Законодательное регулирование водопользования горнодобывающей промышленности Казахстана и его соответствие ЦУР: аналитический обзор

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Sustainable water and sanitation for all: Are we there yet?

<div> <div> <p>In the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – Targets - Indicators 2016-2030, the objective of this paper is to address the limitations of SDG 6 “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”, designing a model that could better approach especially target 6.4 Water use and scarcity, and among its indicators 6.4.1 Change in water use efficiency over time, and 6.4.2 “Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources”, considering as well the importance of the close linkages to target 6.5 Water resources management and indicator 6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100).</p> <p> </p> <p>Data on water resources availability and demand is a key indicator that should be approached at subnational or at main basins levels and at local level, since at a global scale, this information is not known for most local and rural communities and towns, which are vulnerable and lack of services of drinking water and irrigation for food security.[1]</p> <p> </p> <p>In relation to indicator 6.4.2 (Level of water stress), it implies monitoring water resources assessment and availability, fundamental to life, health, food security, energy, the environment, and human well-being. However there are distortions of the indicator from national to local levels that may have different values, as i) high differences in the values of water stress between basins, and ii) towns suffer from water stress at different degrees.</p> <p> </p> <p>As in the case of Ecuador in South America, with 6.24% of water stress (2017), a very low value that indicates that “water does not represent a particular challenge or limiting factor for economic development and sustainability”[2], which does not reflect the actual situation of cities and towns representing an estimate of 50% (or an estimate of 8.5 million inhabitants) of the country´s population affected by water scarcity. Neither the different hydric potentials of the country[3], between the Pacific Basin with 5200 m3/year/inhab and the Amazon Basin with 82900 m3/year/inhab.</p> <p> </p> <p>To control these distortions on the indicator, fundamental for sustainable development, the model approaches hydrological - hydrometric data from national or regional level to cities and towns levels, that would help countries with fundamental data translated in the incorporation of a complementary indicator, as the percentage of the population, whose water sources are monitored by means of adequate measuring methods, providing information on surface water and ground water regimes that influence water availability.</p> <p>  </p> <p>The model contributes to assure the information on actual water availability to control water stress at all levels, from local to subnational or basin, and to national and regional levels.</p> <div><br><div> <p>[1] Castanier, H. (2020). Assessment of Local Water Resources for Sustainable Development Goals. EGU General Assembly 2020. doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-899.</p> <p> </p> </div> <div> <p>[2] Biancalani, R., Frenken, K. (2016). Monitoring of SDG target 6.4. FAO.</p> <p> </p> </div> <div> <p>[3] Total renewable freshwater resources – TRWR, as the long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of groundwater measured as a volumetric unit.</p> </div> </div> <p> </p> </div> </div>

Taking the Yangtze River Source Basin (YRSB) and Shule River Basin (SRB) as two typical cases, the sustainability of the water resources in these two basins was evaluated using the level of water stress (LWS) from sustainable development goal 6.4.2, and the regulating effect of the glacier runoff on the LWS was quantified. From 2000 to 2030, the level of socioeconomic development in the YRSB is low, and the total water consumption is only about 0.18 × 108 m3, whereas the SRB has a relatively high level of socioeconomic development and total water consumption is about 10 × 108 m3, i.e., 50 times higher than that in the YRSB. For the aforementioned reasons, the SRB's LWS is much higher than the YRSB's, resulting in a very low sustainability of water resources. As natural assets, glaciers flow downstream in the runoff mode, so compensation at the watershed scale should be considered. In the basin, the optimal allocation of water resources is needed. At the inter-basin scale, the compensation mechanism of glacier water resources needs to be improved.

