which drew readers away from the still-weak right-wing press. Priest Kriaučiūnas’s struggle against “Lietuva” can be partly explained by his aim to undermine the influence of the liberal “Lietuva” on Chicago Lithuanians and to create favourable conditions for his newspaper “Katalikas” and its growing influence. Evaluating the causes of the cases, it is possible to discuss the complicated perception of the satirical genre within the emigrant community of that time. On one hand, the hyperbolization of problems and ills in the emigrant life attracted readers with engaging texts, but on the other, it was interpreted as propaganda for a dissolute lifestyle and rejection of religious norms, dismissing the satirical aspect. Additionally, the defense of freedom of speech became a cornerstone in the litigation between Olšauskas and priest Kriaučiūnas. Meanwhile, in the case of Šlekys, the journalistic principle of source protection and the willingness to defend it in court is noteworthy. Regarding the coverage of the cases in the press, e.g. Bačkauskas utilized the reporting of his case in “Saulė” to strengthen his image as an independent publisher and defender of Lithuanian identity. Conversely, the press opposing “Saulė” presented the case as a matter of great significance, serving Lithuanian interests, and depicted the initiator of the case almost as a hero sacrificing for the good of the emigrant community, using colourful epithets and emotional expressions (similar to “Saulė”). The fight for community interests and justice was echoed in the descriptions of the cases of Olšauskas and priest Kriaučiūnas. Moreover, during the analyzed period, there emerged an understanding among individuals who considered themselves defamed in the press that their grievances could be addressed legally. It can be said that this became part of the rapidly forming tradition within the emigrant community to resolve even the smallest quarrels through legal means, despite contemporaries’ concerns that three things tarnished the Lithuanian name in the eyes of others: drunkenness, brawling, and lawsuits, worrying about how much money was wasted and how much of it went to non-Lithuanians. This tradition became customary in the emigrant community, and legal disputes among periodical publishers became not an exceptional occurrence but a common practice, sometimes resolving ideological disagreements in court, throughout the 20th century.

The migrating adenomyoma: past views on the etiology of adenomyosis and endometriosis