ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ УЧЕТА И ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ СИСТЕМЫ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СЧЕТОВ (The Prospects for Accounting and Measurement of the Digital Economy Based on National Accounts Applications)

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL SECTION ON INTANGIBLE CAPITAL

Environmental awareness in the 1980s has led to efforts to improve the current UN System of National Accounts (SNA) for better measurement of the value of environmental resources when estimating income. National governments, the UN, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank are interested in solving this issue. The World Bank relies heavily on national aggregates in income accounts compiled by means of the SNA that was published in 1968 and stressed gross domestic product (GDP). GDP measures mainly market activity, but it takes does not consider the consumption of natural capital, and indirectly inhibits sustained development. The deficiencies of the current method of accounting are inconsistent treatment of manmade and natural capital, the omission of natural resources and their depletion from balance sheets, and pollution cleanup costs from national income. In the calculation of GDP pollution is overlooked, and beneficial environmental inputs are valued at zero. The calculation of environmentally adjusted net domestic product (EDP) and environmentally adjusted net income (ENI) would lower income and growth rate, as the World Resources Institute found with respect to Indonesia for 1971-84. When depreciation for oil, timber, and top soil was included the net domestic product (NDP) was only 4% compared with a 7.1% GDP. The World Bank has advocated environmental accounting since 1983 in SNA revisions. The 1989 revised Blue Book of the SNA takes environment concerns into account. Relevant research is under way in Mexico and Papua New Guinea using the UN Statistical Office framework as a system for environmentally adjusted economic accounts that computes EDP and ENI and integrates environmental data with national accounts while preserving SNA concepts.

The representation of the topic is based on identifying the historical lessons of the introduction of a new economic policy in peasant Russia, comprehending the mistakes and blunders of the government's policy in the context of critical transformations of the historical past, highlighting the experience of overcoming conflict situations and protest moods. The strategic guidelines of the ruling party remained unchanged, focused on the creation of a new society. The author's representation of the strategic maneuver of the authorities a century ago, associated with the transition to a new economic policy in Russia, is accompanied by associative reflections on the current situation in the country and the strategic image of the modern Russian Federation based on its own national identity.

In the process of active globalization, an important task of the economic agenda of any country is to ensure mutual comparability of statistical indicators. This can be achieved through the implementation of internationally approved methodologies and modern standards. The System of National Accounts is at the top of the economic pyramid. The implementation of SNA 2008 was envisaged by the Association Agreement with the European Union. In 2008, the United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development jointly released The System of National Accounts, 2008 (2008 SNA). This update better reflects the changing economic landscape and the advances in methodological research, data sources and compilation methods and provides clarification on a number of issues not clearly stated in the 1993 SNA. Timely, relevant and comprehensive national account information is a significant intellectual asset for any country, and serves important functions. Like any asset the national accounts depreciate with time. Therefore, periodic new investments are crucial, to ensure that they continue to provide high quality services to their users. Implementing 2008 SNA improved the relevance of a country’s national accounts information. In the new version of SNA, changes were introduced in various directions: updates in calculation methods, improvement of data sources, introduction of an international approach to the coverage of the economy and other methodological changes, which include the introduction of new classifications, the use of the accrual method for taxes, a change in the base period (instead of 2010, the base period 2015 is used instead of the period) and many others. Updated calculation methods were introduced in the following direction: Changes in the Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM); Improving the calculation of Imputed Rent of Own Occupied Dwellings; Capitalization of costs related to Research and Development (R&D) and others. The factor of improving the data source should also be emphasized. In this regard, it is worth noting: updating the structure of intermediate consumption on the basis of a special surveys; Special survey conducted in various sectors of economy, such as agriculture, construction, hotels and restaurants and ect. Other methodological changes include also the use of new classifications, change of the base year (2015 instead of 2010). During the implementation of new standards and methodologies, many countries face a number of challenges. In many ways, national accounts data represent an important part of a country's economic history. Of course, it is more acceptable for users to have a continuous and consistent time series, which simplifies its use in economic modeling. However, as already mentioned, this process is associated with certain difficulties, among which access to historical rows of updated data sources is noteworthy. In such cases, they need to develop models that put new concepts and methodologies into historical perspective. In order to harmonize with the indicators of the previous period, Georgia has recalculated the historical data series since 2010. The introduction of the new methodology and the above-mentioned updates caused changes in the total volume of GDP. During the implementation of new methodologies and standards, and therefore the recalculation of historical dynamic series, another important challenge is to inform users about all changes and how each change affected the main macroeconomic indicators. At the same time, users should understand that the change of methodologies and their implementation in practice is an ongoing process by which the country strives to comply with international standards. This is vitally necessary to ensure continuity of the country's integration into the world economic system and future sustainable development. Keywords: The System of National Accounts 2008, Financial Intermediate Service Indirectly Measured (FISIM), Non-observed economy, Research and Development (R&D).