Target 6.4 of the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deals with the reduction of water scarcity. To monitor progress towards this target, two indicators are used: Indicator 6.4.1 measuring water use efficiency and 6.4.2 measuring the level of water stress (WS). This paper aims to identify whether the currently proposed indicator 6.4.2 considers the different elements that need to be accounted for in a WS indicator. WS indicators compare water use with water availability. We identify seven essential elements: 1) both gross and net water abstraction (or withdrawal) provide important information to understand WS; 2) WS indicators need to incorporate environmental flow requirements (EFR); 3) temporal and 4) spatial disaggregation is required in a WS assessment; 5) both renewable surface water and groundwater resources, including their interaction, need to be accounted for as renewable water availability; 6) alternative available water resources need to be accounted for as well, like fossil groundwater and desalinated water; 7) WS indicators need to account for water storage in reservoirs, water recycling and managed aquifer recharge. Indicator 6.4.2 considers many of these elements, but there is need for improvement. It is recommended that WS is measured based on net abstraction as well, in addition to currently only measuring WS based on gross abstraction. It does incorporate EFR. Temporal and spatial disaggregation is indeed defined as a goal in more advanced monitoring levels, in which it is also called for a differentiation between surface and groundwater resources. However, regarding element 6 and 7 there are some shortcomings for which we provide recommendations. In addition, indicator 6.4.2 is only one indicator, which monitors blue WS, but does not give information on green or green-blue water scarcity or on water quality. Within the SDG indicator framework, some of these topics are covered with other indicators.

The fact is demonstrated that the formation of competitive advantages by domestic industrial enterprises is a dynamic process, involving the creation or adjustment of unique value propositions that not only differ from those of competitors in the market but are also significant to consumers and difficult to replicate. Given the comprehensive nature of competitive advantage formation, it should encompass a range of strategies and approaches (such as product innovation, efficient production, process management enhancement, brand development, and others), the actions of which are intended to ensure successful market penetration, sustainable operation, and market growth. The proper format of the outlined process is achievable through timely recognition and resolution of issues that could hinder the viability and success of the manufacturing enterprise in the long term. Therefore, the article aims to identify contemporary challenges in competitive advantage formation by domestic industrial enterprises. Various research methods can be used to achieve this goal, including analysis of existing theories, empirical studies, case studies, surveys, and more. The research findings confirm that the dynamic nature of competitive advantage formation by domestic industrial enterprises is associated with several challenges, including rapid technological advancements, shifts in demand, changes in the competitive landscape, alterations in regulatory and legislative frameworks, and globalization. It is demonstrated that to address these challenges in the formation of competitive advantages, domestic industrial enterprises must continuously monitor market conditions, ensure flexibility, and have the ability to quickly respond to changes. The results of such research could serve as a basis for developing recommendations and strategies for enterprises aiming to enhance their competitiveness. Furthermore, the prospects for further research lie in the development of approaches to innovation management strategies, studying the impact of globalization on the competitive struggle of domestic enterprises, analyzing the relationship between technological changes and competitiveness, and examining market conditions.

The UN World Water Development Report 2016, <i>Water and Jobs</i>: A Critical Review

Legal support for an environmentally balanced system of natural resource management in terms of European integration of Ukraine

Introduction. The impact of the Industry 4.0 concept on domestic business needs to be considered in the long run, which means that overcoming its problems is not a short-term project. However, the technologies and systems of the fourth industrial revolution have the potential to help Ukrainian enterprises overcome the inefficiencies in their business that have kept domestic enterprises behind. The purpose of the paper is to identify the benefits and challenges that domestic industrial enterprises may face in the process of development during the integration into their activities modern technologies from Industry 4.0. Results. Industry 4.0 can replace outdated systems, such as industrial operations management and resource planning systems, with a single system that is a much more cost-effective way to operate. Three aspects of digitalization have been identified, which form the basis of the Industry 4.0 approach to industrial enterprise development: full digitalization of industrial enterprise operations; redesign of products and services; closer interaction with customers through new processes, products and services. It is determined that the most common problem in the implementation of analytical capabilities in enterprises is the lack of people with experience in conducting analysis. The expanded implementation of Industry 4.0 can provide a sufficient competitive advantage for investors to consider it as a qualifying factor for financing. Six key recommendations that industry should follow in order to implement the Industry 4.0 strategy have been identified. Conclusion. Industry 4.0 is actively promoted around the world and developing countries should benefit the most. Domestic industrial enterprises can use digitalization to increase the efficiency of their horizontal integration, working with global manufacturers to whom they supply a variety of raw materials, parts and components. The domestic market has great potential for the introduction of new technological solutions in the activities of enterprises.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

Technology and technological development are the key factors of contemporary socio-economic development, and the application of the latest technological achievements is the developed countries' most powerful means of competitiveness. Intensive technological changes produce an influence on increasing the dynamics of the business conditions, making them uncertain, unpredictable and discontinued, while forcing business entities to adapt constantly. In this paper, the influence of technological development on the enhancement of innovativeness of domestic industrial enterprises is studied, given the fact that today, as well, industry is the branch of economy which the prosperity of the majority of the developed countries rests on. Study on the subject is divided into four parts. In the first part, the mutual dependency of technological and economic development is examined, with special attention to the strategic aspects of technological development. The second part of the paper is dedicated to observing innovativeness as the basis for technological development. The analysis of certain indicators of innovativeness in domestic enterprises is presented in the third part, whereas in the last part, analysis of the data obtained by conducting research into the influence of technological development on encouraging innovativeness of domestic industrial enterprises was carried out by investigating the role of graduate engineers in this process. The aim of this paper is to indicate the significance and complexity of the influence of technological development on contemporary business conditions, and also to conduct an analysis of the influence of technological development on encouraging innovativeness in domestic industrial enterprises. The ultimate goal of the paper is to define certain measures that are to be taken so as to improve the existing, highly unfavorable, situation in this field.

Environmental and economical ethics collide: Business as usual after COVID-19 or shifting towards a planetary health perspective?

In today's conditions, when the global economy is experiencing radical changes caused by digitalization, technological development and the need to adapt to new realities, the topic of endogenous growth is becoming especially relevant. Rapid changes in technology and the emergence of new digital platforms are changing the structure of the economy, requiring companies to be flexible, innovative and able to quickly respond to new challenges. In these conditions, models of endogenous growth, which focus on the use of internal resources such as human capital, innovation and technological progress, become the basis for the formation of a long-term development strategy. They make it possible to effectively use the opportunities provided by digitalization and ensure sustainable economic growth even in conditions of global uncertainty. The effectiveness of endogenous growth as the basis of determinant development has changed significantly today. The further development of domestic industrial enterprises, the success of reforms depends on the introduction of innovative technologies in all sectors of the economy. Over the last decade, one of the main directions of reform is the active introduction of modern digital technologies. They will make it possible to reach a new level of quality-of-service provision, maintenance and cost reduction, which will significantly affect the cost price and, accordingly, the price. These technologies will help domestic industrial enterprises to work successfully in today's tough competitive environment. The modern conditions of the development of industrial enterprises in Ukraine are characterized by dynamic changes caused by the rapid introduction of digital technologies. In the conditions of global digitalization, the importance of innovations, which become the basis for the endogenous growth of enterprises, is growing. This concept involves development through internal resources and capabilities, which allows enterprises to achieve decisive development and increase their competitiveness. Endogenous growth technology is based on internal factors, such as innovation, knowledge and human capital, which contribute to the stable and sustainable development of enterprises. In the conditions of digitization, this technology acquires special importance for domestic industrial enterprises. The introduction of new digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence, automation and data analytics, is critical for increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic industrial enterprises. This provides an opportunity to reduce costs, optimize processes and introduce innovations. Digitization is an important element that strengthens the influence of endogenous factors. The use of digital technologies makes it possible to optimize production processes, reduce costs, improve the quality of products and services, and increase management flexibility. In the conditions of digitalization, the technology of endogenous growth becomes critically important for the successful development of domestic industrial enterprises. The use of internal resources and the potential of enterprises, the integration of the latest digital technologies and innovative approaches allows achieving high efficiency and decisive development, which in turn contributes to increasing competitiveness on the world market. The technology of endogenous growth in the conditions of digitalization is the key to the long-term and decisive development of domestic industrial enterprises. The integration of innovation, human capital development, effective knowledge management and the implementation of digital technologies ensure high productivity and competitiveness. The use of these approaches contributes to the creation of a dynamic economy capable of responding effectively to the challenges and opportunities of the digital age.