The article reveals the conditions of a new reality for the development of the economy of Russia and its regions, in particular, the increasing trends in the penetration of digital technologies into all spheres of human activity, the impact of the COVID–19 coronavirus pandemic on the economic and social sphere. The essence of the digital economy and the conditions for the successful introduction of digital technologies into the economy and social sphere are revealed. The measures of the federal and regional policy of social support of the population during the COVID–19 coronavirus pandemic are investigated. On the example of the Tambov region, the directions of the implementation of regional economic policy in the conditions of a new reality are considered. The conclusion is made about the sufficiency of regional economic policy measures to achieve the strategic development goals of the region.

<abstract> <p>ISWGN (Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts) is revising 2008 SNA and is expected to publish the latest version of SNA in 2025. In this context, this paper observes SNA (System of National Accounts) from a new perspective of global public goods and further understands the public goods attributes of national accounts. The global public good is developed from the theory of public goods. According to its definition, classification, and supply rule, SNA is considered a global public good in essence. In terms of characteristics, SNA belongs to means-oriented and best shot supply-oriented global public goods. It has network effect and belongs to network global public goods. And it is also global institutional knowledge, belonging to knowledge-based global public goods. Although SNA serves as a global standard of national accounts, it is not mandatory for consumption. As a global public good, SNA can enhance a country's statistical ability, avoid and reduce the cost of developing the system of national accounts, and reduce transaction costs. At the same time, SNA has the problem of underprovision and underuse, which requires global cooperation in the revision process of SNA. The evolution of SNA demand determines the evolution of SNA supply. Therefore, even if SNA is a global public good, it does not mean that countries should copy SNA, but need to "localize" SNA and transform it from a global public good to a national or regional public good.</p> </abstract>

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most important and the most common measure of production and its changes, estimated in the national accounts. Since the second half of the 20th century, the UN in cooperation with other international economic organizations has been working on new versions of rules for GDP estimation, known as the System of National Accounts (SNA) and its European version, the European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA). The GDP concept has been criticised by economists, politicians and journalists mainly due to their disappointment that GDP does not measure social progress. This article aims at presenting issues and conventional solutions concerning GDP, which are the subject of criticism, as well as demands for changes in the methodology of computing this measure. This paper concludes that it is not possible to build a single indicator for measuring both economic growth and social development. The barrier to constructing a measure of social progress with features similar to GDP is the requirement for evaluative assumptions which are beyond the GDP concept. It was found that a separate system of indicators should be developed for statistical measurement of social aspects of development.

Mirrors of the Economy: National Accounts and International Norms in Russia and Beyond. By Yoshiko M. Herrera Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010. 252 pp., $49.95 hardcover (ISBN 978-08014-4585-9). The collapse of the Soviet Union also saw the end of the particularly Soviet method of national economic accounting. The USSR did not account for its national economic development through the system of national accounts (SNA), the procedure for generating statistical pictures of national economic wealth and development standard in advanced liberal capitalist economies that we take for granted as the means of measuring economic activity. The USSR used the material product system (MPS) and its satellite states followed suit. MPS covered a different range of economic activity to SNA, divided the economy up into different sectors, and had a different headline statistics: where SNA calculates gross domestic product and its components, MPS was concerned with “net material product,” roughly the volume of what was produced, and the balances between economic sectors. The differences between the two systems of national accounting meant that moving from MPS to SNA after the end of communism was a major change both in how statistics were gathered, the use that they could be put to, and the operation and political importance of Goskomstat, the state statistical agency. Such deep-seated and far-reaching change is …

Cash Flows and National Accounts (Need New Satellite Account)

Contents:AcknowledgementsIntroduction John M. HartwickPART I NATIONAL ACCOUNTING 1. Robert M. Solow (1957), 'Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function', Review of Economics and Statistics, 39 (3), August, 312-20 2. D.W. Jorgenson and Z. Griliches (1967), 'The Explanation of Productivity Change', Review of Economic Studies, 34 (3), July, 249-83 3. Dale W. Jorgenson and Zvi Griliches (1972), 'Issues in Growth Accounting: A Reply to Edward F. Denison', Survey of Current Business, 52 (5), May, 65-9773 4. System of National Accounts (2008), 'Capital Services and the National Accounts', System of National Accounts 2008, Chapter 20, Published in collaboration with European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and the World Bank, 415---25 5. Richard Stone (1961), 'The Accounting Framework and the Basic Model', and 'The Definition of Industries and the Arrangement of Product Flows' in Input-Output and National Accounts, Chapters 1 and 2, Paris, France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 21---32, 33-45 PART II PROBLEMS IN DOING NATIONAL ACCOUNTING 6. Erwin Diewert, Dennis Fixler and Kimberly Zieschang (2012), 'Problems with the Measurement of Banking Services in a National Accounting Framework', Australian School of Business Research Paper, No 2012-Econ 25, 1---60 7. Michael J. Boskin, Ellen Dulberger, Robert J. Gordon, Zvi Griliches and Dale Jorgenson (1998), 'Consumer Prices, the Consumer Price Index, and the Cost of Living', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (1), Winter, 3-268. Jerry A. Hausman (1996), 'Valuation of New Goods Under Perfect and Imperfect Competition', in Timothy F. Bresnahan and Robert J. Gordon (eds) The Economics of New Goods, Chapter 5, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 209-37 9. Robert E. Hall and Charles I. Jones (2007), 'The Value of Life and the Rise in Health Spending', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (1), February, 39-72 10. Joseph E. Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Jean-Paul Fitoussi (2009), 'GDP Related Issues', Report by the Commission on the Economic Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, Part 2, Chapter 1, Paris, France: 85-142PART III PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT 11. W. Erwin Diewert (2014), 'US TFP Growth and the Contribution of Changes in Export and Import Prices to Real Income Growth', Journal of Productivity Analysis, 41 (1), February, 19-39 12. Bert M. Balk (2010), 'An Assumption-Free Framework for MeasuringProductivity Change', Review of Income and Wealth, 56 (1), June, 224-5613. William D. Nordhaus (1996), 'Do Real-Output and Real-Wage Measures Capture Reality? The History of Lighting Suggests Not', in Timothy F. Bresnahan and Robert J. Gordon (eds), The Economics of New Goods, Chapter 1, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 29-70 PART IV WELFARE ISSUES 14. Martin L. Weitzman (1976), 'On the Welfare Significance of National Product in a Dynamic Economy', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90 (1), February, 156-6215. Geir B. Asheim and Martin L. Weitzman (2001), 'Does NNP Growth Indicate Welfare Improvement', Economic Letters, 73 (2), November, 233---9 16. Avinash Dixit, Peter Hammond and Michael Hoel (1980), 'On Hartwick's Rule for Regular Maximin Paths of Capital Accumulation and Resource Depletion', Review of Economic Studies, 47 (3), April, 551-6 17. J.A. Sefton and M.R. Weale (2006), 'The Concept of Income in a General Equilibrium', Review of Economic Studies, 73 (1), January, 219-48 18. Kenneth J. Arrow, Partha Dasgupta, Lawrence H. Goulder, Kevin J. Mumford and Kirsten Oleson (2012), 'Sustainability and the Measurement of Wealth', Environment and Development Economics, 17 (3), 317-53PART V INDEX NUMBERS19. A.A. Konus (1939), 'The Problem of the True Index of the Cost of Living', Econometrica, 7 (1), January, 10-29 20. L.R. Christensen, D.W. Jorgenson and L.J. Lau (1971), 'Conjugate Duality and the Transcendental Logarithmic Function' in Economic Theory and Organization II', Econometrica, 39 (4), July, 255-6 21. W.E. Diewert (1976) 'Exact and Superlative Index Numbers', Journal of Econometrics, 4 (2), May, 115-45 22. Robert A. Pollak (1981), 'The Social Cost of Living Index', Journal of Public Economics, 15 (3), June, 311-36 23. W. Erwin Diewert (1998), 'Index Number Issues in the Consumer Price Index', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (1), Winter, 47-58 24. Bert M. Balk (2003), 'The Residual: On Monitoring and Benchmarking Firms, Industries, and Economies with Respect to Productivity', Journal of Productivity Analysis, 20 (1), July, 5---47Index