The article is devoted to topical issues of research of innovative activity at domestic industrial enterprises, its importance for the domestic economy is substantiated. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of innovation activity of industrial enterprises and to formulated irections for its improvement. The methodological basis of the study is the current abstraction, analogies and theoretical generalizations - generalization of existing approaches to ensuring the innovative activities of industrial enterprises, justification of the need and highlighting the main problems of introducing innovation processes in domestic enterprises; methods of system, comparative and economic-statistical analysis - to study the state of innovative activity of industrial enterprises of Ukraine; graphic - for visual representation and schematic and graphic construction of theoretical and practical provisions of the study; abstract-logical - for the logical generalization of theoretical principles and formulation of research conclusions. The object of research is innovation. The subject of the research is the current state and directions of increasing the innovative activity of industrial enterprises. Dynamics of innovation activity and process of introduction of innovations in the domestic industryare analyzed. Data on implementation of innovations at domestic enterprises are presented. The structure of sources of financing of innovative activity of industrial enterprises of Ukraine is formed. The factors that impede the activation of innovative activity in modern industrial enterprises are considered. The ways and directions of the problem of activation of innovative development of the enterprises are offered. The directions for innovative activity increase of the industrial enterprises of Ukraine are offered. Thus, based on the conducted research, the most promising areas for increasing the innovative activity of industrial enterprises should be: effective cost management and reducing the cost of production; application of international product certification and standardization of production processes as components of quality management; support of innovation ideas and proposals; improving the level of production organization through the use of upgraded equipment and advanced software; introduction of the latest production technologies and reduction of the duration of the production process; use of modern methodical methods of financial support of innovation activity; introduction of innovative products into the production process and increase their share in the total volume of products; establishing close cooperation with business partners. Conclusions and prospects for further research. Thus, the results of the research indicate the presence of a number of problems in intensifying the innovative activity of industrial enterprises. With the help of the analysis of innovative activity of domestic industrial enterprises the main problems which constrain innovative development of the enterprises are revealed. Mostly financing was carried out at the expense of own funds of enterprises, and the volume of expenditures on innovation activities at the expense of foreign investors, the state budget and lending is observed at a fairly low level. The declining dynamics in the areas of innovation in domestic enterprises and their low share in the volume of industrial production is a manifestation of forced compulsion to increase imports of new equipment and technologies, manufactured products and reduce export operations for domestic innovative products. According to the obtained results the directions directed on activization of innovative activity of the industrial enterprises are formed. The implementation of the proposed measures will significantly increase the level of innovation activity of industrial enterprises in Ukraine, stabilize the accelerated process of renewal of production, effectively use domestic and foreign investment for innovation. Further research on the issue may concern the formation of modern methods of assessing the innovation potential of industrial enterprises and the formation of a mechanism foren hancing the irinnovation activity, which will provide a significant increase in the level of innovation activity of industrial enterprises, stabilization of production renewal processes, expedientuse of internal and attracted external investment ininnovation.

Ensuring the sustainable management of water and sanitation for all is the primary goal of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). SDG indicator 6.4.2 (level of water stress) is critical for monitoring the progress toward SDG 6. The assessment of the SDG indicator 6.4.2 is currently based on statistical data at the national scale, i.e., one value for one country, which cannot reflect spatial variability in water stress in a country. The lack of data at sub-national scales limits the assessment of water stress in sub-national regions. This study developed a method of disaggregating national statistical renewable water resources (TRWR) and freshwater withdrawals (TFWW) to estimate the SDG 6.4.2 water stress indicator at a sub-national scale by combining satellite remote sensing data and model simulated data. Remote sensing (RS)-based precipitation (P); the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration (P-ET); and the difference between precipitation, evapotranspiration, terrestrial water storage change (P-ET-dS), and model-simulated naturized runoff and withdrawal water use were used as spatial and temporal surrogates to disaggregate the national-scale statistics of TRWR and TFWW to the grid scale. Gridded TRWR and TFWW can be used to calculate the water stress of any interest regions. Disaggregated TRWR, TFWW, and water stress estimation were validated at three different spatial scales, from major river basins and provinces to prefectures in China, by comparing the corresponding statistical data. The results show that the disaggregation for TRWR is generally better than for TFWW, and the overall accuracy for water stress estimation can reach up to 91%. The temporal evolution of disaggregated variables also showed good consistency with statistical time series data. The RS-based P-ET and P-ET-dS have great potential for disaggregating TRWR at different spatiotemporal scales, with no obvious differences with the results using the model simulation as a surrogate for the disaggregation of SDG indicator 6.4.2. The disaggregation accuracy can be further improved when the sub-regional statistical data of TRWR and TFWW are applied to the disaggregation approach.