forms an important part of the economy's total output. Unmarketed goods (goods consumed by their producers and bartered) escape their recording in national accounts. The national accounts of a developing country should bring out this special feature. Furthermore, the governments of developing countries attempt to play a dominant role in the process of economic development because of the lack of indigenous enterprise and capital. For this reason, preparation of detailed public sector accounts is desirable. These public accounts can also show the extent to which a particular economic activity, such as the oil industry in Nigeria, dominates national production and export. The UN is fully aware of the need to incorporate these special features of developing countries in national accounts and has recommended a set of supplementary accounts corresponding to each of the special features listed above. Its recommendations include a set of selected area accounts to reflect the dualistic nature of developing economies; accounts for key kinds of economic activity to reflect the significance of the dominant activity in the economy; and a set of accounts for the public sector to assess its impact on the economy. These special accounting designs, since they focus on specific features of the economy, may not fit together. Moreover, the needs of a particular country would determine the order of priority in which the UN acounts are to be compiled. Some guidelines regarding the order of priorities are also given in the UN System of National Accounts (SNA). The ultimate aim, however, should be to fulfill the requirements of a complete system of accounts which would integrate national income and product accounts, input-output tables, flow-of-funds accounts, and the national balance-sheet in

Assets are made through the configuration of technoscientific and political-economic (or techno-economic) relations, claims and practices; a process increasingly conceptualized as ‘assetization’. The UN’s System of National Accounts (SNA) – a set of national accounting standards – defines assets as ‘entities that must be owned by some unit, or units, and from which economic benefits are derived by their owner(s) by holding or using them over a period of time’. Accounting standards like the SNA are implicated in the construction of assets through their ‘extension of the asset boundary’, which happens periodically as accounting standards are revised and updated to better reflect changing business practices. Assetization, then, entails more than an analysis of the transformation of something into an asset, it can also be conceptualized as a mode of governance in which social actors change their world. To make this argument, I examine the SNA’s treatment of knowledge, education and personal data: respectively, redefined as an asset (e.g. intellectual property product); treated as a quasi-asset (e.g. human capital); and subject to continued debate (e.g. digital data). In exploring the SNA’s accounting standards, I show how assetization reconfigures the governance of knowledge, education and personal data, often in problematic ways.

In 2023, the planning authorities of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) will celebrate their 100th anniversary, and the article is devoted to the analysis of the strategic planning system in the republic. A historical cross-section of the Soviet and Russian planning systems is presented with intermediate results achieved at different stages of the socio-economic development of the republic by the beginning of the 2020s. The purpose of the study is to analyze long-term planning documents at various stages of the development of Yakutia, from its formation as the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the present day of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The early 1990s saw the collapse of the administrative-directive economic system in the Soviet Union that had existed for 70 years, while the creation and functioning of market economy institutions was protracted. The breakdown of the single economic space made it difficult for the union republics of the former USSR to transit to a market economy: most of their economic potential was lost, technological supply chains for goods, works and services were broken, unemployment and poverty appeared. Russia was no exception. It is advisable to turn to the experience of regions that have successfully passed the planning stage together with domestic research institutes and scientists. The article is addressed to representatives of government authorities, researchers, teachers and students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, as well as a wide audience of readers interested in various aspects of the development and implementation of state economic policy in Russia.

Governing gender in neoliberal restructuring: Economics, performativity, and social reproduction

1. The origins of the System of National Accounts (SNA) trace back to the 1947 Report of the Sub-Committee on National Income Statistics of the League of Nations Committee of Statistical Experts under the leadership of Richard Stone1. At its first session in 1947, the United Nations Statistical Commission emphasized the need for international statistical standards for the compilation and updating of comparable statistics in support of a large array of policy needs. Specifically, the Commission recommended that the United Nations Statistical Office, in consultation with the interested specialized agencies, should work on guidelines for national accounts statistics (national income and expenditure), taking into consideration best practices and international comparability2. In view of the emphasis on international statistical standards, the first national accounts standard was produced and published in 1953. The SNA was subsequently revised and updated in 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1993. In 2003 the Statistical Commission called for an update of the 1993 SNA. The System of National Accounts 20083, (in short the 2008 SNA) was finalized in 2009. This chapter describes the concepts and definitions of the SNA as recommended by the 1993 SNA.